Yusuf Sarkingobir

Antibacterial activity of honey obtained from Specialist Hospital, Sokoto on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli isolated from wound was studied. the results depicting the levels of iron, selenium, zinc, and iodine micronutrients assessed in honey samples collected from three different zones of Sokoto state, Nigeria. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to determine Fe, Zn, se, and I as follows: 7.3± 0.5 to 10.11± 0.15 ppm, 0.50 ± 0.01 to 0.60± 0.01 ppm, 2.6± 0.1 to 11.0 ± 0.05 ppm, 0.05±0.001 to 1.30±0.01 ppm are concentration ranges of Fe, Se, Zn, and I respectively assessed from samples of honey obtained from 3 zones of Sokoto. Agar well diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial activity of the honey on the test microorganisms. The result revealed that the honey samples have heavy antibacterial activities against the test organisms and zones of inhibition were obtained showing high antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity increased with increase in the concentrations and the honey produced a high antibacterial activity (clearer zone) on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli at all concentration. The use of honey as a therapeutic substance has been rediscovered by the medical profession on more recent times, and it is gaining acceptance as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of ulcers and bed sores, and other infections resulting from burns and wounds. Likewise, the honey contains phytochemicals and Zn, Se, Fe, and I micronutrients.    

Tomatoes contain various essential mineral elements for the body. Efforts to maintain the mineral content in tomatoes can be made by giving a natural preservative, such as turmeric. This study aimed to assess the effect of turmeric on mineral elements in two kinds of tomato from Sokoto, Nigeria. We used 5%, 10%, and 25% neem extracts (5g, 10g, and 25g) dissolved in 9.5, 9.0, and 7.5 liters of distilled water to preserve tomatoes. The experiment had a completely randomized design. After the examination, atomic absorption spectroscopy identified the elements Na, K, Ca, Mg, and P in the tomatoes. When Daneka tomato was observed, 2.0 to 2.5 (ppm), 3.2 to 3.7 (ppm), 2.2 to 2.6 (ppm), 0.42 to 0.46 (ppm), and 0.4510 to 0.4800 (ppm) are the respective concentrations revealed under turmeric storage method for Na, K, C, Mg, and P. The protection of different elements' concentration depends on the concentration of the turmeric applied in the preservation methods. 3.5 to 3.8 (ppm), 2.7 to 2.9 (ppm), 1.4 to 1.8 (ppm), 0.45 to 0.49 (ppm), and 1.2 to 1.9 (ppm) are the ranges of elements compositions of UTC tomatoes after storage under turmeric, for Na, K, Ca, Mg, and P respectively. In the end, the study has indicated a rising concentration of elements in all the tomato types depending on the increasing turmeric concentration. The turmeric can preserve a typical tomato quality parameter: element concentration at a p = 0.05 significant level.

Almajiri are students’ is an ancient Islamic system of teaching. This paper assesses food security, personal hygiene, living condition, and violence in Almajiri. Survey using questionnaire and descriptive statistics, and x2 at p < 0.05 were used. Most schools were donated (66.7%), and minority (33.3%) were self-owned. Schools were built with zinc (33.3%), mud (33.3%), and modern tools (33.3%). There are urinals in all the schools (100.0%), overcrowding (100.0%), 66.7% have windows and doors, (33.3%) have no windows and doors. 66.% of the schools have mats for sitting, 33.3% have chairs. Risks found at schools are: open defecation (33.3%), and nearby water (66.7%). Majority of students stay for 4 months before returning home (66.7%), and significant portion of them return after graduation (33.3%). Pertaining personal hygiene 66.7% of the students’ wear shoes, 33.3% do not wear; 66.7% have cleaned clothes, 33.3% dirty clothes, there was no water at 66.7% of the schools, 33.3% have ...

A region like Sokoto that is been challenged by series of problems such as double burden of diseases, malnutrition, and food insecurity should utilized the available fruits for their inherent nutrient’s compositions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the proximate and elemental contents (sodium, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium) in gingerbread plum (Neocarya macrophylla) fruit which are essential for normal growth and development of body tissues for the human health. Neocarya macrophylla fruit is screened for certain nutritionally needed elements and proximate compositions using standard methods. Results obtained show that, crude protein with (2.70 ± 0.0057%) has the lowest concentration, the moisture content was 5.83 ± 0.57 percent, ash content was 5.33 ± 1.54 percent, crude lipid was 5.23 ± 0.15 percent, and crude fiber was 13.33 ± 4.48 percent. The determined levels of mineral elements (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium) reveal ...

Background: Malnutrition, poverty, and information scarcity are some of the major issues affecting people in West African region. Thus, it is imperative to divulge nutritional information from a cheap and accessible food (the milk) in the region. Objective: This study aimed at performing a proximate and Zn, Se, Fe and I micronutrients determination in goat and cattle milk in Sokoto, Nigeria. Method: The concentrations of zinc, selenium, iron, iodine present in goat and cattle in Sokoto, Nigeria were determined using standard methods and materials of analytical grade.  Results: The result reveals (< 0.05) Zn, Se, Fe, and I in goat as follows: 9.10 ± 0.05 ppm, 2.32 ± 0.004 ppm, 10.5 ± 0.05 ppm and 7.8 ± 0.01 ppm. In cattle, the concentrations for Zn, Se, and Fe are: 5.12 ± 1.05 ppm, 1.13 ± 0.005 ppm, 9.5 ± 0.02 ppm, and 5.9 ± 0.02 ppm. The proximate values of moisture content, ash content, protein, and fat in milk collected from goat are as follows respectively: 90.21%, 0.56 %, 3.2...

The purpose of this work was to assess the effect of turmeric on concentrations of selected mineral elements resent in two tomato types from Sokoto state, Nigeria. Healthy, ripe and firm tomato brought from Sokoto, was selected, cleaned for this study. 5%, 10% and 25% by were dissolved in respective 5g, 10g and 25g neem extracts in 9.5, 9.0 and 7.5 liters of distilled water respectively to preserve tomatoes. The experiment was laid in completely randomized design. And elements, Na, K, Ca, Mg, and P were determined in the tomatoes after the experiment using atomic absorption spectroscopy. When Daneka tomato was observed, 2.0 to 2.5 (ppm), 3.2 to 3.7 (ppm), 2.2 to 2.6 (ppm), 0.42 to 0.46 (ppm), and 0.4510 to 0.4800 (ppm) are the respective concentrations revealed under turmeric storage method for Na, K, C, Mg, and P. The protection of concentration of different elements is dependent on the concentration of the turmeric applied in the preservation methods. 3.5 to 3.8 (ppm), 2.7 to 2.9 ...

This study was carried out with the purpose of assessing solid waste disposal and levels of heavy metals in Fadama area of Sokoto city. A survey using questionnaire and atomic absorp-tion spectroscopy was employed for the study. The descriptive statistics and X2 test were done. The types of pollution noticed include: land (40.0%), air (40.0%), and water (20.0%). The possible causes of the pollution include, mostly open dumping of solid waste (41.7%), then open defecation (33.3%), and lastly burning (25.0%). Spread of diseases was most (40.0%) perceived effect, then effect on children (20.0%) and gastroenteritis (20.0%). Other effects are: sickness (13.3%) and accidents (6.7%). The efforts to address the waste disposal are: burning (60.0%), pushing it away from road (20.0%) and provision of containers (20.0%). Effort did by the government involves, promising to bring con-tainers (30.0%), and doing nothing (70.0%). Wastes found are: plastics (70.0%), organic and defeca-tions (23.3%), ...

Purpose – This study aims to investigate exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in Sokoto. Design/methods/approach – A survey type of 300 respondents was used; data were analyzed with frequency counts/percentages and an X2 test. Findings – All respondents were female (100.0%), aged 26-35 (100.0%). The majority of the participants were single (66.7%) and unemployed (66.7%), with a secondary school education (66.7%). However, 33.3% of the participants were married, were civil servants, and had tertiary education. The study revealed that the majority (66.7%) had received breastfeeding counseling during antenatal care. All respondents (100.0%) received proper guidance/counseling at home on exclusive breastfeeding. Fathers (66.7%) and mothers (33.3%) supported exclusive breastfeeding. The respondents reported exclusively breastfeeding their child for the first six months after delivery (100.0%), and weaning occurred between 19-24 months. The reasons for avoiding exclusive breastfeeding were the s...

 Education delves into issues in developing nations, including Sokoto; thus, poor supervision rendered public schools poor than private ones. The objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between instructional supervision and teacher effectiveness in senior secondary schools in Tambuwal local government area of Sokoto state, Nigeria using a correlational survey design. Therewith, 165 teachers and 9 principals were involved. Analysis shows that 84(52.5%) of teachers agreed that their planned lessons contain learner-centered activities, and 41(25.6%) strongly agreed. Teachers' responses on My principal ensures that I use teaching aids in teaching, 101(63.1%) agreed, 32(20%) strongly agreed, 12(7.5%), and 9(5.6%) disagreed and strongly disagreed, respectively. Regarding teachers' use of modern methods of teaching, 7(77.8%) of the principals agreed, and 2(22.2%) strongly agreed. Principals' responses on Teachers in my school ensure that students gain mastery...

Schistosomiasis is an infectious disease of public health importance in the African countries. Due to poor prevention, poverty, and poor settings; areas like Sokoto, Nigeria are battling with the disease. Consequently, people are compelled to use preventive measures locally. There is recorded use of A. sativum for the prevention of schistosomiasis without enough scientifically supported information in that regards. Therefore, this work evaluated phytochemicals, acute toxicity, and subchronic toxicity (effects on some kidney indices). Standard methods and reagents of analytical grade were utilized. The work reveals the presence of some phytochemicals, no acute toxicity (at 4000 mg/kg body weight), as well as no major change in the urea, uric acid, and creatinine levels. 1.111 mg/dl to 1.118 mg/dl creatinine, 1.011 mg/dl to 1.025 mg/dl urea, and 1.120 mg/dl to 1.140 mg/dl uric acid were determined in control and highest dose (4000 mg/kg body weight) (p<0.05). This indicates that, t...

Anemia due to iron deficiency or inherited sickle cells nowadays threatens public health in many respects. Among the effects of anemia is its ability to affect cognitive or related abilities. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effect of iron deficiency anemia and sickle cell anemia on the cognitive ability of participants in Sokoto. The study design involved recruiting 50 participants (25 healthy and 25 tested to be anemic) who were subjected to Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Another fifteen sickle anemia patients, and twenty-five healthy persons were evaluated using Montreal cognitive assessment. The scores of all the respondents were recorded and subjected to the X2 test and revealed significant differences at (p<0.05). The result of the study indicated that the anemic participants scored fewer mean marks (420.0 ± 14.0) in contrast to the healthy participants (820.0 ± 32.6) at (P<0.05). The effect of sickle cell anemia was revealed with a significant difference (p<0.05), showing that the healthy adult participants of the study scored higher marks (240.0 ± 16.0) compared to the anemic participants (924.0 ± 30.8). Thus, the anemia of any kind can potentially affect the cognitive capacity of students in the state.

The study assesses the plastic contact with children in the classroom environment in Sokoto schools because plastics contain harmful chemicals that can inflict severe harm on the health and other domains of children. A survey using 330 questionnaires of teacher respondents was carried out. Results were presented in frequency tables. The chisquare test shows that the results are significantly different at p<0.05. The order of stated plastics in the classes is food wrappers, writing materials, food containers, clothes, chairs, and shoes. The majority of respondents think that plastics harm pupils and the minority think that they harm the environment. Method of waste disposal in class environment schools reveal, open dumping, and as the methods of disposal. Of the ways suggested to reduce the effects of plastics in nursery classes environment; therewith, mass awareness was the most submitted, then environmental education at schools, and legislation was the least submitted. There are several forms of plastics in children's contact in Sokoto schools and are processed through an inappropriate waste management method. Thus, can exert harm on them as well as affect their growth and development, their rights to healthy food, water, and air, and threaten public health. Environmental education in schools, mass education, and legislation are needed to protect children.

Purpose-This study aims to investigate exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in Sokoto. Design/methods/approach-A survey type of 300 respondents was used; data were analyzed with frequency counts/percentages and an X 2 test. Findings-All respondents were female (100.0%), aged 26-35 (100.0%). The majority of the participants were single (66.7%) and unemployed (66.7%), with a secondary school education (66.7%). However, 33.3% of the participants were married, were civil servants, and had tertiary education. The study revealed that the majority (66.7%) had received breastfeeding counseling during antenatal care. All respondents (100.0%) received proper guidance/counseling at home on exclusive breastfeeding. Fathers (66.7%) and mothers (33.3%) supported exclusive breastfeeding. The respondents reported exclusively breastfeeding their child for the first six months after delivery (100.0%), and weaning occurred between 19-24 months. The reasons for avoiding exclusive breastfeeding were the sickness of the mother (66.7%) and insufficient milk (33.3%). All respondents (100.0%) agreed that exclusive breastfeeding improved the baby's health, and health awareness encourages breastfeeding (100.0%). Research implications/limitations-This study provides a limit in the form of maximum exclusive breastfeeding for children aged 24 months. Practical implications-The study suggests that counseling, support from parents, and health awareness can improve exclusive breastfeeding, and healthcare providers should provide such services during antenatal care while promoting the practice through health education campaigns. Originality/value-This study highlights the importance of counseling, parental support, and health education in promoting exclusive breastfeeding and improving the health of infants in Sokoto.

Education is a tool meant to change people to the better. Parts of the education is the entrepreneurship education that aimed at making people self-reliant after graduation more beneficial to all. The main aim of this study is to explore the perception of students of higher schools on challenges, solutions and benefits of entrepreneurship education in Sokoto, Nigeria. A survey using questionnaire was used and results were revealed (p <0.05). The challenges of learning/ teaching entrepreneurship in higher institutions as submitted by higher institution students in Sokoto, Nigeria are as follows: the most prevalent was "Inadequate funding of education" 29.4%, then "Poor capacity building of teachers" 27.9%, then "Inadequate availability of educational facilities" 23.5%, and "Lack of commitment from students" 19.1%. Solutions to challenges of entrepreneurship education in learning at higher education in Sokoto, Nigeria are as follows: the most submitted was, "Provision of more/adequate funding to education" 44.1%, then "Capacity building of teachers" 17.6%, then "Provision of qualified teachers" 14.7% and lastly "Provision of adequate educational and teaching facilities" "Giving startup funds to students" 11.7%. The perceived stated benefits of entrepreneurship education are stated in Table 4. They are as follows: reduction of unemployment (35.3%), reduction of social vices (29.4%), reduction in rural urban migration (22.1%), and improvement in capacity of graduating students (13.2%). Thus, diverse efforts are needed to improve entrepreneurship education in the state.

This study was carried out with the purpose of assessing solid waste disposal and levels of heavy metals in Fadama area of Sokoto city. A survey using questionnaire and atomic absorption spectroscopy was employed for the study. The descriptive statistics and X 2 test were done. The types of pollution noticed include: land (40.0%), air (40.0%), and water (20.0%). The possible causes of the pollution include, mostly open dumping of solid waste (41.7%), then open defecation (33.3%), and lastly burning (25.0%). Spread of diseases was most (40.0%) perceived effect, then effect on children (20.0%) and gastroenteritis (20.0%). Other effects are: sickness (13.3%) and accidents (6.7%). The efforts to address the waste disposal are: burning (60.0%), pushing it away from road (20.0%) and provision of containers (20.0%). Effort did by the government involves, promising to bring containers (30.0%), and doing nothing (70.0%). Wastes found are: plastics (70.0%), organic and defecations (23.3%), metal and relations. The heavy metals analysis shows, the lead ranges from 5.1 ± 1.2 to 10.0 ± 0.80 (ppm); chromium ranges from 0.59 ± 0.01 to 2.10 ± 0.02 (ppm); zinc ranges from not detected to 0.81 ± 0.3 (ppm); cadmium from 0.25 ± 0.02; and mercury ranges from 0.95 ± 0.02 to 10.20 ± 0.11 (ppm). There is poor waste management in an agricultural area, a trend that can seep harmful chemicals to be taken up by plants to the upward food chain/web, coupled with other harmful effects of waste such as instigation of diseases and environmental degradation.

The objective of this study is to determine the effect of mango leaves in preserving the varied concentrations of metals (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus) present in two tomato varieties in Sokoto, Nigeria. After the application of different mango leaves extracts in the postharvest preservation of Daneka tomato fruits in a randomized control design, and atomic absorption spectrophotometry of macro elements; the most elevated concentrations noticed significant difference at (p&lt;0.05) were revealed in potassium (1.20±0.002 to 3.00±0.001 ppm), and calcium (1.27±0.003 to 2.15±0.002 ppm). The lower levels of metals noticed upon storage under mango leaves are revealed by phosphorus (1.10±0.002 to1.37±0.002 ppm), and sodium (0.90±0.001 to 1.30±0.001 ppm); and the least was revealed by magnesium (0.61±0.001 to 0.86±0.001 ppm). The different concentrations of elements upon addition of mango leaves in the postharvest preservation of UTC tomatoes in Sokoto, Nigeria show...

Tomatoes contain various essential mineral elements for the body. Efforts to maintain the mineral content in tomatoes can be made by giving a natural preservative, such as turmeric. This study aimed to assess the effect of turmeric on mineral elements in two kinds of tomato from Sokoto, Nigeria. We used 5%, 10%, and 25% neem extracts (5g, 10g, and 25g) dissolved in 9.5, 9.0, and 7.5 liters of distilled water to preserve tomatoes. The experiment had a completely randomized design. After the examination, atomic absorption spectroscopy identified the elements Na, K, Ca, Mg, and P in the tomatoes. When Daneka tomato was observed, 2.0 to 2.5 (ppm), 3.2 to 3.7 (ppm), 2.2 to 2.6 (ppm), 0.42 to 0.46 (ppm), and 0.4510 to 0.4800 (ppm) are the respective concentrations revealed under turmeric storage method for Na, K, C, Mg, and P. The protection of different elements' concentration depends on the concentration of the turmeric applied in the preservation methods. 3.5 to 3.8 (ppm), 2.7 to 2.9 (ppm), 1.4 to 1.8 (ppm), 0.45 to 0.49 (ppm), and 1.2 to 1.9 (ppm) are the ranges of elements compositions of UTC tomatoes after storage under turmeric, for Na, K, Ca, Mg, and P respectively. In the end, the study has indicated a rising concentration of elements in all the tomato types depending on the increasing turmeric concentration. The turmeric can preserve a typical tomato quality parameter: element concentration at a p = 0.05 significant level.

Nitrate, cyanide, and flavonoids are among the chemicals that threaten hormones and human body especially the thyroid gland and in turn affecting the body. Their presence in tobacco and cigarette shall be determine to inform the public. The objective of this work was to determine the extent of nitrate, cyanide, and flavonoids in soil and tobacco from Sokoto, Nigeria using standard methods. The results determined by this work indicated varied levels of goitrogens (cyanide, nitrate, and flavonoids) present in soils and tobacco leaves grown in three different points within

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This study aimed to determine the pattern of cannabis and tobacco use among adolescent students in Sokoto and
measure antinutritional factors in the two drugs. Qualitative and quantitative standard methods were applied.
Reagents and materials of analytical grade were used to evaluate the antinutrients. Signs of drug abuse among
adolescents are untidiness (33.3%), blackening of lips and toes (24.2%), poor concentration (20.0%), poor/foul
odor (12.1%), false images (6.7%), hostility (5.5%), and reduced weight (1.2%). The perceived causes of drug
abuse are peer pressure (36.4%), poor parental guidance (30.3%), labor/work (15.2%), learning musical art
(9.1%), unemployment (6.1%), and sports (3.0%). The submitted effects linked to cannabis and cigarette
revealed are health effects (27.3%), followed by poor academic performance (24.2%), confusion (21.2%),
school dropout (16.9%), disrespect (7.3%), and lastly disrespect (3.0%). The preventions are strict restriction on
drugs (33.3%), education/awareness about the effects of drug abuse (26.7%), religious intervention (21.2%),
avoiding deviant peers (9.7%), and poor parental guidance (9.1%). Substance abuse is a menace among the
studied adolescents, and antinutrients present in the drugs affect the users, especially their academic

This study determined the levels of metals (calcium, magnesium, potassium, cadmium, chromium, lead, copper,
zinc, and iron) in well water obtained from three secondary schools in Sokoto East district, Nigeria. Standard
methods, procedures, and analytical grade reagents were used to determine the metals in atomic absorption
spectroscopy. The results were expressed using calculated mean and standard deviation and tested using oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) and found to be significant (𝑃 < 0.05). The ranges of determined
potassium, calcium, and magnesium are 2.01 ± 0.001 − 4.01 ± 0.001 ppm, 2.10 ± 0.001 − 3.10 ± 0.003
ppm, and 1.00 ± 0.002 − 5.00 ± 0.001 ppm respectively; the ranges of zinc, copper, and iron are: 1.21 ±
0.001 − 4.01 ± 0.002 ppm, 0.61 ± 0.001 − 2.31 ± 0.001 ppm, and 0.40 ± 0.005 − 0.70 ± 0.001 ppm
respectively; and the ranges of determined cadmium, chromium, and lead are: 0.05 ± 0.002 − 0.12 ± 0.001
ppm, 1.12 ± 0.001 − 2.31 ± 0.003 ppm, and 0.01 ± 0.001 − 0.06 ± 0.001 ppm respectively. Thus, the water
contains heavy metals that can elicit adverse effects on school-aged children, especially chronic exposure;
therefore, treated drinking water should be provided to safeguard the health and academic capacity of students

Tobacco is among the major causers/ determinants of morbidities and mortalities in many parts of the world due to its content compounds such as heavy metals. Therefore, it is needful to evaluate heavy metals embedded in the tobacco plant and soil in our localities to divulge information to stakeholders and the public. The objective of this study is to determine the concentrations of copper, nickel, iron, manganese, zinc, chromium, lead, and cobalt in soils and tobacco parts (root, stem, and leave) from Gwadabawa, Illela, and Sokoto; therewith, atomic absorption spectroscopy analysis using standard methods was carried out. The results indicate, the levels of metals increase from stem to leaves to roots to soils. Generally, the ranges of heavy metals determined in soils, and tobacco are: 0.10±0.001-0.62±0.002 ppm (copper), 0.01±0.001-0.52±0.001 ppm (nickel), 0.002±0.0001-150.0±0.05 ppm (iron), 0.20±0.002-101.5±0.1 ppm (manganese), 0.20±0.005-6.20±0.0001 ppm (zinc), 0.01±0.0001-101.02±0.0001 ppm (chromium), 0.01±0.001-2.0±0.002 ppm (lead), and 0.00-1.20±0.0001 ppm (cobalt). Thus, continuous or acute exposure to tobacco through consumption or inhalation or the likes can subject the people to many detrimental effects.

The study aimed to assess open defecation amongst residents in a rural area of Wurno local government, Sokoto, Nigeria. The design utilized was cross-sectional survey, applied to gather information of the participants and their environment with the aid of structured questionnaires at a given time. The collected information was subjected to descriptive statistics and X 2 test at p<.05. The results reveal, majority of the participants (77.8%) are into open defecation; minority (22.2%) always do it. 77.8% of them always practice it, 11.1% never had open defecation, and 11.1% often do it. Majority (77.8%) had untidy toilets, minority (22.2%) had clean latrines.72.2% that is majority of the toilets in the area had no water supply, and minority (27.8%) of them had water. Toilets are shared by 9 people (72.2%) mostly, then 12 individuals (16.7%), and by 8 persons (11.1%). Majority (72.2%) of them do not wash hands with soap after toilet; and minority use soap after toilet (27.8%). All respondents agreed to burning of their waste (100.0%). Mostly open defecation is due to insufficient toilets (36.1%), then poor awareness (32.2%) and, poverty (31.7%). There was stool in the area (80.0%) and two defecators seen during the early morning (76.1%), 5 and above defecators were seen (12.8%), and only one person was seen (11.1%). Children (51.1%) are the most defecators, then adolescents (48.9%). Mostly, defecators are males (51.1%), 48.9% females. Open defecation is a much threat in children and women. Enough toilets and efforts are needed.

Purpose – This study aimed to assess the immunization status of children in the rural suburbs of Sokoto state. The study aimed to examine the knowledge and perception of the respondents towards immunization, their vaccination coverage, and factors that may influence their immunization status.Design/methods/approach – This study, which took place in Sokoto state, Nigeria, used a questionnaire as the data collection instrument for a descriptive observational survey. The participants in the study consisted of opinion/community leaders, community men and women, and healthcare providers from the study area. The study population encompassed all people in the region under investigation. The sample size was 300 respondents selected through cluster sampling, and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the X2 test.Findings – The study’s respondents were primarily male (66.7%), with a significant female population (33.3%), all aged 26-35. The majority were married (66.7%) and had t...

The association of nutritional status and malarial disease is complex with multiple dimensions. Deficiencies in some of these nutritional parameters rethought to lead to malnutrition with subsequent susceptibility to malaria infection. The objective of this study is to determine iron status of malaria and control subjects attending selected hospitals in Sokoto metropolis, Nigeria. Serum iron was measured by the method of Nitro-PAPS. TBC was assessed calorimetrically while Transferrin and UIBC were determining using specific sharing formula. Result of the study observed significant(p&amp;lt;0.005) increased in TIBC level of most male infected individuals compared to female infected whereas a decreased in Transferrin level in about all male infected individuals than in female infected and vice-visa. The serum iron levels are comparatively low due to redistribution of iron from the serum into the tissue storage forms (transferrin). Also, the percentage transferrin is low, perhaps due to the body absorbing more transferrin than needed, inadequate production of transferrin by the liver which is the major site of malaria infection or excess excretion of transferrin in the urine by the kidneys. After a general analysis, the study observed that serum iron, TIBC and transferrin are highly affected by the malaria.

Purpose-This study aimed to assess the immunization status of children in the rural suburbs of Sokoto state. The study aimed to examine the knowledge and perception of the respondents towards immunization, their vaccination coverage, and factors that may influence their immunization status. Design/methods/approach-This study, which took place in Sokoto state, Nigeria, used a questionnaire as the data collection instrument for a descriptive observational survey. The participants in the study consisted of opinion/community leaders, community men and women, and healthcare providers from the study area. The study population encompassed all people in the region under investigation. The sample size was 300 respondents selected through cluster sampling, and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the X 2 test. Findings-The study's respondents were primarily male (66.7%), with a significant female population (33.3%), all aged 26-35. The majority were married (66.7%) and had tertiary education (66.7%), while some had secondary (16.7%) or primary education (16.7%). Immunization knowledge was primarily obtained through friends (66.7%) and healthcare workers (33.3%), with the expected time to begin immunization after nine months of age. All respondents had vaccinated their children and possessed vaccination cards. Factors affecting immunization included socioeconomic status (33.3%), beliefs (26.7%), geographic barriers (16.6%), and awareness (16.7%). The DPT1/DPT3 immunization coverage rate was 85%. Research implications/limitations-This study offers valuable insights for developing effective immunization programs in rural areas. The findings highlight the importance of educating friends and family members and promoting high levels of awareness and motivation towards immunization to encourage the adoption of similar strategies. However, it is essential to note that the study's focus on immunization in children may limit its relevance to other age groups. Practical implications-Immunization is crucial for saving lives and protecting individuals, families, and communities from various diseases, offering profound benefits beyond health. This study has practical implications for policymakers, researchers, healthcare providers, students, and non-governmental organizations who can benefit from its findings to improve immunization strategies. Originality/value-This study provides valuable insights into the immunization status of children in rural areas of Sokoto state, highlighting the importance of education, awareness, and motivation towards immunization to promote higher vaccination coverage rates and improve public health.

Almajiri are students' is an ancient Islamic system of teaching. This paper assesses food security, personal hygiene, living condition, and violence in Almajiri. Survey using questionnaire and descriptive statistics, and x 2 at p < 0.05 were used. Most schools were donated (66.7%), and minority (33.3%) were self-owned. Schools were built with zinc (33.3%), mud (33.3%), and modern tools (33.3%). There are urinals in all the schools (100.0%), overcrowding (100.0%), 66.7% have windows and doors, (33.3%) have no windows and doors. 66.% of the schools have mats for sitting, 33.3% have chairs. Risks found at schools are: open defecation (33.3%), and nearby water (66.7%). Majority of students stay for 4 months before returning home (66.7%), and significant portion of them return after graduation (33.3%).

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of neem leaves in preserving the mineral elements content of two tomato types from Sokoto state, Nigeria. Healthy, ripe and firm tomato fruits brought from Sokoto City, were selected, cleaned for this study. 5%, 10% and 25% by were prepared by dissolving respective 5g, 10g and 25g neem extracts in 9.5, 9.0 and 7.5 liters of distilled water respectively to preserve tomatoes. The experiment was laid in a completely randomized design. And elements, Na, K, Ca, Mg, and P were determined in the tomatoes after the experiment using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The levels of Na, K, Ca, and P in Daneka after preservation ranges are: 1.1-1.3(ppm), 2.1-2.3 (ppm), 1.0-1.3 (ppm), 0.30-0.34 (ppm), and 0.3200-0.3330 (ppm) respectively. The levels of Na, K, Ca, and P in UTC after preservation ranges are: 1.6-1.10 (ppm), 1.6-1.10 (ppm), 0.10-1.16 (ppm), 0.30-0.35 (ppm), and 0.9997-1.0998 (ppm) respectively; revealing an increasing trend of elemental contents of all the tomato cultivars with an increasing neem concentration. Thus, the neem leaves indicate the capacity to preserve a typical quality parameter of tomatoes, that is concentration of Na, K, Ca, and P elements at p < 0.05 significant level.

Background and objectives: The objective of this study is to conduct Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Analysis of selected essential (Cu, and Zn) and non-essential heavy metals (Cr, Cd, and Pb) in selected different single-use plastics that are in contact with food from Sokoto, Nigeria. Methods: The levels/concentrations of heavy metals in plastics were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Findings: Copper levels range of 0.05000.001 to 0.90100.001 (ppm), while zinc levels are in the range of 0.080.04 to 2.050.06(ppm) among all the single-use plastics observed. Ice cream has highest copper 0.90100.001 (ppm), takeaway has lowest copper 0.05000.001. Straw has highest zinc 2.050.06 (ppm) and bottle has lowest zinc 0.080.04 ppm. Lead concentrations are in the range of 0.07000.001 ppm to 1.60000.02; with bottle having the highest level (1.60000.02 ppm), and straw (S) with lowest level (0.07000.001 ppm) Cadmium is lowest (0.00400.002 ppm) in bottle and highest (0.00950.0003 ppm) in ice cream. Chromium is lowest (0.06000.001 ppm) in ice cream and highest (0.09500.003 ppm) in straw. Lowest chromium level was determined as 0.06000.001 ppm in ice cream, and highest level (0.5400.003 ppm) was determined in bottle. Conclusion: There are noticeable higher levels of non-essential heavy metals (Pb, and Cr) in the plastics observed. There is concern because, chronic accumulation or leaching into foods can occur and harm all the organisms in the ecosystem.

n ethnobotanical study was carried out between January and December 2019 in Talata-mafara, Zamfara State, therewith aimed at enumerating and reporting medicinal plants to treat the typhoid fever in Talata-mafara, Zamfara State. This would give a baseline data for onward screening and anti-salmonella activity study of the plants. Ethnobotanical data were collected with the aid of a tape recorder and supported with a structured questionnaire during the interview interactive session with the Traditional medical practitioners. The results revealed a sum of five different plant species from five families; therewith the most

Education gives a human being an opportunity to be trained, an ability to learn, in schools and other learning institutions to harness skills and knowledge with the ultimate goal of to influence an individual or groups to make reasonable achievement in the field of endeavour or in any interaction, to excel in carriers; so as a positive impact is exerted on humans and the environment (Umar et al., 2018; Aliyu & Bichi, 2019). Certainly, the basic bedrock of any education system starts from the primary education level. It is an essential piece along the course of any educational system of any country. At the primary education level, an individual begins his journey to the other steps of education in life (Umar et al., 2018). Unfortunately, many the primary schools in Nigeria are battling with myriad of challenges and like the scarcity of qualified

Religion is very influential in health promotion. One of the major components of the Islamic religion is Salah/prayer, performed by the majority of Muslims five times daily. Thus, there is a need to broach the religious and health benefits of prayer. A review of related literature was performed, and the results were obtained. It was observed that prayer has several religious and health benefits to the adherents and hence can serve as a health promotion tool. Religiously, performing prayer is the fulfillment of a major pillar of Islam and Allah's commandment. From a health point of view, performing Salah is a very important exercise that is severally beneficial to health. It improves physical and spiritual domains of health. Mental health is also improved because of Salah. Particularly, improvement in heart, spine, memory, concentration, cognitive functions, rehabilitation of musculoskeletal and neurological conditions, maintenance of joint mobility and elasticity, acting as endurance exercise, reduction in cardiovascular problems, and increase in mental health are some selected health advantages of prayer. Before prayer, there is ablution that involves some etiquettes as follows: trimming of the moustache, the use of siwak (tooth-stick), cleaning of the nose, clipping of fingernails, washing of knuckles, removing hair from armpits and pubic area, cleaning the genitals, one should not urinate while standing because it can splash and affect his body, clothes or relations, one should clean himself from impurities, one should not use the right hand in cleaning dirt, one should wash his hands with water, then soap after toilet. Prayer is indeed beneficial to the health of performers.

Nowadays, especially in poor resource settings, there is rising infectious and chronic diseases, which most especially can be attributed to poor water quality as one of the causes. Consequently, it becomes imperative to determine the safety of drinking water source. This research is aimed to determine the physicochemical characteristics in well water and borehole water in Nasarawa area of Zagga town of Kebbi state, using standard methods and materials of analytical grade. Results show the pH range of 6.13-6.7, and conductivity is in the range of 3.37-80.1 (ppm). Bicarbonate determined is within the range of 24-84 (ppm). TDS was found in the range of 9-35(ppm), while DO found was 4.7-6.8 (ppm). Chloride was 0.7-11.3 (ppm), and TSS is 7.3-13.3 (ppm). pH, DO, Cl − , TDS, and bicarbonate are within the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits as found in the findings of this study.

MA S A R A U T A RG WA D A B A WAT a r e d ak i r k i r ek i r k i r ed as u k af a r u B yY u s u f S a r k i n g o b i r 1 7 / 1 / 2 0 2 1 E ma i l : s u p e r o x i d e d i s mu t a s e 5 9 4 @g ma i l. c o m Wa n n a nma s a r a u t aMa i a l b a r k aS a r k i nMu s u l mi Mu h a mma d uMA I T U R A R En ey ak a f at al o k a c i n y a n aMa r a f a nS o k o t o , Ma r a f aG wa d a b a wak a f i ny az a maS a r k i nMu s u l mi. Ay a n z ut ak u ms h i k a n a n a nh u k u mo mi nG wa d a b a wa , T a n g a z a , G a d a , I l l e l a , d aG u d u. D u kwa s ug a r u r u wama n y ad a k a n a n a nd ak ec i k i nwa n n a nk a n a a n a nHu k u mo mi na s a l i n s uk a s a r G wa d a b a wac eK u mak a s a r d aMu h a mma d uMA I T U R A R EG wa d a b a way ak a f aa1 8 8 0k oa b i n d ay a y i k a mad ah a k a , t a r e d a s a h a l e wa r Mu j a d d a d i U s ma n ur a d i y a l l a h ua n h u m c i k i ni k o nA l l a h , s a b o d aMu j a d d a d i s h i n e y a c e waA ma d uD a nS a r k i nMu s u l mi A t i k uy a j ey at s a r eC h i mmo l a(c a ni n d aMu j a d d a d i k e k e b a n t ay a n az i k i r i d ag a n a wad aA l l a h) d aK u mag a r i n s uMu j a d d a d i D a g e l. Ha r A l l a hy a s ad a g a b a y aA ma d uD a nA t i k uy a z a m S a r k i nMu s u l mi. S h i K u maA ma d us h i n ey as h i n f i d awa Mu h a mma d uMA I T U R A R Et u r b a r G i n ak a s a r G wa d a b a wa , g a s h i k oG wa d a b a wat ab u n k a s a K u mat as h a h a r ah a r wa y a uwaj i y a. C a n j e-c a n j ed ak i r k i r ek i r k i r es u na f k uac i k i nK a s a r Mu h a mma d uMA I T U R A R EG wa d a b a wa K a ma r y a d d az a mu y i b a y a n i n a n g a b a. S a d d aMA I T U R A R Ey az a maS a r k i nMu s u l mi a1 9 1 5y ak i r k i r oS a r a u t a r T a n g a z a(G u n d u ma r T a n g a z a) d o nmu t a n es u n y i y a wad a nak u s a n t a r d amu l k i g aj a ma a .AT a n g a z ay an a d a A h ma d uZ a r u k uD a nMA I T U R A R Eama t s a y i nMa r a f a nT a n g a z a , aG wa d a b a waK u maa k an a d a Mu h a mma d uT a mb a r i ama t s a y i nS a r k i n g o b i r G wa d a b a wa , d a g al o k a c i n s an ea k ac a n z a S a r a u t a r G wa d a b a wad a g aMa r a f az u waS a r k i n g o b i r. 2. A1 9 2 5l o k a c i n d aS a r k i nG o b i r T a mb a r i y az a maS a r k i nMu s u l mi y af i t a r d awa t aS a r a u t at a U b a n k a s a r K A D A S S A K A(d i s t r i c t h e a d) a k as a mas u n aB U NU NK A D A S S A K A , a k an a d aD a n S a r k i nMu s u l mi T a mb a r i , wa t o nB U NU NK A D A S S A K AHA S S A N. Al o k a c i ni t a c eh i d i k wa t a r G a d a b aG a r i nG a d an ay a n z ub a. A1 9 3 3i t aWa n n a nG u n d u mat aK A D A S S A K Aa nma i d a t a G wa d a b a wal o k a c i nS a r a u t a r S a r k i nG o b i r A b d u r r a h ma n i G wa d a b a wa , l o k a c i nS a r k i nMu s u l mi Ha s s a nD a nMu a z u. A mmaa1 9 3 8B a y a nS a r k i nMu s u l mi A B U B A K A Ry a c i S a r a u t a , s h i k o A b d u r r a h ma n i G wa d a b a way a y i t a k a r ab a i c i b a , a ns a k ef i t a r d aK a d a s s a k aama t s a y i nG A D A a k an a d aI b r a h i m D A S U K Iama t s a y i nMa r a f a nG A D A , j i k a nMu h a mma d uMA I T U R A R E. A l l a h j i k a n s ud u k aA mi n. 3. A1 9 9 7a nf i t a r d aI L L E L A , G U D U , d aWA U R Ua k ama s uu wa y e n k a s ad i s t r i c t h e a d s. AI L L E L Aa n b aj i k a nMu h a mma d uMA I T U R A R Ewa t o nMu h a mma d uT u k u rA b d u l r a h ma nd as u n a nS a r k i n R a f i nI l l e l a. A nn a d aMu h a mma d uB e l l oA y a maa ma t s a y i nB U NU NG U D U. A n n a d ak a mak u n n e n MA I T U R A R Eama t s a y i nB U NU NWA U R Uwa t o nZ u l k a i l a i n i B a l a r a b eA d i y a. 2. Ma s a r a u t a r G wa d a b a wat a r e d ak i r k i r ek i r k i r ed as u k af a r u

MA S A R A U T A RG WA D A B A WAT a r e d ak i r k i r ek i r k i r ed as u k af a r u B yY u s u f S a r k i n g o b i r 1 7 / 1 / 2 0 2 1 E ma i l : s u p e r o x i d e d i s mu t a s e 5 9 4 @g ma i l. c o m Wa n n a nma s a r a u t aMa i a l b a r k aS a r k i nMu s u l mi Mu h a mma d uMA I T U R A R En ey ak a f at al o k a c i n y a n aMa r a f a nS o k o t o , Ma r a f aG wa d a b a wak a f i ny az a maS a r k i nMu s u l mi. Ay a n z ut ak u ms h i k a n a n a nh u k u mo mi nG wa d a b a wa , T a n g a z a , G a d a , I l l e l a , d aG u d u. D u kwa s ug a r u r u wama n y ad a k a n a n a nd ak ec i k i nwa n n a nk a n a a n a nHu k u mo mi na s a l i n s uk a s a r G wa d a b a wac eK u mak a s a r d aMu h a mma d uMA I T U R A R EG wa d a b a way ak a f aa1 8 8 0k oa b i n d ay a y i k a mad ah a k a , t a r e d a s a h a l e wa r Mu j a d d a d i U s ma n ur a d i y a l l a h ua n h u m c i k i ni k o nA l l a h , s a b o d aMu j a d d a d i s h i n e y a c e waA ma d uD a nS a r k i nMu s u l mi A t i k uy a j ey at s a r eC h i mmo l a(c a ni n d aMu j a d d a d i k e k e b a n t ay a n az i k i r i d ag a n a wad aA l l a h) d aK u mag a r i n s uMu j a d d a d i D a g e l. Ha r A l l a hy a s ad a g a b a y aA ma d uD a nA t i k uy a z a m S a r k i nMu s u l mi. S h i K u maA ma d us h i n ey as h i n f i d awa Mu h a mma d uMA I T U R A R Et u r b a r G i n ak a s a r G wa d a b a wa , g a s h i k oG wa d a b a wat ab u n k a s a K u mat as h a h a r ah a r wa y a uwaj i y a. C a n j e-c a n j ed ak i r k i r ek i r k i r es u na f k uac i k i nK a s a r Mu h a mma d uMA I T U R A R EG wa d a b a wa K a ma r y a d d az a mu y i b a y a n i n a n g a b a. S a d d aMA I T U R A R Ey az a maS a r k i nMu s u l mi a1 9 1 5y ak i r k i r oS a r a u t a r T a n g a z a(G u n d u ma r T a n g a z a) d o nmu t a n es u n y i y a wad a nak u s a n t a r d amu l k i g aj a ma a .AT a n g a z ay an a d a A h ma d uZ a r u k uD a nMA I T U R A R Eama t s a y i nMa r a f a nT a n g a z a , aG wa d a b a waK u maa k an a d a Mu h a mma d uT a mb a r i ama t s a y i nS a r k i n g o b i r G wa d a b a wa , d a g al o k a c i n s an ea k ac a n z a S a r a u t a r G wa d a b a wad a g aMa r a f az u waS a r k i n g o b i r. 2. A1 9 2 5l o k a c i n d aS a r k i nG o b i r T a mb a r i y az a maS a r k i nMu s u l mi y af i t a r d awa t aS a r a u t at a U b a n k a s a r K A D A S S A K A(d i s t r i c t h e a d) a k as a mas u n aB U NU NK A D A S S A K A , a k an a d aD a n S a r k i nMu s u l mi T a mb a r i , wa t o nB U NU NK A D A S S A K AHA S S A N. Al o k a c i ni t a c eh i d i k wa t a r G a d a b aG a r i nG a d an ay a n z ub a. A1 9 3 3i t aWa n n a nG u n d u mat aK A D A S S A K Aa nma i d a t a G wa d a b a wal o k a c i nS a r a u t a r S a r k i nG o b i r A b d u r r a h ma n i G wa d a b a wa , l o k a c i nS a r k i nMu s u l mi Ha s s a nD a nMu a z u. A mmaa1 9 3 8B a y a nS a r k i nMu s u l mi A B U B A K A Ry a c i S a r a u t a , s h i k o A b d u r r a h ma n i G wa d a b a way a y i t a k a r ab a i c i b a , a ns a k ef i t a r d aK a d a s s a k aama t s a y i nG A D A a k an a d aI b r a h i m D A S U K Iama t s a y i nMa r a f a nG A D A , j i k a nMu h a mma d uMA I T U R A R E. A l l a h j i k a n s ud u k aA mi n. 3. A1 9 9 7a nf i t a r d aI L L E L A , G U D U , d aWA U R Ua k ama s uu wa y e n k a s ad i s t r i c t h e a d s. AI L L E L Aa n b aj i k a nMu h a mma d uMA I T U R A R Ewa t o nMu h a mma d uT u k u rA b d u l r a h ma nd as u n a nS a r k i n R a f i nI l l e l a. A nn a d aMu h a mma d uB e l l oA y a maa ma t s a y i nB U NU NG U D U. A n n a d ak a mak u n n e n MA I T U R A R Eama t s a y i nB U NU NWA U R Uwa t o nZ u l k a i l a i n i B a l a r a b eA d i y a. 2. Ma s a r a u t a r G wa d a b a wat a r e d ak i r k i r ek i r k i r ed as u k af a r u

S a r k i n g o b i r G wa d a b a waA b d u r r a h ma nD a nS a r k i nMu s u l mi Ma i t u r a r en eD a nS a r k i nMu s u l mi A ma d uD a nS a r k i nMu s u l mi A t i k un ad a y aD a nS h e h uU s ma n u. A l l a hj i k a n s uA mi n. Wa n n a nb a wa nA l l a hA b d u r r a h ma n i G wa d a b a waa k af i s a n i n s ak oK u maa n ak i r a n s ad as u n a J A T A U. A b d u r r a h ma n i G wa d a b a waD a nS a r k i nMu s u l mi ma h i f i y a r s aa n ak i r a n t ad as u n a J I MMAwa d d aMA I T U R A R Ey aa u r o t ad a g ag i d a nS a r a u t a r K U R D U L Ak oK u maS a r k i nA r e wa n Y E L D Ud a g ak a s a r A R G U NG U(K a ma r wa d awa t ar u wa y ak ec e wa). T ah a i h i B A R A U , d aS A R K I N Z a mf a r a nD a n c h a d i K WA S A U. A l l a hj i k a n s u. S h i A b d u r r a h ma n i G wa d a b a wamu t u n n ed o g of a r i b ar a ma mmeb a n eK u mab a y a d ak i b a , ma d a i d a i c i n ek e n a n , i nk ama s h i k a l l od a y ad awu y ak ai y a s a k et s u r aMa i I d o. Wa n n a nb a wa nA l l a hy at a s h i ag i d a nMa l a mi S a r k i nMu s u l mi Ma i t u r a r e K u maz a r u mi s a b o d ah a k ay a y i k a r a t u na d d i n i s o s a i y az a m Ma l a mi , K u maWa n n a nk a r a t u ny a t a i ma k e s us o s a i (d u ks a d d ak a k ema g a n ad a s h i z a k a j i Y a n aj a woa y o y i n ak u r a n i k oh a d i s i k o l i t t a f a i , y a y i k a r a t u nb o k on aE l e me n t a r yd as e l f-t a u g h t s a b o d aa nh a i h e s h i a1 9 0 3s a d d aT u r a wa s u k ama ma y eS o k o t o , K u maS u n s aD i y a nma n y ab o k o. C i k i nA b o k a nS a r k i n g o b i r G wa d a b a waA b d u r r a h ma na k wa i k a n e n s aB u n u nT a n g a z aS h e h ud a S a r k i nR a f i U ma r u. Y aa u r i d i y a r S a r k i nMu s u l mi Ha s s a nD a nMu a z ut a b b a s h i y a r S a r k i nMu s u l mi A b u b a k a r. I t a c eu wa r Ma r a f a nG a d aMu h a mma d uB e l l o. Wa s ud a g ac i k i ny a n u wa n s as u n e : Ma r a f aA b d uT a n g a z aNe p h e wd i n s a , Ma r a f a nG a d aI b r a h i m Ne p h e w, S a r k i nZ a mf a r a nD a n c h a d i A l i y ut a b b a s h i n s an en an e s a , d i y a r A b d u r r a h ma n i t aa u r i S a r k i nG a n d uMu h a mma d uB e l l od a n u wa nS a r k i nMu s u l mi A b u b a k a r. S i s t e r d i nA b d u r r a h ma n i G wa d a b a wat aa u r i Wa z i r i A b b a sd a n u wa nWa z i r i J u n a i d u. A l l a hj i k a n s u. A b d u r r a h ma n i G wa d a b a waY at a i ma k i S a r k i nMu s u l mi T a mb a r i s o s a i l o k a c i n d as h i T a mb a r i d i n(ma g a j i n s a) Y a n aS a r a u t a r S a r k i nG o b i r G wa d a b a wa. S h i Wa n n a nS a r k i n g o b i r G wa d a b a waA b d u r r a h ma ny a z a mama l a mi nHa k i mi , s a n n a ny az a maS a r d a u n a nS o k o t oWa n d ay aa ms a n ed a g aMa g a j i n s a A B D U NMA MMAD a nS a r k i nMu s u l mi Ma i t u r a r e. Wa n n a ns a r a u t at aS a r d a u n aa n ab a y a r d ai t a n e g aB a b b a nD a nS a r k i n ,

2 0 2 0 Wa n n a nMA S A R A U T A Rt a r i h i n t ab a y ag i n u wab at a r e d aa na mb a c i s u n a nMa l a m U MMA R UNA G WA MA T S Eb a. Wa n e n eU mma r uNa g wa ma t s e ? U mma r uNa g wa ma t s eD a nS a r k i nMu s u l mi A b u b u b a k a r A t i k un ad a y an e , D a nS h e h u U s ma n uD a n f o d i y o. K u mak a n e nS a r k i nMu s u l mi A ma d uZ a r u k un e. Wa n n a n b a wa n A l l a hy af i t od a g ag i d a nS a r a u t a r S o k o t on aA t i k a wa , K u mas h i n ey a r on a1 0c i k i nD i y a n S a r k i nMu s u l mi A t i k un a1. Ma l a m U ma r un a g wa ma t s ey as a mos u n a nNA G WA MA T S E n ed a l i l i nz a ma nr i b a d i (g a d i ny a k i) d aS a r k i nMu s u l mi A l i y uB a b b ay ab a s h i awa n i g a r i ma i s u n aG wa ma t s e(Ni s a nt a f i y a r R a b i ny i n i y a mmag aS o k o t o) t u nl o k a c i ny a r i n t a r s a. S h i y a s aa k ek i r a n s aU ma r un a g wa ma t s e , K u may ak a ma t amu s a nc e waZ a r u mi n en a k o l i nk o l i n , ma y a k i n amu s a mma n. Z a ma n s aaG a r i nG WA MA T S Ey a s ay as h a h a r a s o s a i , S a i a k aMa i t r a n s f e r z u wawa n i g a r i K A T U R U. K A T U R Ua n y i t a n ed a nr i b a d i , t a r e

Ma i t u r a r ea n ak i r a n s h i d aMu h a mma d u nA ma d uk oMa r a f aG wa d a b a wa. D a nS a r k i n Mu s u l mi A ma d un eD a nS a r k i nMu s u l mi A b u b a k a r A t i k uD a nS h e h uU s ma n uR. A. K u ma s h i n eu b a nS a r k i nMu s u l mi Mu h a mma d uT a mb a r i d aS a r k i n g o b i r A b d u r r a h ma n i G wa d a b a wad amu t a n ed ad a ma. Wa n n a nb a wa nA l l a hma l a mi n e , ma n o mi , ma i y a wa n k y a u t a , Ma i s o nh a d i n k a i , s o na d d i n i , K u mama i g a s k i y aK u mama i ma g a n ad a y a. Ma i t u r a r e g a wu z t a c c e n et af a n n i nz a r u mt ad ama z a n t a k a , Wa n d ay a n a d awu y ak as a mui r i n s a c i k i nj i k o k i nMu j a d d a d i U s ma n u. B a i t a b as o nz a maS a r k i nMu s u l mi b a , A mmay az a ma d ai k o nA l l a h. Wa n n a nMa i t u r a r ed i ny at a s od a g ag i d a n s ua n ak i r a n s aC HI MMO L Awa t a s h i y aac i k i nD A G E Lg a r i n s uS h e h uU s ma n uy at a h owa n i wu r i Wa n d ay a n z ua k ek i r a n s a G wa d a b a wa. Al o k a c i nY a n ad as h e k a r a1 6k oa b i n d ay a y i k a mad ah a k a , al o k a c i n t u n d a g ai y a k a r S a b o n b i r n i h a r z u waK A I WAMa i l a mb ai y a k a r G a d ad aNi j a r , h a r z u wa i y a k a r G u d ud aK a s a r K a b i , h a r z u waK o n n i d u kb a b uG a r u r u wa nS a i b a y a n d aMa i t u r a r e

T h e r ei sn e e dt op r e s e r v et h eh s i t o r yf o r t h eu p c o mi n gg e n e r a t i o n st oa t k eh e e d. Mo r e e s p e c i a l l y , t h eh i s t o r yo f S o k o t oc a l i p h a t ea n da c t o r st h e r e i na r ev e r yp a r a mo u n t. I nt h e d e v e l o p me n t o f c o u r s eS o k o t oC a l i p a h t e , a mo n gt h ef a mo u sa c t o r swa st h eMa i t u r a r e G wa d a b a wa ,a n d h i s r i b a tc a l l e d G wa d a b a wa ,b u tt h e i rh i s t o r i c a la c c o u n ti s v e r y s c a r c e. T h u st h eo b j e c t i v eo f t h i sp a p e r i st od e s c r i b et h ec r e a t i o no f G wa d a b a war i b a t , as e mi e mi r a t eo ft h eC a l i p h a t e. As e a r c ho fr e l a t e dl i t e r a t u r e sa n do r a l t r a d i t i o n swa s c a r r i e do u t t og a t h e r d a t a. T h i sp a p e r d e s c r i b e si nb r i e f , t h eh i s t o r yo f S a r k i nMu s u l mi A b u b a k a rA t i k u1 , S a r k i nMu s u l miA h ma d uMa i c h i mmo l a , S a r k i nMu s u l miMa i t u r a r e Ma r a f a (wh e n h e wa s p r i n c e) ,t h e G wa d a b a wa s e mi e r a t e / me t r o p o l i t a n d i s t r i c t , G wa d a b a was p r u n g i n gd i s t r i c t sa n dr e l a t i u o n s .I ti sf o u n dt h a tG wa d a b a wai st h e l a r g e s td i s t r i c ts i n c e i t s c r a e t i o n i n t h e S o k o t o r e g i o n ,a n d c o n t r i b u t e d h u g e l yi n p r o t e c t i n gt h eC a l i p h a t ea n di ti ss t i l l r e l e v a n ti ng o v e r n me n t , a n da d mi s n i s t a r t i o no f S o k o t oc a l i p h a t e. P e o p l ewh oo o c c u p yG wa d a b a wat h r o n ea ss a r k i nG o b i r a r eh e i r st o t h eS u l t a n a t e. K e y wo r d s : S a r k i nMu s u l mi A b u b a k a rA t i k u1 , S a r k i nMu s u l mi A h ma d uMa i c h i mmo l a , S a r k i nG o b i rMu h a mma d uZ a y y a n a , S a r k i ng o b i rMu h a mma d uL a wa l , G a d a , t a n g a z a ,

T h e r ei sn e e dt op r e s e r v et h eh s i t o r yf o r t h eu p c o mi n gg e n e r a t i o n st oa t k eh e e d. Mo r e e s p e c i a l l y , t h eh i s t o r yo f S o k o t oc a l i p h a t ea n da c t o r st h e r e i na r ev e r yp a r a mo u n t. I nt h e d e v e l o p me n t o f c o u r s eS o k o t oC a l i p a h t e , a mo n gt h ef a mo u sa c t o r swa st h eMa i t u r a r e G wa d a b a wa ,a n d h i s r i b a tc a l l e d G wa d a b a wa ,b u tt h e i rh i s t o r i c a la c c o u n ti s v e r y s c a r c e. T h u st h eo b j e c t i v eo f t h i sp a p e r i st od e s c r i b et h ec r e a t i o no f G wa d a b a war i b a t , as e mi e mi r a t eo ft h eC a l i p h a t e. As e a r c ho fr e l a t e dl i t e r a t u r e sa n do r a l t r a d i t i o n swa s c a r r i e do u t t og a t h e r d a t a. T h i sp a p e r d e s c r i b e si nb r i e f , t h eh i s t o r yo f S a r k i nMu s u l mi A b u b a k a rA t i k u1 , S a r k i nMu s u l miA h ma d uMa i c h i mmo l a , S a r k i nMu s u l miMa i t u r a r e Ma r a f a (wh e n h e wa s p r i n c e) ,t h e G wa d a b a wa s e mi e r a t e / me t r o p o l i t a n d i s t r i c t , G wa d a b a was p r u n g i n gd i s t r i c t sa n dr e l a t i u o n s .I ti sf o u n dt h a tG wa d a b a wai st h e l a r g e s td i s t r i c ts i n c e i t s c r a e t i o n i n t h e S o k o t o r e g i o n ,a n d c o n t r i b u t e d h u g e l yi n p r o t e c t i n gt h eC a l i p h a t ea n di ti ss t i l l r e l e v a n ti ng o v e r n me n t , a n da d mi s n i s t a r t i o no f S o k o t oc a l i p h a t e. P e o p l ewh oo o c c u p yG wa d a b a wat h r o n ea ss a r k i nG o b i r a r eh e i r st o t h eS u l t a n a t e. K e y wo r d s : S a r k i nMu s u l mi A b u b a k a rA t i k u1 , S a r k i nMu s u l mi A h ma d uMa i c h i mmo l a , S a r k i nG o b i rMu h a mma d uZ a y y a n a , S a r k i ng o b i rMu h a mma d uL a wa l , G a d a , t a n g a z a ,

A b s t r a c t T h e r ei sn e e dt op r e s e r v et h eh s i t o r yf o r t h eu p c o mi n gg e n e r a t i o n st oa t k eh e e d. Mo r e e s p e c i a l l y , t h eh i s t o r yo f S o k o t oc a l i p h a t ea n da c t o r st h e r e i na r ev e r yp a r a mo u n t. I nt h e d e v e l o p me n t o f c o u r s eS o k o t oC a l i p a h t e , a mo n gt h ef a mo u sa c t o r swa st h eMa i t u r a r e G wa d a b a wa ,a n d h i s r i b a tc a l l e d G wa d a b a wa ,b u tt h e i rh i s t o r i c a la c c o u n ti s v e r y s c a r c e. T h u st h eo b j e c t i v eo f t h i sp a p e r i st od e s c r i b et h ec r e a t i o no f G wa d a b a war i b a t , as e mi e mi r a t eo ft h eC a l i p h a t e. As e a r c ho fr e l a t e dl i t e r a t u r e sa n do r a l t r a d i t i o n swa s c a r r i e do u t t og a t h e r d a t a. T h i sp a p e r d e s c r i b e si nb r i e f , t h eh i s t o r yo f S a r k i nMu s u l mi A b u b a k a rA t i k u1 , S a r k i nMu s u l miA h ma d uMa i c h i mmo l a , S a r k i nMu s u l miMa i t u r a r e Ma r a f a (wh e n h e wa s p r i n c e) ,t h e G wa d a b a wa s e mi e r a t e / me t r o p o l i t a n d i s t r i c t , G wa d a b a was p r u n g i n gd i s t r i c t sa n dr e l a t i u o n s .I ti sf o u n dt h a tG wa d a b a wai st h e l a r g e s td i s t r i c ts i n c e i t s c r a e t i o n i n t h e S o k o t o r e g i o n ,a n d c o n t r i b u t e d h u g e l yi n p r o t e c t i n gt h eC a l i p h a t ea n di ti ss t i l l r e l e v a n ti ng o v e r n me n t , a n da d mi s n i s t a r t i o no f S o k o t oc a l i p h a t e. P e o p l ewh oo o c c u p yG wa d a b a wat h r o n ea ss a r k i nG o b i r a r eh e i r st o t h eS u l t a n a t e. K e y wo r d s : S a r k i nMu s u l mi A b u b a k a rA t i k u1 , S a r k i nMu s u l mi A h ma d uMa i c h i mmo l a , S a r k i nG o b i rMu h a mma d uZ a y y a n a , S a r k i ng o b i rMu h a mma d uL a wa l , G a d a , t a n g a z a ,