Roel Bosma

Whitespot syndrome virus, WSSV, is the most important among the shrimp diseases. One of the suggested WSSV risk factors is the occurrence of stress since stressors could compromise the shrimp defence system thus increasing the risk of WSSV infection. Stressors are usually related to the physico-chemical properties of both water and pond bottom. This paper investigates the effect of some biotic and abiotic components of the pond ecosystem on WSSV infection and outbreak. Water physico-chemical properties and microflora of 91 production cycles of 8 semi-intensive shrimp farms were analyzed to determine WSSV risk factors, using factor analysis and logistic regression. Fluctuations of temperature and pH are important risk factors that will result to an infection but not necessarily to an outbreak. Exposure to high salinity and high temperature are important factors for an infection to result to an outbreak. The risk of an infection is reduced when the water temperature is high, salinity fluctuations are small, and percentage of yellow Vibrio colonies is greater than the green ones. Further studies are needed to clarify the effects of water depth, water transparency, and various bacterial counts; these factors could be individual or interactive.

Summary The aim of this study was to understand the dynamics of Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture Systems (IAAS) and their farm management differences in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD). A first data set was collected on 90 households in three districts in December 2002, and the second in December 2004 on 80 households. The data were analyzed with a discriminant function. The

Summary We analysed the effect of the integration of farm components on income in two zones of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta, with data from 144 interviews. Next to the farm area, the number of farm components providing cash income to the household contributed significantly to the level of well-being and to the cash income that farmers derived from agriculture. The

... Empirical data showed that for poverty alleviation the distribution of pigs and goats by credit, sharing arrangements ... Period Pigs Chickens Brood-fish Fish-pond Orchard 1976-2004 13 11 17 38 32 1995-2004 8 ... Small-scale aquaculture in rural development-trends and constraints ...

... social benefits of the improved forage systems developed at two project sites: Mindanao, southernPhilippines; and Tuyen Quang province, northern Vietnam. ... The evaluation and comparison of income per labour day in the various systems made accurate assessments ...

... for recycling nutrients on farm in North East Thailand and Mymensingh, Bangladesh Kabir M. Shamsul1, M. Abdul Wahab1, Chittra ... Traditional with on-farm available wastes Green water using fertiliser Green water using fertiliser, supplemented with homemade feed Fishponds ...

... social benefits of the improved forage systems developed at two project sites: Mindanao, southernPhilippines; and Tuyen Quang province, northern Vietnam. ... The evaluation and comparison of income per labour day in the various systems made accurate assessments ...

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Sanitary constraints of raising turkey in north-west Benin were studied by using a survey and Haemagglutination Inhibition Test (HIT) to detect antibodies of Newcastle Disease (ND) and Avian Influenza (AI). We tested 85 serums from 7- to 24-month-old turkeys raised in 19 farms. ND prevalence rate was 54% but reactions on four sub-types of AI were negative. Mortality rates varied from 55 to 100% for 0-30 day-old flocks; 30% for 1- to 4-month-old; and 15% for older turkeys. Next to ND, probable causes of mortality are Fowl pox, Gumboro disease, scabies, coccidiosis, histomonosis, capillariosis and colibacillosis. Only one farmer who fed and vaccinated the poults, and provided clean housing for them got a lower mortality rate of 11% in turkeys less than 4-month-old. The question remains why most farmers do not apply these simple practices: are they unaware or are the technologies not profitable?

This study evaluated the effect of hour and day of measurement, and of production factors on the impedance values (IVs) at 24 acupuncture points (APs). This is a first step in assessing whether electro-acupuncture can contribute to reduced antibiotic use in dairy farming. The APs studied were left (L) and right (R) points of the bladder (BL) and stomach (ST) meridians. The effect of time was measured in a 3x3 Latin square on six cows in one herd. The effect of production factors was analyzed using 108 cows from three herds for two months. The effect of time excludes BL 14R, 16R, 21R, 22R, 30R, 46-02R, 43-01L and 30L, and ST18 bilaterally for diagnostic use. The contribution of parity, age or lactation period to monthly models of BL21R, 18R and 15R, and ST18R exclude these for diagnostic use. Of the remaining APs, BL19R, BL20R and BL46-02L showed stable IVs and are recommended for reference measurements. APs BL14L, BL16L and BL17L are recommended for diagnostics, and BL 16R, 17R, 18R, 23R, 30R, 15L, 20L, 22L and 29L need further study. Factors contributing to the variation in the IV of several APs were: milk robot, number of inseminations, body condition score, days of the preceding lactation, kg milk and kg milk fat of current and preceding month and preceding year, and milk cell count and urea content.