Median History and Archaeology

Unfortunately in connection with the religious beliefs of Iranian tribes, before the Sassanian period, There are a little information and many uncertainties. In these circumstances each data can be very useful. The central temple of Nushijan and Comparable examples in the Parthian Qumis, According to The unique durability and data obtained,  Can help to understand median and Parthian religious beliefs. The study of This buildings, shows that Despite the considerable distance in  time and place, between Them is very close similarities. Based on, we can conclude that these buildings Belong  to a single religious tradition (probably Zoroastrian). zoroastrianism in the area will appear first time in the Median Period and  with little change continues to the Sassanid.
Key words: Nushijan, Qumis, Religious architecture, zoroastrianism,

Noise is consistently presents in digital images during image acquisition, coding, transmission, and processing steps. The main purpose of de-noising the image is to restore the detail of original image as much as possible. Depending on the types of disturbance, the noise can affect the image to different extent. Salt and Pepper noise arises in the image because of sharp and sudden changes of image signal. Dust particles in the image acquisition source or over heated faulty components can cause this type of noise. In the field of image processing, several type of linear and non-linear filtering techniques have been proposed for reducing the noise in images. Filters like Median, Gaussian and Wiener are used to do this comparative study of different images of same type in Gray scale. The quality of the enhanced images is measured by the statistical quantity measures: Peak Signal-to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Square Error (MSE) and Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) metrics. An application specific measure for natural flower images correlation is defined and known as Deviation Measure. A Deviation Measure (DM) is obtained by the comparison of filtered and original image which shows the deviation in the images.

اطلاعات مربوط به پوشش مردم در دورهٔ مادها و هخامنشیان، عمدتاً منحصر به لباس‌های مردان است. پوشش بانوان به‌طور خلاصه در انتهای این مقاله شرح داده خواهد شد. اطلاعات ما شامل دو دسته از منابع‌اند: گزارش‌هایی که از نویسندگان کلاسیک ثبت شده‌است و آثار باستانی. این دسته که شامل آثار با ارزش باستانی‌اند را می‌توان به پنج دسته تقسیم کرد:
۱. سنگ‌نگاره‌های داریوش یکم (۵۲۱–۴۸۶ پ. م) در بیستون.
۲. پیکره‌های نمایندگان ۳۰ ملتی که تحت امپراطوری هخامنشیان بودند (شکل ۱) و بر آرامگاه داریوش یکم در نقش رستم در نزدیکی تخت جمشید کنده شده‌اند و همین نقوش توسط جانشینان وی نیز تکرار شده‌اند. هویت پیکره‌های نقش رستم با سنگ‌نوشتهٔ برجای‌مانده از آرامگاه داریوش یکم شناسایی شدند.
۳. معماری منحصر به فرد تخت جمشید (به‌ویژه پلکان شرقی آپادانا) که جنگجویان، بزرگان و نمایندگان ملل مختلف امپراطوری هخامنشیان را نشان می‌دهد؛ آثار خشتی-لعابی شوش و تخت جمشید که سربازها را در لباس‌های نظامی متفاوت نشان می‌دهد و پیکره‌های کنده‌شده بر تندیس مصری داریوش در شوش، که هم‌اینک در موزهٔ ایران باستان در تهران نگهداری می‌شود.

۴. نقوش متنوع، به‌ویژه هنرهای دستی: گلدان‌های یونانی، مسکوکات مصری معاصر، مهرهای «یونانی-ایرانی»، نقاشی‌ها، به‌ویژه آن‌دسته که در آرامگاه کارابورون یکم در نزدیکی المالی، استان پیشین لیسیه در جنوب غربی ترکیه کشف شده‌اند. مجسمه‌ها، به‌ویژه آن دسته که از صیدا و لیسیه به دست آمده‌اند، «گنجینهٔ جیحون» و مهم‌تر از همه، صحنه‌های نبرد و شکار که بر روی تابوت سنگی منسوب به اسکندر واقع در صیدا (کمی پس از ۳۲۰ پ. م) کنده شده‌است و موزاییک اسکندر واقع در کف معبد فون در پُمپئی (سدهٔ اول پ. م تقریباً هم‌دوره با تابوت سنگی اسکندر، برگرفته از یک نقاشی هلندی).
۵. آثار و بقایای پوشاک‌های یافت‌شده در تپه‌های آلتای که با نقش‌مایه‌های هخامنشی آرایش شده‌اند.

This collection of twenty-eight essays presents an up-to-date survey of pre-Islamic Iran, from the earliest dynasty of Elam to the end of Sasanian empire, encompassing a rich diversity of peoples and cultures. Historically, Iran served as a bridge between the earlier Near Eastern cultures and the later classical world of the Mediterranean, and had a profound influence on political, military, economic, and cultural aspects of the ancient world. Written by international scholars and drawing mainly on the field of practical archaeology, which traditionally has shared little in the way of theories and methods, the book provides crucial pieces to the puzzle of the national identity of Iranian cultures from a historical perspective.

Revealing the wealth and splendor of ancient Iranian society – its rich archaeological data and sophisticated artistic craftsmanship – most of which has never before been presented outside of Iran, this beautifully illustrated book presents a range of studies addressing specific aspects of Iranian archaeology to show why the artistic masterpieces of ancient Iranians rank among the finest ever produced. Together, the authors analyze how archaeology can inform us about our cultural past, and what remains to still be discovered in this important region.

https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-41776-5

After the violent destruction of major Urartian centers in the middle of the 7th. century BCE there is only scant evidence for continuing settlement in the area of the former kingdom of Urartu. An important feature is the ongoing Urartian pottery tradition, which can be observed with slight alterations of the old shapes. Additionally new shapes come into use which were first found at Median sites like Nush-i Jan and Godin II. This Median tradition can be observed at sites like Bastam, Van Kalesi mound, Nor Armavir or Horom. The stratigraphic evidence also shows the levels where this pottery were found are later than the Urartian imperial period. So this tradition is not Urartian any more but should be called tentatively “Median”.

کتاب حاضر مجموعه مقالاتی است که مستقیم یا غیرمستقیم با تاریخ ماد پیوند می‌یابند. به‌عبارت‌دیگر، مقالات حاضر، تاریخ ماد را نه تنها از منظر خودِ ماد، بلکه در چشم‌اندازی گسترده‌تر و در ارتباط با همسایگانش (به‌ویژه آشور و بابل) بررسی کرده‌اند. نکته‌ی دیگر آنکه، مقالات این کتاب صرفاً به تاریخ سیاسی نمی‌پردازند، بلکه تلاش شده است پژوهش‌هایی در زمینه‌های باستان‌شناسی، جغرافیای تاریخی، ادیان، و زبان‌شناسی نیز در این مجموعه گنجانده شوند.

The ‘Medes’ were usually referred to as ‘Mar’, (singular) ‘Mars’ or ‘Marats’ (plural) in the Armenian language, while in the Syriac language they were referred to as either ‘Mark’ or ‘Mad’. In both languages, the ethnic terms ‘Kurd’ and ‘Mede’ were often interchangeable and usually referred to the same group of people. Although the ‘Medes’ were also mentioned as ‘Mah’ or ‘Mad’ in later Islamic Arabic and Persian sources, a direct or indirect Kurdish connection with them seems to have had much less prominence in comparison to the various Christian Armenian and Syriac sources. However, it does not take long for one to realize that there were no actual ancient ‘Medes’ as an ethnic group of people in existence anymore during the mediaeval period and beyond. The anachronistic usage of the ‘Medes’ as an ethnonym to refer to the Kurds in mediaeval texts and beyond points to the central question of this thesis: What constitutes the historical relationship between the Kurds and the Medes, and what does it mean for the study of Kurds in the Middle Ages?

RE: Facades, illusions & ideological concepts created & promoted by ancient royalty out of necessity; effective creation of an alternate version of reality. It is only by knowing this information that the true nature of ancient texts may be understood correctly. Not knowing, means making incorrect assumptions & conclusions. Important!

In determining the boundaries of Qara Tapeh Saghzabad and Tapeh Qabristan in July 2016, evidence of a cemetery in the east of Qara Tapeh and southwest of Tapeh Qabristan belonging they revealed to the Iron Age 2 and 3 under sedimentary layers. In the 2018 and 2019 seasons of excavations, we got valuable findings in trenches 13 and 12 on the site. Among these findings are two tablet-like objects, one of these two objects, made of stone with a rectangular shape and light gray with a length and width of 12.5 × 18 cm and a thickness of 2.8 cm with circular blind holes, The holes made in four vertical rows and nine horizontal rows to a depth of 1.4 cm on one side of the object. We found the object in Grave No. 8 of Trench 13. Another example is a broken part of a gray rectangular clay object measuring 5.1 x 5.86 cm long and 2.81 cm thick with six circular blind holes 2.2 cm deep. We excavated this object from Trench 12. The two objects in question are comparable to the specimens found from Kul-Tarikeh, Haftavan Tapeh, and specimens unearthed from the neighbors of the Uzbeki archaeological site and the Sialk Cemetery in the first millennium BC. This article examines these objects in terms of morphology and compares them with other similar findings, and it is likely that these findings, based on other examples and examples from older periods, are a kind of tablet for counting games; First by placing the findings in the archaeological context and comparative comparison with contemporaneous sites and then measuring the results with earlier examples of these findings in other archaeological sites, a preliminary proposal to use a counting game or board game for objects provided.

In his Book I, Herodotus relates the war between Lydia of Alyattes and Media of Cyaxares. This war ended with the well-known occurrence of the total solar eclipse, which astronomical researchers propose to date to 585 BC. After these hostilities, a treaty between the two kingdoms was concluded, and was sealed by a royal wedding. This paper analyzes this event, better known as the " battle of the eclipse ". It will revisit the problem of the location of the battle and that of the identity of the Lydian and Median kings who reigned during this conflict. The paper will study the role that the eclipse played on the conclusion of hostilities and its impact on the minds of the Greeks; it will also examine the nature of the treaty concluded between the Lydians and the Medes. Finally, the paper will examine the problem of the Halys border that separated the Lydian and the Median kingdoms, modern scholars asserting that this border was chosen during the Lydo-Median treaty. This examination will allow us to study the view of the ethnic, geographical and political space that the river played in Herodotus's mind.

Tepe Nush-i Jan is amongst the rare major sites attributed to the Median period. The most important result of the recent excavation at the site by the present author in 2009 was the fact that the Median brick structures unearthed at Tepe Nush-i Jan originally represented a Mithraeum. The central temple of Nush-i Jan has a ground plan in the form of a cross divided by a wall into two sections. Cross motif is also seen as architectural ornament on an interior wall and on the exterior façade of the Central temple (semi-cross). The fact that the cross motif assumed a central place in the Mithraic iconography cannot be overemphasized.

Pottery of the mid-first millennium B.C. on the Iranian plateau and in neighbouring regions

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Oriental Studies for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Oxford

D.C.G. Fleming
Corpus Christi College, Oxford
Trinity term, 1982

This dissertation studies the pottery produce on the Iranian plateau and neighbouring regions in the period of the political domination of western Asia by the Achaemenid Persian empire, and considers whether there were any unified pottery usages in that period that could be attributed to Achaemenid influence. Chapter 1 sets the geographical and chronological scene, and explains the theory and the methods used. Chapter 2 examines the ceramic background in the Iron Age III Zagros Mountains. Chapter 3 considers the pottery of the Achaemenid/Iron Age IV of the Iranian plateau. Chapter 4 compares this to the pottery produced at the same time in southern Mesopotamia. Chapter 5 contains a detailed discussion of appropriate ceramics from Afghanistan, Swat, and the Upper Indus. Chapter 6 concludes that there was no single unified pottery style that could be associated with the spread of the Achaemenid empire in western Asia, and also that the distribution of pottery in the eastern Achaemenid empire bore no relation to the spatial arrangement of the empire’s provinces. Previously unpublished pottery from southern Mesopotamia, Kandahar, and sites in Swat is included.

Neo-Assyrian military annals list hundreds of Chaldaean and Elamite cities, towns, and natural features by name.  Yet despite this volume of data, historians and archaeologists have matched very few to the current accepted geography of southeast Iraq and southwest Iran.  This paper proposes an alternative to that geography.

This article offers theoretical and methodological demarcations for media genealogy, which operates in the work of each scholar interviewed for this special issue. We first examine the limitations of the media archaeological method in the work of Friedrich Kittler, Wolfgang Ernst, and Siegfried Zielinski. We later provide an outline of what media genealogy might look like, drawing on the work of our interviewees.

HE rock tomb of Qizqapan is located on the
northeast of Iraq, in the independent territory
of Kurdistan, 60 km on the northwest of Sulaimaniyah,
alongside a road leading to Dukan
dam. In the portico of Qizqapan, and on two
side of the funeral chamber entrance, two Ionian
style half–columns are visible with a ritual
scene carved between them showing two
persons praying towards a fire altar. Above
the praying scene and on the sides of capital,
three smaller symbols are carved which their
identifications are the subject of the present
study (Fig. 1).
The first symbolic motif is on the 2.95
meter height from the portico floor, on the left
corner of the terrace, depicting a four winged
human inside a quadrilateral frame with the
dimensions of 65 ×70 cm (Fig. 2). This figure
is carved in profile, facing toward left, his hat
is different from the two figures of worshippers
and looks like a royal crown with vertical
grooved decorations known as fluting decorations.
The thick hair of the figure is shaped
like a ball in the back of his head and his long
beard extends to his chest. There is a ring or a
disk on the waist, which reminds the Assyrian
and Achaemenid style. The four wings of the
figure are cross–shaped and their ends are
curved inward. The two upper wings made
a crescent together, but the two lower wings
are almost in a straight line.

Did the Urartians Reach the Caspian Sea?
In the Iranian province of Gilan, items of Urartian weaponry (a quiver and a helmet), a bracelet with
the name of the Urartian king Argishti inscribed on it as well as some other objects produced in Transcaucasia
(bracelets with snake-heads, hinged fibulae, openwork pendants) have been found. These
decorative items may well be evidence of the presence of soldiers from the Transcaucasian domains
of the Urartian kingdom in the Urartian army in the 7th century BC. An important proof of the Urartians’
reaching southern Gilan and, consequently, approaching the northern borders of the Median
kingdom is the sequence of conquests of Median kings. The Urartian kingdom became their first successful
conquest, which occurred no later than in the 640s BC.

Discovered during the archaeological surveys conducted in the framework of Darian Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (DDASP), in 2015, the tomb of Ruwar is located some 42 km southeast of Sarwabad town, approximately 400m to the northwest of Ruwar village in Kurdistan province. It is overlooking one of the tributaries of the Sirwan River called Zhawaro. The tomb was partially disturbed by looters before the arrival of an
archaeological expedition to the site, but further research was done by archaeologists and interdisciplinary scholars for a thorough understanding of the site and the collected data. The archaeological team opened four trenches on the site that resulted in the discovery of a large stone-built tomb circular in shape, a considerable amount of
archaeological artifacts such as pottery vessels, bronze and iron objects, silver artifacts, stone tools, as well as a
series of architectural structures mostly datable to the Iron Age I and possibly late Bronze Age. TL dating of four
pottery samples from the site showed that the tomb was in use during the Iron Age II and probably more later
during Parthian Period. Therefore, the tomb was mainly used during Iron Age I and II with sporadic uses during
later period of the Parthian. The cultural materials of the site greatly resemble findings at the Iron Age graveyard
excavated near Sanadaj and also finds in Iron Age graves of Lorestan province.
Keywords: Kurdistan Province, Hawraman, salvage excavation, Darian Dam, stone tomb, Iron Age I, Iron Age II

L’article que presentem té com a objecte d’estudi dues sèries de vistes òptiques de l’artista català Onofre Alsamora (c. 1810-1880), publicades per entregues a mitjans del segle XIX sota el títol de Viaje óptico por España. La primera va aparèixer el 1846, i associat amb l’òptic Francisco Dalmau, Alsamora publicaria la segona el 1851, exposada com a espectacle en el gabinet òptic de Dalmau a la Rambla. Les vistes que les conformen despleguen un retrat tant urbà com social de la ciutat encara emmurallada i l’únic retrat que ens ha arribat de Barcelona en vistes òptiques.

Erstmals (?) zeigt er insbesondere die politische Situation.
Erstmals (?) zeigt er das mutmaßliche Denken der Weisen.
Erstmals (?) zeigt er mit einer neu gestalteten Karte den Weg von Ekbatana nach Jerusalem.
Erstmals (?) zeigt er eine Grafik die Konjunktionen und die Planetenschleifen  übersichtlich und verständlich.
König Phraates IV. herrschte im Jahre 7 v.Chr. über das Reich der Parther und schloss mit Kaiser Augustus einen Friedensvertrag.
Ekbatana (Ecbatana) versus Babylon
-) Hatten die Weisen aus dem Osten einen politischen Auftrag?
-) Gott verkündete über die Astrologie das Evangelium.
-) Für Matthäus spielte die Zahlensymbolik eine große Rolle.
-) Die Erklärung der Lücken im  Stammbaum Jesu.

Die Weisen und der Stern von Bethlehem -- Möglichkeiten und Fakten, 2019
Star of Bethlehem

inculding political interest of King Phraates and herod the great
in the view of the wise men
Ecbatane versus Babylon
the way from ecbatane to Jerusalem  in a map
Jesus born;

This paper investigates select components of Median culture that was shaping in the 8th–7th cent. B. C. It presents
data proving Media’s important role as a cultural medium between kingdoms that disappeared from the political
arena between the second half and the late 7th cent. B. C. (Urartu, Assyria) and the Achaemenid Empire (the second half of the 6th cent. B. C.). The data also show that Media was the creator of a unique architectural concept
and building methods. The Medians in particular used a previously unknown method of overhead vault cover with a
long curved mud-brick half-beam. They also created the original Fire Temple layout (built in the shape of a stepped
lozenge) and previously unknown altar shape. One particularly outstanding creation of the Median architects was a
multi-columned hall (apadana) that became an integral part of the Achaemenid culture and the Ancient Near Eastern
culture in general.

El fenómeno artístico denominado net.art y en particular la obra de los artistas pertenecientes al período heroico plantea una serie de procedimientos y características estéticas ubicables en un territorio de cruce o intersección disciplinar entre los desarrollos de la informática, el de las telecomunicaciones, el del campo audiovisual y la escritura. Son objetos artísticos generados mediante máquinas digitales y vinculados a las tecnologías de transmisión de la información. Son obras de arte tanto como ceros y unos, como software, como máquinas de calcular, como cables transoceánicos, radares, pantallas. Es condición necesaria de esos objetos el ser obras y el ser pedazos de tecnología, historia de medios, pedazos de máquinas.
A pesar de la imposibilidad de disociar completamente el análisis de estos objetos de su condición artística, es sin embargo posible intentar revisarlos como objetos que, por pertenecer a la esfera de lo tecnológico, plantean condiciones singulares de producción, distribución y consumo.

König Phraates IV. herrschte im Jahre 7 v.Chr. über das Reich der Parther und schloss mit Kaiser Augustus einen Friedensvertrag.
Ekbatana (Ecbatana) versus Babylon
-) Hatten die Weisen aus dem Osten einen politischen Auftrag?
-) Gott verkündete über die Astrologie das Evangelium.
-) Für Matthäus spielte die Zahlensymbolik eine große Rolle.
-) Die Erklärung der Lücken im  Stammbaum Jesu.

(Diese Version korrigiert einige kleine Fehler.)

Die Weisen und der Stern von Bethlehem -- Möglichkeiten und Fakten, 2019
Star of Bethlehem

inculding political interest of King Phraates and herod the great
in the view of the wise men
Ecbatane versus Babylon
the way from ecbatane to Jerusalem  in a map
Jesus born;