Профессиональный археолог, доктор исторических наук Виктор Андреевич Грошев был крупным специалистом по вопросам возникновения, развития ирригации и поливного земледелия на территории Южного Казахстана и Семиречья с V в. до н.э. по... more
Профессиональный археолог, доктор исторических наук Виктор Андреевич Грошев был крупным специалистом по вопросам возникновения, развития ирригации и поливного земледелия на территории Южного Казахстана и Семиречья с V в. до н.э. по XVIII в. Как и многие археологи советского времени, Виктор Андреевич пришел в науку не сразу, а осознанно и целенаправленно, поработав на производстве и отслужив в Советской армии.
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There are still a great number of unanswered questions relating to the spread of the first modern humans into Central Asia from Africa, via South Asia during the Paleolithic. The limited number of Paleolithic sites, likely due to heavy... more
There are still a great number of unanswered questions relating to the spread of the first modern humans into Central Asia from Africa, via South Asia during the Paleolithic. The limited number of Paleolithic sites, likely due to heavy loess and colluvial buildup, has provided us with a highly fragmentary view of the earliest migrations into this broad geographic region. In this chapter I discuss a few new sites that researchers are using to try and piece together this wave of colonization and then link early Central Asian peoples to the expansion into northeast Asia and ultimately into the New World.
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Central Asian caves with Palaeolithic deposits are few, but they provide a rich record of human fossils and cultural assemblages that has been used to model Late Pleistocene hominin dispersals. However, previous research has not yet... more
Central Asian caves with Palaeolithic deposits are few, but they provide a rich record of human fossils and cultural assemblages that has been used to model Late Pleistocene hominin dispersals. However, previous research has not yet systematically evaluated the formation processes that influence the frequency of Palaeolithic cave sites in the region. To address this deficiency, we combined field survey and micromorphological analyses in the piedmont zone of south Kazakhstan. Here, we present our preliminary results focusing on selected sites of the Qaratau mountains. Sediment cover varies among the surveyed caves, and loess‐like sediments dominate the cave sequences. The preservation of cave deposits is influenced by reworking of cave sediments within the caves but also by the broader erosional processes that shape semiarid landscapes. Ultimately, deposits of potentially Pleistocene age are scarce. Our study provides new data in the geoarchaeologically neglected region of Central Asia and demonstrates that micromorphology has great analytical potential even within the limitations of rigorous survey projects. We outline some of the processes that influence the formation and preservation of cave deposits in Kazakhstan, as well as broader implications for the distribution of Palaeolithic cave sites in Central Asia and other semiarid environments.
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Research Interests: Archaeology, Painting, Cave, Rock Art, Bronze Age, and 4 moreBronze, Chalcolithic, Cave Painting, and Mural
В феврале 2020 г. исполнилось ровно 40 лет, как я впервые переступил порог Института истории, филологии и философии Сибирского отделения АН СССР, ныне самостоятельный Институт археологии и этнографии СО РАН. Тогда и познакомился с... more
В феврале 2020 г. исполнилось ровно 40 лет, как я впервые переступил порог Института истории, филологии и философии Сибирского отделения АН СССР, ныне самостоятельный Институт археологии и этнографии СО РАН. Тогда и познакомился с крупнейшим ученым, легендой археологии, этнографии и истории народов Сибири, Северной, Центральной и Восточной Азии, Героем Социалистического Труда, Алексеем Павловичем Окладниковым (1908–1981) (рис. 1). Чуть больше года мы общались с ним, хотя и изредка. Но этого хватило, чтобы он надолго оставил яркий след в моей жизни и памяти. А сумасшедшее время стремительно летит, и уже 39 лет прошло, как навсегда ушел мой учитель, ушел в вечную экспедицию. Но я все помню о нем, все до мельчайших подробностей, словно расстались мы недавно. Алексея Павловича невозможно забыть, прежде всего, как человека, ученого. Как все это начиналось и было… Попробую совершить небольшой экскурс и восстановить события прошлого.
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В статье затрагиваются вопросы об авторстве, истории открытия грота Эмба (Толеубулак), а также приводятся данные о многочисленных палеолитических стоянках и местонахождениях региона, обозначены перспективы дальнейших исследований... more
В статье затрагиваются вопросы об авторстве, истории открытия грота Эмба (Толеубулак), а также приводятся данные о многочисленных палеолитических стоянках и местонахождениях региона, обозначены перспективы дальнейших исследований археологических памятников. Основная цель археологической экспедиции Института археологии им. А. Х. Маргулана с участием заинтересованных специалистов управления культуры и историко-краеведческого музея Актюбинской области, Национального музея РК в 2020 г. заключалась в повторном обследовании грота Эмба (Толеубулак) и его окрестностей, разработке плана и включения наиболее ярких памятников археологии в туристические маршруты в рамках Государственной программы «Тұган жер». В статье приводятся новые сведения о результатах исследования памятника в 2020 г.
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В статье рассматриваются результаты разведочных полевых работ, проводившихся в окрестностях грота Толеубулак (Мугалжарский р-н, Актюбинская обл.) в 2021 г. Окрестности грота Толеубулак известны разновременными археологическими памятниками... more
В статье рассматриваются результаты разведочных полевых работ, проводившихся в окрестностях грота Толеубулак (Мугалжарский р-н, Актюбинская обл.) в 2021 г. Окрестности грота Толеубулак известны разновременными археологическими памятниками от эпохи палеолита до этнографического времени. Памятники каменного века в указанном районе представлены стоянками и местонахождениями с «поверхностным культурным горизонтом». Наличие большого количества родников и обилие каменного сырья на местности определили задачи и методы по поиску памятников с сохранившимися культурными слоями. В ходе рекогносцировочных работ были осмотрены окрестности родников, заложены шурфы. Работы 2021 г. показали, что наиболее перспективными являются шурфы № 7 и 8, заложенные возле родника Андакулбулак, с погребенными культурными отложениями, содержащими каменные артефакы, а также шурф № 10 северо-восточнее родника Толеубулак, представляющий собой остатки местонахождения неолит-энеолитического времени, смешанного комплек...
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The Upper Palaeolithic of the western Central Asia remains poorly understood. On the vast plains and mountainous territories, few sites of this age are known. In this regard, new sites discovered in the contact zone of the steppe and... more
The Upper Palaeolithic of the western Central Asia remains poorly understood. On the vast plains and mountainous territories, few sites of this age are known. In this regard, new sites discovered in the contact zone of the steppe and mountain belts of the Northern Tien Shan (Kazakhstan) acquire particular significance. Favorable natural conditions contributed to the active settlement of this territory, and the features of loess sedimentation contributed to the preservation of cultural remains. The first site, discovered and studied in 2004—2006, was the multilayered Maibulak site. The site contains seven cultural layers dated to different stages of the Upper Palaeolithic. The most significant and unique lithic collections were found in cultural layers 3—6, which date back to the Early Upper Palaeolithic. Lithic inventory from layer 6 occupies a special place among them. Two radiocarbon dates were obtained on charcoal from this layer: 35 420 ± 450 14С BP and 34 970 ± 665 14С BP (median 40 557 cal BP and 40 152 cal BP). The lithic industry from layer 6 has certain similarities with the Early Baradostian, Early Ahmarian, Fumanian, Proto-Aurignacian and other synchronous materials from Western Eurasia characterised by the presence of bladelet production technology. Верхний палеолит равнинных и горных областей западной части Центральной Азии остается слабоизученным. На обширных пространствах региона известны единичные памятники этой эпохи. В связи с этим особое значение приобретают новые памятники, открытые в контактной зоне степного и горного поясов Северного Тянь-Шаня на территории Казахстана. Благоприятные природные условия способствовали активному заселению этой территории, а особенности лессового осадконакопления содействовали сохранению культурных отложений стоянок. Первым в этом ряду объектом, открытым и исследовавшимся в 2004—2006-гг., явилась многослойная стоянка Майбулак. Стоянка содержит семь культурных слоев различных этапов верхнего палеолита. Наиболее яркими и уникальными в своем роде материалами на памятнике представлена ранняя пора верхнего палеолита — культурные слои 3—6. Особое место среди них занимает инвентарь слоя 6. По древесным углям из слоя получены две радиоуглеродные AMS даты — 35 240 ± 450 14С л. н. и 34 970 ± 665 14С л. н., (усредненные калиброванные значения 40 387 и 40 152 л. н.). По технико-типологическим характеристикам индустрия слоя 6 находит определенные аналогии в памятниках раннего барадоста, раннего ахмариана, фуманиана, протоориньяка и других синхронных индустриях западной части Евразии с развитым микропластинчатым расщеплением.
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Abstract Kazakhstan, which connects the Altai mountains and Caucasus area of Uzbekistan, is an indispensable region in arguments about the diffusion and settlement of Homo sapiens in Asia. Upper Palaeolithic culture in eastern Kazakhstan... more
Abstract Kazakhstan, which connects the Altai mountains and Caucasus area of Uzbekistan, is an indispensable region in arguments about the diffusion and settlement of Homo sapiens in Asia. Upper Palaeolithic culture in eastern Kazakhstan and the northern Altai developed together. Nevertheless, reliable chronologic data from archaeological sites in these regions, necessary for understanding diffusion of Homo sapiens, are rare. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the Early Upper Palaeolithic (EUP) culture in southern Kazakhstan through detailed analysis of materials from the Buiryokbastau-Bulak-1 site (N43°06′36.24″, E70°34′03.70″). This is a site that was newly-discovered during survey in the Karatau mountains, at which two clear cultural layers were identified during excavations in 2018 and 2019. Although these two cultural layers consist of alluvial deposits formed by fluvial erosion of a hilly slope, their stratigraphic distribution was orderly and they likely remain in their original depositional positions. Material from the lower cultural layer, including carinated bladelet cores, medium-sized blade cores, and end/side scrapers on medium-sized blades, provides the data for this analysis. Statistical analysis of the bladelet cores indicates that the size and shape of bladelets from the cores of the Buiryokbastau-Bulak-1 site were very similar to those from the Shugnou site in Tajikistan. Similarly, six types of bladelet cores are common at both the Buiryokbastau-Bulak-1 site and at sites in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, especially the Shugnou site in Tajikistan. Therefore, the lower cultural layer appears to be an assemblage contemporaneous with the Early Upper Palaeolithic period in western Central Asia and related to the Kulbulakian tradition in which bladelet production predominated. The lower cultural layer at the Buiryokbastau-Bulak-1 site is a valuable example of Kulbulakian tradition industry in Kazakhstan territory, making it critical in assessing the structure of lithic industries during the EUP period in western Central Asia and in understanding how modern humans adapted to the central portions of Eurasia.
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Les periodes du Paleolithique du Kazakstan correspondent a la division en trois periodes (Paleolithique inferieur, moyen et superieur) connue par ailleurs et offre un temoignage de l'evolution unifiee de l'homme a cette epoque.... more
Les periodes du Paleolithique du Kazakstan correspondent a la division en trois periodes (Paleolithique inferieur, moyen et superieur) connue par ailleurs et offre un temoignage de l'evolution unifiee de l'homme a cette epoque. L'auteur etudie la chronologie des vestiges kazaks paleolithiques et note que les complexes industriels se fondent sur la technique de debitage Levallois, chaque etape ayant ses propres caracteristiques techniques et typologiques. Ces elements Levallois sont mis en evidence dans les complexes acheuleens de Semizbugu, de Sahbagaty, etc. Le mousterien est dominee par cette meme technique, et c'est a partir de ce noyau industriel que les cultures du Paleolithique superieur se developpent.
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The article discusses the unique Lower Paleolithic complexes Kyzyltau found a joint Kazakh-Russian Complex archaeological expeditionin the Southern Kazakhstan. Dana geomorphology, paleogeography detection area of the monument, technical... more
The article discusses the unique Lower Paleolithic complexes Kyzyltau found a joint Kazakh-Russian Complex archaeological expeditionin the Southern Kazakhstan. Dana geomorphology, paleogeography detection area of the monument, technical and typological characteristics of stone productsbased on the degree of preservation of surface artifacts.
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Information is presented on cultural horizons and artifacts at the stratified station at Shul'binka, discovered by the author in the Eastern region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. An interpretation is given of the cultural and... more
Information is presented on cultural horizons and artifacts at the stratified station at Shul'binka, discovered by the author in the Eastern region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. An interpretation is given of the cultural and historical affiliation of the site to the transitional period from the Mousterian to the Upper Paleolithic.
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В статье представлены данные, полученные на новом этапе исследований верхнепалеолитической стоянки Актас, первые работы на которой были проведены в 1982-1983 гг. Памятник расположен в Северном Казахстане, где палеолитические объекты очень... more
В статье представлены данные, полученные на новом этапе исследований верхнепалеолитической стоянки Актас, первые работы на которой были проведены в 1982-1983 гг. Памятник расположен в Северном Казахстане, где палеолитические объекты очень редки. В работе приводятся материалы по стратиграфии, палеонтологии, археологии и хронологии стоянки. На памятнике выделены шесть литологических слоев, два из которых (3 и 4) содержат многочисленные фаунистические остатки. Хронология объекта построена на серии ОСЛ-дат. Установлено, что накопление слоя 2 происходило в интервале ~20-12 тыс. л.н., слои 3 и 4 формировались ~50-30 тыс. л.н. На памятнике найдено изделие из камня — скребло из «импортного» кремня. Основу ископаемого фаунистического комплекса составляют копытные — плейстоценовая лошадь Equus ferus, шерстистый носорог Coelodonta antiquitatis и горный баран Ovis ammon. Часть костных остатков несет следы преднамеренной фрагментации и разделки с помощью каменных орудий. С учетом этого, а также ...
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Only a handful of stratified sites are known in loess, spring, and river contexts in the northern piedmonts of the Tian Shan, and the majority are dated to the Upper Palaeolithic. These sites have been studied from a geoarchaeological... more
Only a handful of stratified sites are known in loess, spring, and river contexts in the northern piedmonts of the Tian Shan, and the majority are dated to the Upper Palaeolithic. These sites have been studied from a geoarchaeological perspective, however, lithic procurement activities remain unknown. To address this deficiency, we present the results of the extensive field surveys aimed at locating prehistoric raw material sources in the Inner Asian Mountain Corridor of Kazakhstan. We also provide a detailed petrographic description of the lithologies exploited during the Palaeolithic of Kazakhstan. Based on the field survey results, combined with petrographic data, we conclude that the direct procurement strategy was the most common at the stratified sites. However, evidence of both direct and embedded procurement is found in the northern piedmonts of the Ili Alatau range at the site of Maibulaq. Additionally, we highlight the variation of chert lithologies within the larger Qarat...
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Research Interests: Archaeology, Geology, Cave, Holocene, Charcoal, and 3 moreRadiocarbon Dating, Chalcolithic, and Fluvial
The study of lithic raw material quality has become one of the major interpretive tools to investigate the raw material selection behaviour and its influence to the knapping technology. In order to make objective assessments of raw... more
The study of lithic raw material quality has become one of the major interpretive tools to investigate the raw material selection behaviour and its influence to the knapping technology. In order to make objective assessments of raw material quality, we need to measure their mechanical properties (e.g., fracture resistance, hardness, modulus of elasticity). However, such comprehensive investigations are lacking for the Palaeolithic of Kazakhstan. In this work, we investigate geological and archaeological lithic raw material samples of chert, porphyry, and shale collected from the Inner Asian Mountain Corridor (henceforth IAMC). Selected samples of aforementioned rocks were tested by means of Vickers and Knoop indentation methods to determine the main aspect of their mechanical properties: their indentation fracture resistance (a value closely related to fracture toughness). These tests were complemented by traditional petrographic studies to characterise the mineralogical composition...
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In 2019, the Russian-Kazakhstani archaeological expedition discovered the first stratified Mesolithic site in Eastern Kazakhstan — the Karasai site. The site is located in the mid-mountain part of the Shilikta Valley, about 1500 m asl. In... more
In 2019, the Russian-Kazakhstani archaeological expedition discovered the first stratified Mesolithic site in Eastern Kazakhstan — the Karasai site. The site is located in the mid-mountain part of the Shilikta Valley, about 1500 m asl. In the course of excavations a rich cultural layer (layer 2) with numerous artifacts of the Early Holocene age was recorded. The industry includes elements of all stages of lithic production, and the typological features of the primary knapping and the tool kit correspond to the Mesolithic time. This chronological characteristic is confirmed by a series of AMS- and OSL- dates in the range of 12000—9000 cal BP. The Karasai industry has a similarity with the complexes of the initial Holocene without geometric microliths in the Northern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Mongolia.
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The specific character of Palaeolithic sites located in the arid zone of Eurasia and special methods of studying them are examined in the paper. Localities with surface occurrence of artifacts are compared with those occurring in the... more
The specific character of Palaeolithic sites located in the arid zone of Eurasia and special methods of studying them are examined in the paper. Localities with surface occurrence of artifacts are compared with those occurring in the definite stratified contexts. These two data sources are complementary and thus speed up the process of spatial and temporal reconstruction.
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Central Asian caves with Palaeolithic deposits are few but they provide a rich record of human fossils and cultural assemblages that has been used to model Late Pleistocene hominin dispersals. However, previous research has not yet... more
Central Asian caves with Palaeolithic deposits are few but they provide a rich record of human fossils and cultural assemblages that has been used to model Late Pleistocene hominin dispersals. However, previous research has not yet systematically evaluated the formation processes that influence the frequency of Palaeolithic cave sites in the region. To address this deficiency, we combined field survey and micromorphological analyses in the piedmont zone of south Kazakhstan. Here we present our preliminary results focusing on selected sites of the Qaratau mountains. Sediment cover varies among the surveyed caves and loess-like sediments dominate the cave sequences. The preservation of cave deposits is influenced by reworking of cave sediments within the caves but also by the broader erosional processes that shape semi-arid landscapes. Ultimately, deposits of potentially Pleistocene age are scarce. Our study provides new data in the geoarchaeologically neglected region of Central Asia...
Research Interests: Earth Sciences, Geology, Geoarchaeology, Pleistocene, Cave, and 3 moreHistory and archaeology, Loess, and Arid
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В статье с учетом изменений в представлениях о ранних этапах верхнего палеолита севера Центральной Азии, базирующихся на материалах новых памятников этого времени (Толбор-21, Ушбулак и др.) и большой серии абсолютных дат, которые уточняют... more
В статье с учетом изменений в представлениях о ранних этапах верхнего палеолита севера Центральной Азии, базирующихся на материалах новых памятников этого времени (Толбор-21, Ушбулак и др.) и большой серии абсолютных дат, которые уточняют хронологические рамки данного этапа древней истории региона, повторно рассматривается культурно-хронологическая атрибуция комплекса стоянки Шульбинка в Восточном Казахстане. Приводятся сведения об истории исследования памятника, основные результаты изысканий, проводившихся более 20 лет назад. Основное внимание уделяется результатам комплексного анализа коллекций стоянки, проведенного в 2019 г. Доказано, что возраст и культурный облик рассматриваемой индустрии не совсем соответствует ранее предложенной интерпретации. Не нашли подтверждения ранее сделанные выводы о наличии в комплексе леваллуазского и мустьерского компонентов, в т.ч. в системе первичного расщепления. Дается критическая оценка заключения о наличии в комплексе стоянки элементов начальн...
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The study of raw materials focuses on different aspects of hominin behaviour such as mobility strategies, land-use patterns and raw material transfer. They were comprehensively studied in the Palaeolithic of Europe and Africa. However,... more
The study of raw materials focuses on different aspects of hominin behaviour such as mobility strategies, land-use patterns and raw material transfer. They were comprehensively studied in the Palaeolithic of Europe and Africa. However, systematic studies of raw material sourcing have not been undertaken for the Palaeolithic of Kazakhstan, such surveys being embedded in reconnaissance works aimed at discovering new Palaeolithic sites. Our study presents preliminary results of the first lithic raw material survey in Kazakhstan. The study is based on outcrop surveying, collecting and sampling of potential sources of raw materials, and on a substantial literature review. The current study distinguishes the geographic patterns of land-use and their correlation with the lithic assemblages from stratified sites. Here, we describe primary and secondary sources of raw materials, and compare them macroscopically with the assemblages of stone tools. The survey results show a heterogeneous dist...
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Research Interests: Anthropology and Art
In world archaeology, there has always been a problem regarding the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition. Late twentieth-century research has attempted to address this issue through the recognition of Initial Upper Palaeolithic (IUP)... more
In world archaeology, there has always been a problem regarding the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition. Late twentieth-century research has attempted to address this issue through the recognition of Initial Upper Palaeolithic (IUP) lithic industries. These assemblages were first characterised through evidence from the sites of Boker Tachtit and Ksar Akil (the Levant), and they are now identified in many regions of Eurasia, including Central Asia, the Near East, the Altai Mountains, Transbaikalia, Mongolia and northern China. A characteristic IUP assemblage has also been recently found in Kazakhstan (Ushbulak-1) (Shunkov et al. 2016). Large blades and elongated pointed flakes dominate these assemblages, and there is a prevalence of Upper Palaeolithic tool types in tool sets.
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Research Interests: Geography and Archaeology
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Research Interests: Geology and Pleistocene
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Palaeolithic sites occurring in travertine and recorded in the Piedmont zone of Central Asia as well as in some other regions of Eurasia, probably represent a specific adaptation by ancient humans to the local environment. The industrial... more
Palaeolithic sites occurring in travertine and recorded in the Piedmont zone of Central Asia as well as in some other regions of Eurasia, probably represent a specific adaptation by ancient humans to the local environment. The industrial complexes at the sites have a distinctive micro-industrial character that may be used as evidence that a major area of identical Early Palaeolithic cultures existed on the vast continent of Eurasia.
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Research Interests: Geography and Archaeology
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1 Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, Eberhard Karls University of 5 Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany 6 2 University of Würzburg, Institute of Geography and Geology, Am Hubland, D-97074 7 Würzburg, Germany 8 3 Institute for... more
1 Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, Eberhard Karls University of 5 Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany 6 2 University of Würzburg, Institute of Geography and Geology, Am Hubland, D-97074 7 Würzburg, Germany 8 3 Institute for Archaeological Sciences (INA), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 9 Tübingen, Germany 10 4 Department of Archaeology, Ethnology, and Museology, Faculty of History, Archaeology, 11 and Ethnology, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan 12 5 Centre for Russian and Central EurAsian Mineral Studies, Department of Earth Sciences, 13 Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK 14 6 Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin, USA 15 7 National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan 16 8 Centre for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, 17 New York, USA 18 19 * Corresponding Authors: patrick.a.cuthbertson@gmail.com (PC), radu.iovita@uni20 tuebingen.de...
Research Interests:
Central Asia has delivered significant paleoanthropological discoveries in the past few years. New genetic data indicate that at least two archaic human species met and interbred with anatomically modern humans as they arrived into... more
Central Asia has delivered significant paleoanthropological discoveries in the past few years. New genetic data indicate that at least two archaic human species met and interbred with anatomically modern humans as they arrived into northern Central Asia. However, data are limited: known archaeological sites with lithic assemblages generally lack human fossils, and consequently identifying the archaeological signatures of different human groups, and the timing of their occupation, remains elusive. Reliable chronologic data from sites in the region, crucial to our understanding of the timing and duration of interactions between different human species, are rare. Here we present chronologies for two open air Middle to Upper Palaeolithic (UP) sequences from the Tien Shan piedmont in southeast Kazakhstan, Maibulak and Valikhanova, which bridge southern and northern Central Asia. The chronologies, based on both quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and polymineral post-infrared infrared luminescence (pIR-IRSL) protocols, demonstrate that technological developments at the two sites differ substantially over the ∼47-19 ka time span. Some of the innovations typically associated with the earliest UP in the Altai or other parts of northeast Asia are also present in the Tien Shan piedmont. We caution against making assumptions about the directionality of spread of these technologies until a larger, better defined database of transitional sites in the region is available. Connections between the timing of occupation of regions, living area setting and paleoenvironmental conditions, while providing hypotheses worth exploring, remain inconclusive. We cautiously suggest a trend towards increasing occupation of open air sites across the Central Asian piedmont after ∼40 ka, corresponding to more humid climatic conditions which nevertheless included pulses of dust deposition. Human occupation persisted into the Last Glacial Maximum, despite cooler, and possibly drier, conditions. Our results thus provide additional data to substantiate arguments for occupation of Central Asia.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
An Illustrated History of Kazakhstan: Asia's Heartland in Context
Editor and author: Jeremy Tredinnick
Edition illustrated
Publisher Odyssey, 2014
ISBN 9622178529, 9789622178526
Length 200 pages
Editor and author: Jeremy Tredinnick
Edition illustrated
Publisher Odyssey, 2014
ISBN 9622178529, 9789622178526
Length 200 pages