Nutrient Management

The requirement under tropical and temperate conditions for water, protein, essential and non-essential amino acids were reviewed. Other basic requirements that comprise energy, micro, and macro minerals and vitamins. Due to multiple benefits and prolificacy of the quails been domesticated, this review on its nutrient requirements is of great essential.

African smallholder farmers face perennial food shortages due to low crop yields. The major cause of poor crop yields is soil fertility decline. The diversity of sites and soils between African farming systems is<span class=GramE>great,</span>therefore strategies to solve soil fertility problems should suit the opportunities and problems encountered in the different climatic regions. This thesis characterizes the semi-arid regions of south-western Zimbabwe and explores some of the strategies that can be used to provide farmers with more options for soil fertility improvement.<o:p></o:p></span>Resource flow maps were used to study the characteristics of the semi-arid farming system of Tsholotsho (Mkhubazi)in south-western<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Zimbabwe. The results revealed that farmers in the region face perennial cereal grain shortages, but the poorly-resourced farmers are the most affected. N...

Farm-gate nutrient balances (N, P and K) were analysed in three groups of dairy farms from NW Portugal -medium, intensive and very intensive farms -during 3 consecutive years, 2003, 2004 and 2005. Results showed that the N surplus per hectare with values between 200 and 850 kg N ha −1 was positively correlated with the milk production per ha and the stocking rate of the farm, whereas the P and K surpluses showed fewer variations between groups. In all farms the main inputs were the mineral fertilizers and the feed concentrates whereas milk was the main output. Farmers involved in the study were advised in terms of nutrient management and significant decreases in the nutrient surpluses were observed during the 3 years study, mainly due to a decrease of the inputs, namely fertilizers. We conclude that advisory campaigns among farmers are efficient to reduce the nutrient surpluses. The N losses via NH 3 emissions at farm scale were also estimated accordingly to IPCC emission factors and it appeared that such losses were significant and had to be considered together with the nutrient surpluses when strategies to enhance nutrient management are defined. On average, higher N surplus per hectare were observed in the studied dairy farms from NW Portugal relatively to other European regions, but NW Portugal present lower N surplus per production unit (kg milk) as well as higher N efficiency. Nevertheless, a target limit of 450 kg N ha −1 for N surplus should be easily reached as a first step by most of the farms of NW Portugal by improving nutrient management at farm scale. However, more efforts will be necessary to reduce NPK surplus and NH 3 emissions to the mean values in a per hectare basis found in other European dairy regions with less intensive systems.

In the last few years, regulatory focus has been on nutrient management from animal feeding operations with recent emphasis on air emissions. The main challenge is establishing current emission levels and determining best methodologies for measuring these accurately. Methodologies to measure air emissions under field and research conditions are currently available and are being further developed, but extensive challenges exist as to accuracy and precision of the different methods. Current best estimates are based on a mass balance modeling approach [1], but due to lack of current biologically generated data to use in the models, nutrient excretion and emission levels appear to be overestimated by these models. Extensive work is being conducted using dietary strategies to reduce nitrogenous excretions from poultry, but the impact of these on air emissions is not always defined. Litter management strategies that reduce volatilization of nitrogenous and other compounds have shown promise and are being further developed. Flock, house, and whole farm management strategies are also being successfully implemented and further developed. The magnitude of the potential impact on air emissions of each of these strategies is still in question. There is no question, however, as to the need for the use of whole farm systems that implement different strategies at all management levels if large decreases in air emissions from animal feeding operations are to be achieved.

M. L. Jat International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), NASC Complex, Pusa, New Delhi T. Satyanarayana and Kaushik Majumdar International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI), South Asia Program, Gurgaon, Haryana C. M. Parihar and S. L. Jat Directorate of Maize Research, Pusa, New Delhi J. P. Tetarwal Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, ARS, Kota, Rajasthan R. K. Jat Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA)-CIMMYT-India, Pusa, Bihar and Y. S. Saharawat Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Pusa, New Delhi

The present study was executed to identify the suitable integrated nitrogen management on vine growth and leaf characters of betel vine (Piper betle L.) cv. Simurali Deshi, Simurali Bhabna and Halisahar Sanchi in new alluvial zone of West Bengal. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design, replicated thrice with eight treatments of integrated nitrogen management. It was noted that treatments in combination with inorganic and organic sources of nitrogen produced better results than the treatments with sole application of organic source of nitrogen. Application of 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (200 kg/ha) in the form of mustard oil cake and urea in equal proportion (1:1) recorded the highest vine growth (273.57 cm/ year) in Simurali Deshi, leaf petiole length (8.04 cm) in Simurali Bhabna, intermodal length (4.88 cm) in Halisahar Sanchi, number of branches per vine (11.43) in Simurali Bhabna, leaf length (12.24 cm) in Simurali Bhabna, leaf breadth (10.05 cm) in Halisahar Sanchi, leaf area (106.34 cm 2) in Halisahar followed by application of nitrogen from cow dung manure and urea in 1:1 ratio (T2).

The ability for zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, to reduce wastewater parameters was observed in a controlled laboratory setting. Reductions in chemical oxygen demand (COD), total ammonia (NH3/NH4+), orthophosphate (ortho-P) and total suspended solids (TSS) were observed over a period of time to determine whether nutrient and pollutant uptake by zebra mussels could contribute to wastewater treatment. Reductions in wastewater contaminants by zebra mussels were observed for both synthetic and diluted wastewaters from the secondary effluent of a waste stabilization pond. In the diluted wastewater experiments, the zebra mussels showed an ability to reduce TSS and phosphorus concentrations, and a limited ability to reduce total ammonia and COD. The strength of the diluted wastewater affected their performance. In the synthetic wastewater experiments, zebra mussels showed a limited ability to reduce all parameters, with low confidence due to the high mortality rates of the organisms. The survival of zebra mussels was the found to be the limiting factor in the treatment efficiency in both the diluted and synthetic wastewater treatment testing.

High rates of nutrient loading from agricultural and urban development have resulted in surface water eutrophication and groundwater contamination in regions of Ontario. In Lake Simcoe (Ontario, Canada), anthropogenic nutrient contributions have contributed to increased algal growth, low hypolimnetic oxygen concentrations, and impaired fish reproduction. An ambitious programme has been initiated to reduce phosphorus loads to the lake, aiming to achieve at least a 40% reduction in phosphorus loads by 2045. Achievement of this target necessitates effective remediation strategies, which will rely upon an improved understanding of controls on nutrient export from tributaries of Lake Simcoe as well as improved understanding of the importance of phosphorus cycling within the lake. In this paper, we describe a new model structure for the integrated dynamic and process-based model INCA-P, which allows fully-distributed applications, suited to branched river networks. We demonstrate application of this model to the Black River, a tributary of Lake Simcoe, and use INCA-P to simulate the fluxes of P entering the lake system, apportion phosphorus among different sources in the catchment, and explore future scenarios of land-use change and nutrient management to identify high priority sites for implementation of watershed best management practises.

This paper presents a preemptive goal programming model for multi-objective nutrient management problem by determining the optimum fertilizer combination for chilli plantation in Sungai Buloh Malaysia. Application of nutrients to the soil is commonly done by using fertilizers. A fertilizer is said to be a complete or mixed fertilizer when it contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (N-P-K). A set of data have been used to test the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed model. Results of the model indicate that all objectives have been achieved. Moreover with the fertilizer combination, the current cost of fertilizer used for chilli plantation can be reduced. The flexibility of the model can be done by adjusting the goal priorities with respect to the importance of each objective.

Aquatic plants need two essential nutrients for growth: Phosphorus and Nitrogen. They receive these nutrients through a process known as eutrophication, in which water bodies accumulate plant nutrients, typically from nutrient-rich land drainage (Smith 2003). In a healthy lake, both nutrients occur in limiting amounts, restricting plant growth. However, anthropogenic (or human) factors can dramatically increase the concentration of plant nutrients in water bodies, a phenomenon known as “cultural eutrophication”(Hasler 1947). Human-induced pollution through the impacts of excessive fertilizer use, untreated wastewater effluents and detergents significantly increases nutrient loading into lakes, accelerating eutrophication beyond natural levels and generating deleterious changes to the natural ecosystem (Litke 1999). Over the past 50 years, a large body of literature has been developed to identify the principle impacts and sources of increased nutrient levels on the quality of receiving waters (Smith 2003). It is now generally accepted that cultural eutrophication can stimulate the rapid growth of plants and algae, clogging waterways and potentially creating toxic algae blooms. Hypoxic (very low oxygen) conditions may result when these plants and algae die and decompose stripping water of dissolved oxygen, leading to fish kills and degrading the aesthetic and recreational value of the lake (ESA 2008). Cultural eutrophication is an increasingly global problem as the deterioration of water quality and excessive biological productivity in lakes inflicts significant environmental and societal damage.

For organic potato producers the two main challenges are disease and nutrient management. Both factors are limited by regulations that on the one hand prohibit the use of chemical fertilisers, especially nitrogen and, on the other hand, most synthetic pesticides. Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans is commonly thought to be the factor most limiting yield. However, because there is no really effective fungicide available to control late blight, there are virtually no yield loss data available for organic farming conditions. In this paper the state of the art of organic potato management with respect to disease and nutrient management is summarised. In a second part, the interactive effects of N-availability in the soil, climatic conditions and late blight were studied in the presence and absence of copper fungicides from 2002-2004 for the mid-early main-crop cv. Nicola. From the experimental work it became clear that copper fungicides in most cases do slow down epidemics adding an average of 3 days to the growth duration. However, only 30% of the variation in yield could be attributed to disease reduction. A model including disease reduction, growth duration and temperature sum from planting until 60% disease severity was reached, and soil mineral N contents at 10 days after emergence could explain 75% of the observed variation in yield. However, the model failed when N-supply was extremely high. The implications of the results on the management of organic potatoes with respect to cultivar choice, nutrient and disease management are discussed. In conclusion, several points emerge from the results: In organic farming, yields are foremost limited by nutrient availability in spring and early summer. The effects of late blight on yields may often be overestimated and cannot be deducted from results in conventional farming because of the strong interaction with nutrient status. Resistance clearly remains the most important strategy against late blight in organic potato production. However, as important or even more important than resistance is the early development and bulking behaviour and the ability of a cultivar to make use of organic nutrients

Achieving cleaner water for rural and suburban communities in a sustainable way requires approaches tailored to the unique socioeconomic, ecological, and historic contexts embedded in a particular community and place. Water quality trading (WQT) is a payment for ecosystem services style policy that is currently popular across North America as a mechanism to reduce water pollution from rural communities. Yet this approach is failing to generate markets with enough trades to measurably improve waterways. Some failures are attributed to poor program design and others to stakeholder communities who are averse to the premise or morality of WQT. However, rural communities are not homogenous and many are in fact amenable to payment for ecosystem services policies such as WQT. Although our case study identified Tennessee watersheds as "feasible" locations , we present evidence that the typical program design parameters would fail, despite having a willing population of farmers. We argue that identifying amenable communities or feasible locations simplifies the agency of stakeholders and is ultimately insufficient to make ecosystem services programs work unless the design and implementation phases of the programs include local stakeholders. [water quality, agriculture, payment for ecosystem services, policy, economics]

Within the ENDURE activity RA3, a goal of sub-activity RA3.4 is to calculate the environmental impacts of apple and wheat production strategies by life cycle assessment with a focus on pesticide applications. The analysis of production systems includes the actual production from cultivation, specifically from the preparation of orchards up to harvesting and finally the uprooting of the orchards, as

The significant higher growth, seed cotton yield and yield attributes were obtained with the
application of 100 per cent RD of nitrogen and phosphorus. Among the tested doses of fertilizers 100 per
cent RD of phosphorus and nitrogen recorded significantly higher yield (3849 kg/ha) and (3723 kg/ha),
respectively over 75 per cent RD. However, the further increase in nitrogen and phosphorus doses had no
significant increase in seed cotton yield. Significantly higher bolls/plant (52.1 and 51.0) was obtained with
100 per cent RD of phosphorus and nitrogen, respectively. The seed cotton yield of Bt cotton increased to
the tune of 17.22 and 16.42 per cent with the application of 100 per cent RD of nitrogen and phosphorus,
respectively as compared to 75 per cent RD of each nutrient.

ABSTRACT Precision farming relies on the cost effectiveness of collecting and interpreting data, which describes the variations of agricultural conditions such as crop stresses, nutrient deficiencies, water stresses, or pest infestation. Hyperspectral remote sensing from satellites and airborne sensors can be a way to obtain data needed to develop site-specific farming management strategies. The primary objective of the hyperspectral applications in precision farming is to provide farmers with a technology, which can detect specific crop conditions that can be used to program variable-rate applications. Applications of water, pesticides, and fertilizer can be tailored to the needs of the agricultural crops, based on the conditions reflected on the imagery. This paper presents an experimental study performed in Beltsville, Maryland for assessing the plant density and nutrient uptake of corn using a simple photographic method from a model airplane versus obtaining hyperspectral imagery from an airborne sensor. The hyperspectral sensor utilized in this study was the AISA sensor. These remote sensors can measure the temperature of plants; or to be more specific, they can measure how much energy plants emit at the visible and near-infrared wavelengths of the spectrum, such as water and vegetation.

Forest ®res in slash-and-burn agriculture rank high in the list of environmental concerns. The objective of this study in Para  State, Brazil, was to evaluate ®re-free alternatives to burning of the slashed fallow vegetation for crop production in the humid tropics. Burning, mulching and incorporation of fallow biomass were compared in two successive cropping periods with rice, cowpea and cassava, with and without NPK fertilizer. In the traditional system, with slash-and-burn technology and without fertilizer, the shortening of the fallow period from 10 to 4 years caused a reduction of 30% only in the rice yields of the ®rst cropping period. In the second cropping period, rice yields were lower in the area with 10 years of fallowing and similar with the shorter fallowed area when compared to the ®rst season. Cowpea did not show any differences, whereas cassava yields decreased from the ®rst to the second cropping period in both fallow situations. When fertilizers were applied, fallow periods beyond 4 years and doubled cropping periods appeared to have little effect on yields. Transforming the fallow vegetation into wood chips instead of slash burning reduced rice yields in the ®rst cropping period 47 and 80% after 4 and 10 years of fallowing, respectively, and made cowpea production impossible after 10 years of fallowing. Cassava yields were not affected by ®re-free land preparation. Application of fertilizers raised yields from around 0.7 t ha À1 to over 2 t ha À1 for rice, and from around 0.2 t ha À1 or less to around 1.5 t ha À1 for cowpea. Fertilizer use was essential to obtain acceptable yields for the two crops under ®re-free land preparation. Residual fertilizer doubled cassava yields. Comparing the two successive cropping periods, rice and cowpea yields increased, on average, 47 and 27%, respectively, in the second cropping period, irrespective of fallow age, but with fertilizer application. Over the entire cropping period, use of fertilizer led to a greater exploitation of soil N and K but not of P. The risk of soil degradation due to intensi®ed cropping by shortened fallow or prolonged cropping periods is considered low, provided that suf®cient plant material and nutrients are supplied to the soil by ®re-free land preparation and fertilization. #

Keywords: nutrients nitrogen phosphorus estuary wash a b s t r a c t We consider here first the nature of nutrient transport through estuaries and in particular the capacity of estuaries to modify that flux. We then focus particularly on the Wash system in the UK as an example of a particular type of "small estuary", and also consider some tropical estuarine systems in Malaysia. We present nutrient budgets for the Wash system now and create estimates of these budgets 3000 years ago. These show that currently the system is a small sink for fluvial nitrate (w30% removal) largely due to denitrification and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (w24%) by burial. 3000 years ago, prior to large scale human intervention to reclaim wetlands for agriculture, the Wash system was much bigger and operated as a sink for all terrestrial nitrogen (albeit with much lower inputs) and also a sink for nitrate from the North Sea, predominantly via organic nitrogen burial. A similar change with time is evident in the phosphorus flux. We suggest that this change in function of this estuarine system has been replicated in many other estuarine systems. Given the key role of benthic processes of burial and denitrification we go on to suggest that the classification of estuaries in terms of area and river flow may offer a route to a typology of estuarine nutrient retention efficiency.

Background Crop production in China has been greatly improved by increasing phosphorus (P) fertilizer input, but overuse of P by farmers has caused low use efficiency, increasing environmental risk and accumulation of P in soil. From 1980 to 2007, average 242 kg P ha−1 accumulated in soil, resulting in average soil Olsen P increasing from 7.4 to 24.7 mg kg−1. China is facing huge challenges to improve P use efficiency through optimizing corresponding technology and policies. The problem is exacerbated because people have been shifting their diet from plant-based to animalenriched foods. This results in higher P load in the food chain and lower P use efficiency. Scope A multidisciplinary approach has been used to improve P management at the field and national level in China. Management strategies based on the soil and on the plant rhizosphere have been developed to increase efficient use of P. A national soil testing and fertilizer recommendation program has been used since 2005 to control build-up and maintenance of P levels. Interac-tions between root growth and the rhizosphere have been manipulated in intercropping systems and plant genetic traits have been exploited. Phosphorus surplus is highly associated with animal concentrated feed. Conclusions The P-saving potential by the integrated P management strategies of P flow reaches 1.46 Mt P in 2050 compared to 2005.

Potato productivity has stagnated and remained low due to, among other causes, increasing soil infertility and poor nutrient management strategies. To avert this situation, it is essential to have a better understanding of potato response to nitrogen and potassium nutrients. Like other crops, potatoes require an adequate and balanced supply of nutrients for better growth and tuber yields. To achieve that, it is essential to conduct an extensive soil analyses for the entire farm. However, this process is expensive for most resource-constrained farmers. Moreover, the current recommendations used in the region are generic and focuses more on nitrogen than potassium. Hence, there is a need to focus on readily and freely available information for enhanced decision-making. The assumption that the soils in the region are
fertile and can supply adequate potassium is no longer valid, and now necessitates more actions such as adopting integrated soil fertility and precise application of nutrients within the 4R principles. All these aspects are well covered in this article. We believe the information
presented in this manuscript is valuable and give a better foundation for future research and recommendations in potato production.

Anthropogenic-induced water quality pollution is a
major environmental problem in freshwater ecosystems today.
As a result of this, eutrophication of lakes occurs. Population
and economic development are key drivers of water resource
pollution. To evaluate how growth in the riparian population
and in the gross domestic product (GDP) with unplanned
development affects the water quality of the lake, this paper
evaluates Lake Victoria Kenyan waters basin. Waters quality
data between 1990 and 2012 were analyzed along with reviews
of published literature, papers, and reports. The nitratenitrogen
(NO3-N), soluble phosphorus (PO4-P), chlorophyll a,
and Secchi transparencies were evaluated as they are key
water quality indicators. The NO3-N increased from
10 μg l−1 in 1990 to 98 μg 1−1 in 2008, while PO4-P increased
from 4 μg l−1 in 1990 to 57 μg l−1 in 2008. The population and
economic growth of Kenya are increasing with both having
minimums in 1990 of 24.143 million people and 12.18 billion
US dollars, to maximums in 2010 of 39.742 million people
and 32.163 billion US dollars, respectively. A Secchi transparency
is reducing with time, indicating an increasing pollution.
This was confirmed by an increase in aquatic vegetation
using an analysis of moderate resolution imaging
spectroradiometer (MODIS) images of 2000 and 2012 of
Kenyan waters. This study found that increasing population
and GDP increases pollution discharge thus polluting lakes.
One of major factors causing lake water pollution is the
unplanned or poor waste management policy and service.

APracticing 4R principles of Nutrient Stewardship can help achieve higher productivity and sustainability of sugarcane cultivation.
Right timing of N at ratoon initiation is essential to ensure adequate soil available N, while foliar fertilization and fertigation
proved to be the emerging right methods of fertilizer application for increased productivity of sugarcane.

Soil fertility is a critical issue to the farmers, particularly where population pressure is high and agriculture is the main source of income. A study to identify soil-fertility status of land use systems ie Bari (upland) and Khet (irrigated lowland), which are the two district and dominant agricultural land use systems in the Hills of Nepal was carried out in

The experiment was conducted with the existing bearing trees of different jackfruit genotypes at Jamalpur region during the year 2014–2015. Twenty-three jackfruit germplasm viz., AHJ-01, AHJ-02, AHJ-03, AHJ-04, AHJ-05, AHJ-06, AHJ-07, AHJ-08, AHJ-09, AHJ-10, AHJ-11, AHJ-12, AHJ-13, AHJ-14, AHJ-15, AHJ-16, AHJ-17, AHJ-18, AHJ-19, AHJ-20, AHJ-21, AHJ-22 and AHJ-23 were selected for the study to identify superior ones. The recorded age of the selected tress ranged from 8 to 29 years. The selected superior genotypes differ widely among themselves. Great variability exists with regards to many desirable characters viz., bearing (once or twice a year), yield per tree (02–60 fruits per year), average fruit weight (2.57–11.00 kg), number of bulbs/flakes per fruit (41.00–181.00), number of seeds per fruit (39.00–180.00), total weight of bulbs (0.90–6.381 kg) and flake’s TSS (13–23%). Jackfruit trees are cross pollinated and are mostly seed propagated. As a result, morphological and agronomical characters of jackfruit showed a distinct range of variation. The quantitative data of jackfruit germplasm and their range, mean, standard deviation (SD), standard error (SE) and coefficient of variance (CV%) are presented. The highest quantitative variation was observed for total number of fruits per plant (CV 80.98%) which was followed by total bulbs weight (CV 56.02%) and weight of rachis (CV 49.64%). Minimum variation was noticed in seed breadth (CV 8.13%). A total of six qualitative characters were recorded and evaluated to the variability among the studied jackfruit germplasm. Wide range of variability regarding qualitative characters was observed among twenty-three jackfruit germplasm. Fruit skin colour, fruit shape, bulb colour, bulb firmness, sweetness & taste and seed colour of jackfruit germplasm were investigated. The maximum variation was observed in fruit skin colour and bulb firmness of jackfruit germplasm. Among the twenty-three jackfruit germplasms, one germplasm AHJ-02 showed early bearing habit (Off-season). So, the quantitative characters viz., age of plant 25 years, total number of fruits per plant 32 nos., weight of individual fruit 7.57 kg, date of harvest 05.03.2016, stalk attachment depressed, fruit length 33 cm, fruit breadth 22 cm, weight of rind 2.90 kg, weight of rachis 733 g, rind thickness 1.03 cm, total number of bulbs per fruit 288 nos., bulb length 4.29 cm, bulb breadth 1.93cm, 10-bulb weight 122.92 g, total bulb weight 3.54 kg, total number of seeds per fruit 284, seed length 2.56 cm, seed breadth 1.27 cm, 10-seed weight 34.01 g, total seed weight 966 g, edible portion 52% and TSS 23% were recorded. Qualitative characters viz. fruit colour-greenish yellow, fruit shape-oval, bulb colour-yellow, bulb firmness-medium soft, taste-sweet and seed colour-brownish patch in colour were recorded. Considering fruit characteristics i.e., taste, sweetness, hardness of bulb, bulb color, fruit size, %TSS, %edible portion and yield, the germplasm AHJ-02, AHJ-03, AHJ-04, AHJ-05, AHJ-06, AHJ-07, AHJ-09, AHJ-11, AHJ-14, AHJ-16, AHJ-18, AHJ-19, AHJ-21 and AHJ-23 were found to be suitable for jackfruit cultivation at Jamalpur region, Bangladesh. The present finding shows the great genetic potential of the studied germplasm. It can be used in future breeding programmes for getting productive and quality traits. Moreover, the variability observed in the current study could be used in jackfruit improvement programme. Finally, the plant breeders and horticulturists can choose germplasm according to their needs. Therefore, these jackfruit germplasms can be included in the variety development programme in future.

Atık sulardan azot ve fosforun uzaklaştırılması son yıllarda oldukça önem kazanmıştır. Hem azot hem de fosfor alıcı su ortamımın kalitesini etkiledikleri için deşarjlarının kontrol edilmesi gerekmektedir. Azotun yanı sıra fosfor da su ortamlarında aşırı alg üremesine yol açarak ötrofikasyona neden olmakta ve aşırı organik madde birikimi ortamın anaerobikleşmesiyle sonuçlanmaktadır. Yeryüzünün herhangi bir noktasında bir yıl içinde hidrolojik döngü tarafından sağlanan su, o bölgenin iklimsel özelliklerine bağlı olarak sınırlı bir miktardadır. Artan su ihtiyacı nedeniyle hızlanan su kirliliği, bu sınırlamayı etkilemektedir. Bunun sonucunda, insan yaşamı için vazgeçilmez bir unsur olan suyun, kullanıma uygun olan kısmı giderek azalmaktadır. Bu olumsuz gelişmenin önlenebilmesi için, su kirliliğinin ciddi bir biçimde kontrol edilmesi ve kullanım sonucunda niteliği bozulan suların arıtılarak hidrolojik döngüye iade edilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu nedenlerden dolayı, birçok çalışma atık sudan azot ve fosfor giderimi üzerine odaklanmış, aerobik ve anaerobik olan biyolojik süreçlere dayanmaktadır. Mikroalgler fosfat ve azot gideriminde çok iyi bir potansiyele sahiptirler. Başlıca teknikler atık sulardan hücre içine alımı, alg yardımıyla besin giderimi ve amonyağın yüksek pH ile ayrılmasıdır (Metcalf, 1991). Uygulanan bu sistemlerden biri de atık su arıtım sistemleridir. Her geçen gün yeni parametrelerin ve elementlerin keşfedilmesiyle daha ekonomik ve verimi yüksek işlemlerden oluşan yöntemler ortaya çıkarılmaktadır. (Sunum ve detaylı sorular için mail atabilirsiniz.)

Makanan sebagai sumber protein, karbohidrat, lemak, vitamin, dan mineral sangat diperlukan bagi kesehatan fisik, pertumbuhan, dan mengatur proses metabolisme. Makanan yang berkualitas, aman dan menarik dapat diperoleh melalui perlakuan yang tepat pada setiap tahapan produksi, mulai dari persiapan, pengolahan, penyimpanan, pemasaran dan penggunaannya. Makanan yang tidak aman jika dikonsumsi dapat menimbulkan gangguan kesehatan bahkan berakibat pada kematian (Suryana, 1994, dalam Sundari, 2013). Undang-undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1996 menyatakan bahwa kualitas pangan yang dikonsumsi harus memenuhi beberapa kriteria, diantaranya adalah aman, bergizi, bermutu, dan dapat dijangkau oleh daya beli masyarakat. Aman maksudnya mencakup bebas dari cemaran biologis, mikrobiologi, kimia, logam berat, dan cemaran lain yang dapat mengganggu, merugikan dan membahayakan kesehatan manusia (Mudjajanto, 2014). Dalam Islam dikenal dengan istilah makanan halalan thayyiban. Makanan halalan (halal) yaitu makanan yang tidak diharamkan, dan tidak menyalahi hukum syari`at Islam untuk dikonsumsi sesuai Al-Qur'an dan sunnah nabi. Makanan yang baik atau dalam istilah agama thayyiban yaitu baik dari sudut pemenuhan kebutuhan gizi bagi tubuh, pengolahan makanan baik, dan bahan campuran yang baik. Saat ini, Industri pangan di Indonesia telah berkembang dengan pesat, ditandai dengan munculnya industri kecil dan industri rumah tangga yang 1

... Cradle-to-cradle design: creating healthy emissions – a strategy for eco-effective product and system design. ... Abstract. Eco-effectiveness and cradle-to-cradle design present an alternative design and production concept to the strategies of zero emission and eco-efficiency. ...

This paper reviews nutrient deficiencies in agricultural crops of PNG using the literature of agronomic trials and field observations made throughout the country. Nutrient deficiencies have been investigated systematically since the mid-1950s, but research has mainly focused on export tree crops and relatively little information is available on food crops. Literature analysis and field observations showed consistent trends, with deficiencies of boron and phosphorus in large parts of the PNG highlands. The review has been useful in delineating areas where nutrient deficiencies occur and these findings could be used for planning nutrient management research and extension activities in food crops

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are now grown in sequence on the same land in the same year over 26 Mha of South and East Asia to meet the food demand of a rapidly expanding human population. This rice±wheat (R±W) system brings together con¯icting and complementary practices. Much of the system operates at low yield because of inadequate nutrients and inappropriate water management. The challenge to research is to understand crop responses to the required combination of practices so that management systems can be devised for high and sustainable combined yield. The repeated transitions from anaerobic to aerobic to anaerobic growing conditions affect soil structure, nutrient relations, the growth of the component crops, and their associated pests and diseases. This review establishes realistic yield targets and discusses strategies and tactics to improve complementarity of the two crops by choice of cultivar, sowing time, mechanization, soil and water management, choice and combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers, management of weeds, pests and diseases, and the inclusion of other crops into the system, especially legumes. While research must attend to existing problems and improve resource-use ef®ciency of existing practices, the review suggests the need to look for new production strategies that might avoid existing constraints in some areas of the R±W region. In particular, soil, water and nutrient management strategies, such as reduced tillage and use of raised beds, that avoid the deleterious effects of puddling on soil structure and fertility, improve water-and nutrient-use ef®ciencies, and increase crop productivity, may be appropriate. #

We evaluated three approaches for scheduling irrigation in wine grape vineyards and in olive, apple and Asian pear tree orchards, based on sap flow measurements and models of plant transpiration. In the first approach, we analysed how the shape of the sap-flow profile changed in response to root-zone soil water conditions and potential evaporative demand. The second approach was based on a transpiration ratio, as defined from the actual daily water use of a target plant divided by the potential daily water use of similar-sized plants under non-limiting soil water conditions ("well-irrigated" plants). Values of the actual plant water use were always determined from measured sap flow. Two independent methods were assessed for the calculation of potential plant water use; either sap flow was measured in well-irrigated plants or we used a leaf-area based model of plant transpiration. On some occasions water stress was found to modify the shape of the sap velocity profile. However, most of the time the velocity profile was found to be an insensitive indicator for triggering irrigation. The transpiration ratio method, using measured sap flow in well-irrigated plants, was more useful for irrigation scheduling, at least for the two species (i.e. olive and grape) that were investigated here. Nonetheless, realization of such an approach in a commercial orchard may not be practical due to problems associated with irrigation management e.g. excessive vegetative growth may occur on the reference plants over time. Besides, irrigating the orchard to maintain non-limiting soil water conditions is not always the best option for water and nutrient management. The alternative transpiration ratio method based on a leaf-area based model of plant water use, yielded the best results. Modelled transpiration rates always provided reliable information not only for well-irrigated plants, but also for deficit-irrigated plants. This result lends support to the use of the method for irrigation scheduling of vineyard and orchard trees. However, the use of models does require detailed microclimate data as well as a userfriendly technique to quantify plant leaf area. From a practical viewpoint the method should encompass the spatial variability of the soil and plants within the orchard. Accurate quantification of these factors is a cornerstone of precision horticulture and such infor-Plant Soil mation would help to minimise risks associated with insufficient as well as excessive irrigation applications.