Sodium Chloride

Objective To examine the effects of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on extravascular lung water (EVLW), lung tissue, and lung volume. Design and setting Experimental animal study at a university research facility. Subjects Fifteen adult sheep. Interventions All animals were studied before and after saline washout-induced lung injury while ventilated with sequentially increasing PEEP (0, 7, 14, or 21 cmH2O). Measurements and results Lung volume was determined by computed tomography and EVLW by the thermal dye dilution technique. Saline washout significantly increased lung tissue volume (21±3 to 37±5 ml/kg) and EVLW (9±2 to 36±9 ml/kg). While increasing levels of PEEP reduced EVLW (30±7, 24±8, and 18±4 ml/kg), lung tissue volume remained constant. Total lung volume significantly increased (50±8 ml/kg at PEEP 0 to 77±12 ml/kg at PEEP 21). Nonaerated lung volume significantly decreased and was closely correlated with the changes in EVLW (r=0.67). In addition, a highly significant correlation was found between PEEP-induced decrease in nonaerated lung volume and decrease in transpulmonary shunt (r=0.83). Conclusions The main findings are as follows: (a) PEEP effectively decreases EVLW. (b) The decrease in EVLW is closely correlated with the PEEP-induced decrease in nonaerated lung volume, making EVLW a valuable bedside parameter indicating alveolar recruitment, similar to measurements of transpulmonary shunt. (c) As excess tissue volume remained constant, however, EVLW may not be suitable to reflect overall severity of lung disease

Microbial methanogenesis at extreme conditions of saline alkaline soda lakes has, so far, been poorly investigated. Despite the obvious domination of sulfidogenesis as the therminal anaerobic process in hypersaline soda lakes of Kulunda Steppe (Altai, south-western Siberia), high concentrations of methane were detected in the anaerobic sediments. Potential activity measurements with different substrates gave results significantly deviating from what is commonly found in hypersaline habitats with neutral pH. In particular, not only a non-competitive methylotrophic pathway was active, but also lithotrophic and, in some cases, even acetate-dependent methanogenesis was found to be present in hypersaline soda lake sediments. All three pathways were functioning exclusively within the alkaline pH range between 8 and 10.5, while the salt concentration was the key factor influencing the activity. Methylotrophic and, in less extent, lithotrophic methanogenesis, was active up to soda-saturatin...

The distributions of the times to turbidity for wells inoculated with single cells of Listeria innocua were determined in different environmental conditions (pH 4.5 to 7 and with 0.5% to 8% of NaCl at 30 degrees C). It was established by statistical analysis that the main source of the variability of the detection times, T, is the variability of individual lag times. A linear relation dev(T) approximately T was observed between the detection times and their standard deviation. At slow growth, other sources of variability became increasingly significant.

Objective: effects of their use on clinical parameters .However the systemic absorption & health usually go unexplored. Hence this present randomised controlled double blinded cross design clinical study compared the changes in sodium and chloride ions & blood pressure brought about by using a dentifrice containing sal Material and Methods baseline saliva samples. Subjects were then randomly assigned a test/control dentifrice to be brushed with twice daily for the next 28 days. On the 29 hygiene and provided saliva samples similar to that collected at baseline. An additional 2 washout dentifrice. Blood pressure was Results: significant increase(p<0.05) in salivary sodium ions post 4 week usage of salt containing dentifrice as compared to However chloride ions and the blood pressure in both groups showed no significant change from baseline in both groups. Conclusions: containing salt.

A new circuit was designed to automatically compensate for measurement errors of an electronic apex locator in various electrolytes. Thirty-one root canals were clinically tested for accuracy. A file was inserted into the canal until the apex signal was obtained, at which point the file was immobilized with glass-ionomer cement. After extraction, the apical area was exposed and the position of the file tip was examined under an operating microscope. Distances from the major foramen and cemento dentinal junction (CDJ) were recorded. The average distance from the major foramen was -0.13 mm with a range of -1.28 mm and +0.46 mm. The average distance in 26 detectable CDJ samples was +0.18 mm with a range of -0.98 mm and +0.65 mm. The measurements, which were within +/- 0.5 mm, were 94% (29/31) from the major foramen and 92% (24/26) from the CDJ. Measurement consistencies within one SD were 81% for the major foramen and 65% for the CDJ, respectively. Measurements within two SD were 97% f...

Using small angle x-ray scattering, we find that the correlation length of bulk liquid water shows a steep increase as temperature decreases at subzero temperatures (supercooling) and that it can, similar to the thermodynamic response functions, be fitted to a power law. This indicates that the anomalous properties of water are attributable to fluctuations between low- and high-density regions with rapidly growing average size upon supercooling. The substitution of H2O with D2O, as well as the addition of NaCl salt, leads to substantial changes of the power law behavior of the correlation length. Our results are consistent with the proposed existence of a liquid-liquid critical point in the deeply supercooled region but do not exclude a singularity-free model.

The influence of temperature, light, salinity and nutrient availability on the release of volatile halogenated hydrocarbons was investigated in the Antarctic red macroalgal species Gymnogongrus antarcticus Skottsberg. Compared to standard culture condition, an increase in the release rates of iodocompounds was generally found for the exposure of the alga to altered environmental conditions. Macroalgae exhibited higher release rates after adaptation for two months to the changed factors, than after short-term exposure. Monitoring the release rates during a 24 h incubation period (8.25 h light, 15.75 h darkness) showed that changes between light and dark periods had no influence on the release of volatile halocarbons. Compounds like bromoform and 1-iodobutane exhibited constant release rates during the 24 h period. The formation mechanisms and biological role of volatile organohalogens are discussed. Although marine macroalgae are not considered to be the major source of biogenically-...

Diabetic ketoacidosis in children may cause brain injuries ranging from mild to severe. Whether intravenous fluids contribute to these injuries has been debated for decades. We conducted a 13-center, randomized, controlled trial that examined the effects of the rate of administration and the sodium chloride content of intravenous fluids on neurologic outcomes in children with diabetic ketoacidosis. Children were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups in a 2-by-2 factorial design (0.9% or 0.45% sodium chloride content and rapid or slow rate of administration). The primary outcome was a decline in mental status (two consecutive Glasgow Coma Scale scores of &lt;14, on a scale ranging from 3 to 15, with lower scores indicating worse mental status) during treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis. Secondary outcomes included clinically apparent brain injury during treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis, short-term memory during treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis, and memory and IQ 2 t...