Rahmat naderi رحمت نادری

چکیده
حدود دو و نیم میلیون سال پیش، برخی از جوامع انسانوش شروع کردند به تغییر دادن سنگها و استخوانها،
به شکلی که متخصصان پیش از تاریخ ر ا بر آن داشت که اینها را دست ساخته بخوانند و از این رهگذر نخستین
یافتههای قابل تشخیص باستانشناختی بنامند. این احتمال وجود دارد انسانوشان قدیمیتر هم ممکن است
رفتارهایی نسبتا غنی در زمینۀ استفاده از ابزار داشتهاند، مانند آنچه در شامپانزههای امروزی دیده میشود
این قبیل ابزارها ممکن است از مواد از بینرفتنی ساخته شده باشند و یا اینکه حداقل .)McGrew, 1992(
تغییرات بر روی آنها انجام شده که بنابراین شناسایی آنها ر ا دشوار میکند. تمرکز این مقاله بر نخستین نشانه-
های باستانشناختی و گسترش انسانوشها از آفریقا به اوراسیا است.

Abstract The timing and dispersal routes of Homo sapiens (H. sapiens) into the Iranian Plateau have always been a matter of debate in the recent years. Current studies on the Upper Palaeolithic period of the Zagros mountains demonstrated the later colonisation of West-Central Zagros by H. sapiens based on techno-typological and radiocarbon dating. The Kermanshah region is one of the main concentrations of Palaeolithic sites in the West-Central Zagros mountains. Despite presenting rich Palaeolithic sequence records, it suffers from the lack of stratified data associated with chronological control. This issue, until now, has prevented us from evaluating and knowing how these archaeological records relate to the patterns of H. sapiens dispersal and colonisation into the West-Central Zagros mountains. Here, we present the first excavated and dated Palaeolithic site in Kermanshah. Eshkaft-e Gelimgoush Cave yielded a classic Upper Palaeolithic assemblage, representing the Lorestan and Kermanshah (LaK) cultural group documented in the West-Central Zagros. Radiocarbon dates, associated with the material culture from this cave, provide the first dated stratified Upper Palaeolithic evidence in Kermanshah. The data from Eshkaft-e Gelimgoush are consistent with the cultural diversity model among the Upper Palaeolithic populations in the Zagros and confirm later colonisation of the West-Central than northern and southern Zagros mountains.

Neanderthal extinction has been a matter of debate for many years. New discoveries, better chronologies and genomic evidence have done much to clarify some of the issues. This evidence suggests that Neanderthals became extinct around 40,000–37,000 years before present (BP), after a period of coexistence with Homo sapiens of several millennia, involving biological and cultural interactions between the two groups. However, the bulk of this evidence relates to Western Eurasia, and recent work in Central Asia and Siberia has shown that there is considerable local variation. Southwestern Asia, despite having a number of significant Neanderthal remains, has not played a major part in the debate over extinction. Here we report a Neanderthal deciduous canine from the site of Bawa Yawan in the West-Central Zagros Mountains of Iran. The tooth is associated with Zagros Mousterian lithics, and its context is preliminary dated to between ~43,600 and ~41,500 years ago.

The Yafteh cave in Iran has an intact Aurignacian sequence over 2m deep. First explored by Frank Hole and Kent Flannery in the 1960s, its strata and assemblage are here re-evaluated at first hand by a new international team. The authors show that the assemblage is genuine Aurignacian and dates back to about 35.5K uncal BP. They propose it as emerging locally and even as providing a culture of origin for modern humans in West Asia and Europe.

The timing and dispersal routes of Homo sapiens (H. sapiens) into the Iranian Plateau have always been a matter of debate in the recent years. Current studies on the Upper Palaeolithic period of the Zagros mountains demonstrated the later colonisation of West-Central Zagros by H. sapiens based on techno-typological and radiocarbon dating. The Kermanshah region is one of the main concentrations of Palaeolithic sites in the West-Central Zagros mountains. Despite presenting rich Palaeolithic sequence records, it suffers from the lack of stratified data associated with chronological control. This issue, until now, has prevented us from evaluating and knowing how these archaeological records relate to the patterns of H. sapiens dispersal and colonisation into the West-Central Zagros mountains. Here, we present the first excavated and dated Palaeolithic site in Kermanshah. Eshkaft-e Gelimgoush Cave yielded a classic Upper Palaeolithic assemblage, representing the Lorestan and Kermanshah (LaK) cultural group documented in the West-Central Zagros. Radiocarbon dates, associated with the material culture from this cave, provide the first dated stratified Upper Palaeolithic evidence in Kermanshah. The data from Eshkaft-e Gelimgoush are consistent with the cultural diversity model among the Upper Palaeolithic populations in the Zagros and confirm later colonisation of the West-Central than northern and southern Zagros mountains.

AbstrAct The petrogliphs found in Khra Hanjiran site (northwest of Iran), which is located 28 km South of Mahabad city, could be considered among the main rock art evidences in NorthWestern Iran. Khra Hanjiran petrogliphs represent a series of animal and human figures was discovered in 1966 by M. Pedram and published briefly in the 1990's. Recently, the authors had the opportunity of carrying out a comprehensive analysis on the site, and has conducted a detailed record of them. All motives are found on two separate rock boulders of schist stone, whose surfaces are relatively flat, providing a good substrate for carving. Most of the panels shows motives including ibexes with long and curved horns, human figures characterized by long hands, horsemen at riding, as well as many geometric patterns and schemes, whose meaning will be investigated in the papers. Moreover, it has to be noted that some recent graffiti are easily distinguishable. The majority of rock carvings have a very low depth and they have been carved in a very schematic way: for instance, the bodies are represented just by simple straight lines. Unfortunately most of the rock boulders have a smooth slope, which had caused rainfall erosion, consuming some of the petrogliphs and, in a few cases, washing them away completely. The authors suggests also a methodology to investigate the period when the carvings have been done, founding their hypothesis on the well-known direct dating based on the rock varnish. The paper will also include considerations on microscopic analysis aiming at finding out the carving techniques and the tools which are supposed to be used in the site. AbstrAct The petrogliphs found in Khra Hanjiran site (northwest of Iran), which is located 28 km South of Mahabad city, could be considered among the main rock art evidences in NorthWestern Iran. Khra Hanjiran petrogliphs represent a series of animal and human figures was discovered in 1966 by M. Pedram and published briefly in the 1990's. Recently, the authors had the opportunity of carrying out a comprehensive analysis on the site, and has conducted a detailed record of them. All motives are found on two separate rock boulders of schist stone, whose surfaces are relatively flat, providing a good substrate for carving. Most of the panels shows motives including ibexes with long and curved horns, human figures characterized by long hands, horsemen at riding, as well as many geometric patterns and schemes, whose meaning will be investigated in the papers. Moreover, it has to be noted that some recent graffiti are easily distinguishable. The majority of rock carvings have a very low depth and they have been carved in a very schematic way: for instance, the bodies are represented just by simple straight lines. Unfortunately most of the rock boulders have a smooth slope, which had caused rainfall erosion, consuming some of the petrogliphs and, in a few cases, washing them away completely. The authors suggests also a methodology to investigate the period when the carvings have been done, founding their hypothesis on the well-known direct dating based on the rock varnish. The paper will also include considerations on microscopic analysis aiming at finding out the carving techniques and the tools which are supposed to be used in the site.

نوشتن یه متن علمی اسلوب خاص خود را دارد. هر چند نویسنده تاکیدی بر  علمی بودن متن ندارد اما از این چهارچوب و اسلوب تا حدودی خبر دارد. این متن که تقدیم می گردد از ان اسلوب به دور است. دلیل آن هم نوشتن برای مجله ای ادبی است مربوط به انجمن ادبی مهاباد. پس تا مقدور بود و امکان داشت بر سادگی تایید شده است. متن بیشتر به سوالاتی می پردازد که این روزها برای بسیاری پرسش هایی است بی جواب یا حداقل با جوابی مخدوش. نگارنده تنها پرسش های سطحی را مطرح می کند که جواب هر کدام می توان راهگشای پرسش های دیگری باشد. سعی شده است تا جایی که امکان دارد بر محورهای تاریخ، زبان و باستان شناسی تاکید شود چون به نظر نگارنده در حال حاضر بحث اصلی محافل همین موارد ذکر شده است. بی اطلاعی و ناگاهی ما از بسیاری از پژوهش ها و مخصوصا پژوهش های جدید می تواند یکی از دلایل به بیراه رفتن در جواب به پرسش های زیر باشد. بی شک نگارنده ادعایی مبنی بر دانستن جواب های این پرسشها را ندارد و به عنوان یک باستان شناس کرد سعی و تلاش دارد تا حدودی پاره ای از ابهامات را در زمینه "کردشناسی" بزداید و لاغیر.
تعدای از این فرضیات آنچنانی که در زیر می آید، در فضای مجازی- بخصوص فیسبوک- رواج و نشر بسیار زیادی داشته است. طبعا فضای مجازی فضای چندان علمی و ساختار مندی نیست اما بی شک دارای نفوذ و تاثیرگزاری زیادی است و از تعداد به اصطلاح «پسندها» و «اشتراک گزاری ها» می توان به میزان این تاثیر گزاری پی برد. در هر حال این نوشتار شاید تلنگری باشد برای علاقه مندان و البته دغدغه مندان این وادی.