- Moscow
- Anthropology, Iron Age, Paleoanthropology, Physical Anthropology, Human Osteology, Bronze Age Europe (Archaeology), and 28 moreEurasian Steppe In the Bronze and Iron Ages, Late Bronze Age archaeology, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Craniometry, Central Asia, Early Iron Age, Bronze Age (Archaeology), Bronze Age, Chinese archaeology, Archaeology of Siberia, Bioarchaeology, археология, Postcranial Skeleton, Great Migration period, Early Medieval Archaeology, Osteometry, Trade Routes, BMAC Archaeology, Uzbekistan, Archaeology Of The Migration Period And The Early Middle Ages, Антропология, физическая антропология, Археология Южной Си, скифо-сарматская археология, Археология Урала, археология Сибири и Центральной Азии, and Ранний железный век степной Евразииedit
В статье анализируются краниологические данные чирикрабатской культуры с учетом новых антропологических материалов из мавзолея Егистик с территории Восточного Приаралья. Коллекция представлена 13 черепами, из которых 6 мужских и 7... more
В статье анализируются краниологические данные чирикрабатской культуры с учетом новых антропологических материалов из мавзолея Егистик с территории Восточного Приаралья. Коллекция представлена 13 черепами, из которых 6 мужских и 7 женских. С учетом сборной серии из памятников, раскопанных с 1957 по 1964 гг., представленные авторами данные являются значительным дополнением к уже опубликованным и датируются IV-II вв. до н.э. На некоторых черепах отмечены следы бешиковой искусственной деформации, она была широко распространена у населения Центральной Азии, представленного сакскими культурами. Уплощение затылка у индивидов из могильника Егистик и на смежных территориях позволяет сделать вывод о широком распространении бешиковой люльки у ранних кочевников ввиду подвижного образа жизни в аридной зоне Северной Евразии. Наличие остеом на черепе у 31 % индивидов позволяет сделать вывод об их возможном биологическом родстве и семейном характере погребального сооружения. Анализ краниологических данных чирикрабатской культуры на широком фоне сравнительных материалов с помощью канонического анализа показал, что мужская серия обнаруживает преемственность от предшествующего населения и близка как к сакским группам сопредельных территорий, так и к группам сарматов Волго-Уралья и Западного Казахстана. Женская серия не имеет преемственности с предшествующим населением раннесакского времени рассматриваемого региона и связана с группами савромато-сарматского облика Волго-Уралья и Нижнего Поволжья, что ставит вопрос о тесных контактах не только с населением близлежащих соседних территорий, но и с ранними кочевниками-сарматами бассейна реки Урал.
The study analyses the Chirik-Rabat craniological data. The analysis includes new anthropological materials from the East-Aral Sea Egistic mausoleum. The collection is represented with 13 craniums – 6 male and 7 female ones. A series of monuments was discovered between 1957 and 1961. These monuments date back to 3–2 centuries BC. The data provided by the authors are a significant addition to the already published researches. Some craniums have traces of the beshik cradle artificial cranial deformation. It was frequent in the Central Asia Saka people. Individuals were found with applanation on the back of their heads. It allows to conclude that early nomads often used beshik cradles because they led a nomadic lifestyle in the North Eurasia arid zone. 31% of the skulls have osteomas. This allows the conclusion on the burial ground being designed for families and the individuals being blood-related. The Chirik-Rabat craniological data have a vast amount of comparative data. The canonical analysis showed that the male artefacts belonged to the descendants of the
preceding population. Besides the male skulls appeared to be close to both the neighbouring Saka tribes, Volga, Ural and West Kazakhstan Sarmatians. Whereas female artefacts showed no sign of descending from the early Saka population of the stated region. The study shows that these findings are associated with the auromatian-Sarmatian type of the Volga-Ural and Lower Volga population. This statement questions the theory of close contacts with both neighbouring communities and nomad Sarmatians of the Ural River basin.
The study analyses the Chirik-Rabat craniological data. The analysis includes new anthropological materials from the East-Aral Sea Egistic mausoleum. The collection is represented with 13 craniums – 6 male and 7 female ones. A series of monuments was discovered between 1957 and 1961. These monuments date back to 3–2 centuries BC. The data provided by the authors are a significant addition to the already published researches. Some craniums have traces of the beshik cradle artificial cranial deformation. It was frequent in the Central Asia Saka people. Individuals were found with applanation on the back of their heads. It allows to conclude that early nomads often used beshik cradles because they led a nomadic lifestyle in the North Eurasia arid zone. 31% of the skulls have osteomas. This allows the conclusion on the burial ground being designed for families and the individuals being blood-related. The Chirik-Rabat craniological data have a vast amount of comparative data. The canonical analysis showed that the male artefacts belonged to the descendants of the
preceding population. Besides the male skulls appeared to be close to both the neighbouring Saka tribes, Volga, Ural and West Kazakhstan Sarmatians. Whereas female artefacts showed no sign of descending from the early Saka population of the stated region. The study shows that these findings are associated with the auromatian-Sarmatian type of the Volga-Ural and Lower Volga population. This statement questions the theory of close contacts with both neighbouring communities and nomad Sarmatians of the Ural River basin.
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The article is devoted to the reconstruction of the relations of the nomads' social elite from the Southern Urals buried in the cemetries of the kurgans Filippovka 1, 2. The total craniological series of these monuments consists of 22... more
The article is devoted to the reconstruction of the relations of the nomads' social elite from the Southern Urals buried in the cemetries of the kurgans Filippovka 1, 2. The total craniological series of these monuments consists of 22 skulls (9 male and 13 female) representing brachycranial broad-faced Caucasoids. The aim of the study is to determine the historical roots of this group including their migration patterns, as well as their contacts with the surrounding population. The study is based on a comparative analysis of 35 craniological series of the Early Iron Age sites in the steppe and forest-steppe zones of Eurasia. The comparison was carried out according to the canonical analysis method using the Multican and Statistica 12 programs. In terms of morphological features, the individuals buried in the Filippovka kurgans are as close as possible to the nomads of the Southern Urals and the Lower Volga region of the Sauromatian (6 th-5 th /4 th centuries BC) and early Sarmatian (4 th-3 rd centuries BC) time. They probably come from the local nomadic population who resided in this territory in early Sauromatian time. Representatives of the Filippovka group are also morphologically close to the Saka of the Aral Sea region and to the bearers of the Tasmolа culture from Central Kazakhstan. The formation of the pastoral population of the Early Iron Age (5 th-4 th centuries BC) of two regions-the Southern Urals and the Aral Sea-might have taken place on a single anthropological basis, which is associated with the nomadic tribes of Central Kazakhstan including the bearers of the Tasmolа culture who had contacts with the Southern Siberia settled groups. As a result of mestizo processes on the contact territory, a special type of population the so-called Eastern Caucasoids with a small Mongoloid admixture was formed, which then spread in the southern Aral and western Ural directions. The spatial connections of the population that left the Filippovka kurgans are geographically wide. Judging by the archaeological data, they were grounded primarily on the basis of trade and economic relations. The craniological source shows some heterogeneity of the Ural nomads, but it is difficult to speak confidently about the time and mixing forms of their constituent components; the recorded phenomenon is also relevant among other synchronous groups of mobile pastoralists from Central Asia.
Research Interests: Anthropology, Biological Anthropology, Eurasian Nomads, Nomadism, Early Iron Age, and 13 moreSarmatians, скифо-сарматская археология, Антропология, Arachaeology, ранние кочевники Урала, History of the Volga-Ural Region, физическая антропология, Barrow ground Filippovka 1, археология Сибири и Центральной Азии, савроматы, ранние кочевники, сарматы, and Филипповка
В статье представлены палеоантропологические материалы раннего периода функционирования могильника Берел, связанного с пазырыкской культурой. Памятник расположен на Алтае (Республика Казахстан). В статье приведены краниологические,... more
В статье представлены палеоантропологические материалы раннего периода функционирования могильника Берел, связанного с пазырыкской культурой. Памятник расположен на Алтае (Республика Казахстан). В статье приведены краниологические, одонтологические данные и свидетельства посмертных манипуляций с костями индивидов из крупных курганов, принадлежавших лицам высокого социального статуса. Физические особенности населения, представленного в могильнике, находят аналогии, как в пазырыкской культуре, так и среди населения сакских культур Центральной Азии. Наличие женского черепа с монголоидным обликом в кургане 16 подтверждает уже имеющиеся представления об участии индивидов с восточным, монголоидным обликом в полноценной жизни пазырыкского сообщества. Посмертные манипуляции с телами, следы которых фиксируются на костных останках лиц высокого социального статуса могильника Берел, существенно дополняют базу данных для понимания нюансов погребальных традиций, связанных с искусственной мумификацией тел. Прощальные церемонии в условиях кочевого образа жизни не всегда представляются возможными в короткие сроки. Можно предположить, что мумификация тел был подготовительным этапом для сложного и длительного процесса прощальных традиций перед погребением тела в условиях аридного климата.
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В публикации анализируются краниологические данные серии из 32 черепов IV–III вв. до н.э. ранних кочевников сарматского облика из могильника Индустриальная Зона с территории Теректинского района Западно-Казахстанской области Республики... more
В публикации анализируются краниологические данные серии из 32 черепов IV–III вв. до н.э. ранних кочевников сарматского облика из могильника Индустриальная Зона с территории Теректинского района Западно-Казахстанской области Республики Казахстан. Для них отмечаются близкие морфологические особенности, свойственные населению бассейна р. Урал. Анализ серии из могильника на широком фоне сравнительных материалов раннего железного века показал, что по краниологическим особенностям группы не отличаются от окружающего населения региона с близкими культурными характеристиками.
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The article attempts to generalize the paleoanthropological data of the Saka period from the territory of Alai (Kyrgyzstan), collected over a long period, and a significant part of these materials has been offered for scientific... more
The article attempts to generalize the paleoanthropological data of the Saka period from the territory of Alai (Kyrgyzstan), collected over a long period, and a significant part of these materials has been offered for scientific discussion. Comparison of the male and female groups shows their significant similarity, both in average values and in the level and direction of variability. The Alai skulls contain two morphological complexes of characters. One of them is a mesobrachicranial, low-faced Mongoloids with low orbits, a wide nose and alveolar prognathism, expressed mainly in women group. Another morphological complex is characterized by dolichocrania and has a pronounced Caucasoid character of the Mediterranean type, which has local origin. In this case the increase of the Caucasoid characteristics towards the Mediterranean anthropological type is probably associated with ethnogenetic contacts with the Saka of the Pamirs. An analysis of the anthropological materials of the Saka...
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The paper focuses on the anthropological materials obtained from the cemetery Mortyk I. This archaeological monument is located on the Emba River, which originates from the western slopes of Mugodzhar mountains and flows into the Caspian... more
The paper focuses on the anthropological materials obtained from the cemetery Mortyk I. This archaeological monument is located on the Emba River, which originates from the western slopes of Mugodzhar mountains and flows into the Caspian Sea. Today it is one of the southernmost studied Sauromat-Sarmatian monuments of the early nomads. Unfortunately, there are practically no studied cemeteries dating back to the VI–IV centuries BC located in this region, despite the large number of cemeteries in this region and the Northern Aral Sea region. Anthropological materials from Mortyk I cemetery were studied using the craniological and osteometric programs, comonnly used in Russian science. A statistical and individual typological analysis was performed due to small number of series and their satisfactory preservation. According to the results of the analysis, the presented series shows the closest analogies with the population of the Ural river basin of the end of VI–IV centuries BC, despi...
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Significance The bacterium Yersinia pestis has caused numerous historically documented outbreaks of plague and research using ancient DNA could demonstrate that it already affected human populations during the Neolithic. However, the... more
Significance The bacterium Yersinia pestis has caused numerous historically documented outbreaks of plague and research using ancient DNA could demonstrate that it already affected human populations during the Neolithic. However, the pathogen’s genetic diversity, geographic spread, and transmission dynamics during this early period of Y. pestis evolution are largely unexplored. Here, we describe a set of ancient plague genomes up to 5,000 y old from across Eurasia. Our data demonstrate that two genetically distinct forms of Y. pestis evolved in parallel and were both distributed across vast geographic distances, potentially occupying different ecological niches. Interpreted within the archeological context, our results suggest that the spread of plague during this period was linked to increased human mobility and intensification of animal husbandry.
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The article examines anthropological materials from the Kos-Oba cemetery of the Savromat-Sarmatian period based on craniometric and paleopathological data from the region located between the Ural and Volga rivers in Western Kazakhstan.... more
The article examines anthropological materials from the Kos-Oba cemetery of the Savromat-Sarmatian period based on craniometric and paleopathological data from the region located between the Ural and Volga rivers in Western Kazakhstan. The results of craniometric analysis are indicative of the continuity of the population from the 6th century BC to the 1st century AD, as well as the physical resemblance between the people from Kos-Oba and those inhabiting the UralRiver basin. Paleopathological data also indicate that this sample does not stand out in frequencies of traumas and pathologies from the early nomad groups of the Volga-Ural region and Western Kazakhstan. One of the skulls has a trephine opening, possibly performed with medical purposes or representing a result of ritual manipulation. This study shows that the Kos-Oba cemetery can be reviewed as a part of the large Savromat-Sarmatian site systems, which are present not only in the UralRiver basin and the Ustyurt, but also i...
Ancient DNA traces the history of hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections represent a worldwide human health concern. To study the history of this pathogen, Kocher et al . identified 137 human remains with detectable levels of... more
Ancient DNA traces the history of hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections represent a worldwide human health concern. To study the history of this pathogen, Kocher et al . identified 137 human remains with detectable levels of virus dating between 400 and 10,000 years ago. Sequencing and analyses of these ancient viruses suggested a common ancestor between 12,000 and 20,000 years ago. There is no evidence indicating that HBV was present in the earliest humans as they spread out of Africa; however, HBV was likely present in human populations before farming. Furthermore, the virus was present in the Americas by about 9000 years ago, representing a lineage sister to the viral strains found in Eurasia that diverged about 20,000 years ago. —LMZ
Research Interests: Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Bioarchaeology, Science, Virology, and 15 moreEvolution, Ancient DNA (Archaeology), Ancient DNA Research, Medicine, Multidisciplinary, Hepatitis B, Arqueologia, Virus, Prehistoria, Ancient DNA, Paleogenomics, Biología Celular, Genomic Data Privacy, Hepatitis B virus, and wos
Ancient genomic time-transect across the Central Asian Steppe sheds new light onto the origins and demise of the Scythians.
Research Interests: Ancient History, Geography, Science, Ancient DNA Research, Medicine, and 11 moreScythian archaeology, Early Iron Age, Bronze Age, Ancient DNA, Scythians, Transect, Scythian History, Scythian and other Eurasian Nomadic Horse Warrior Cultures, Scythian Archaeology, Scythian and Other Eurasian Nomadic Horse Warrior Cultures, and Steppe
Ancient human movements through Asia Ancient DNA has allowed us to begin tracing the history of human movements across the globe. Narasimhan et al. identify a complex pattern of human migrations and admixture events in South and Central... more
Ancient human movements through Asia Ancient DNA has allowed us to begin tracing the history of human movements across the globe. Narasimhan et al. identify a complex pattern of human migrations and admixture events in South and Central Asia by performing genetic analysis of more than 500 people who lived over the past 8000 years (see the Perspective by Schaefer and Shapiro). They establish key phases in the population prehistory of Eurasia, including the spread of farming peoples from the Near East, with movements both westward and eastward. The people known as the Yamnaya in the Bronze Age also moved both westward and eastward from a focal area located north of the Black Sea. The overall patterns of genetic clines reflect similar and parallel patterns in South Asia and Europe. Science , this issue p. eaat7487 ; see also p. 981
Research Interests: Genetics, Geography, Archaeology, Human Evolution, Iranian Archaeology, and 15 moreCentral Asian Studies, Eurasian Nomads, Archaeogenetics, Bronze Age Archaeology, Central Asia, Ancient DNA Research, Medicine, Multidisciplinary, BMAC Archaeology, Indus Valley Civilization, Central Asian Archaeology, aDNA Analysis, Early Neolithic, Archaeology of the Eurasian steppe belt, and Andronovo
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During the Early Bronze Age, populations of the western Eurasian steppe expanded across an immense area of northern Eurasia. Combined archaeological and genetic evidence supports widespread Early Bronze Age population movements out of the... more
During the Early Bronze Age, populations of the western Eurasian steppe expanded across an immense area of northern Eurasia. Combined archaeological and genetic evidence supports widespread Early Bronze Age population movements out of the Pontic–Caspian steppe that resulted in gene flow across vast distances, linking populations of Yamnaya pastoralists in Scandinavia with pastoral populations (known as the Afanasievo) far to the east in the Altai Mountains1,2 and Mongolia3. Although some models hold that this expansion was the outcome of a newly mobile pastoral economy characterized by horse traction, bulk wagon transport4,5,6 and regular dietary dependence on meat and milk5, hard evidence for these economic features has not been found. Here we draw on proteomic analysis of dental calculus from individuals from the western Eurasian steppe to demonstrate a major transition in dairying at the start of the Bronze Age. The rapid onset of ubiquitous dairying at a point in time when stepp...
Research Interests: Archaeology, Dairy Science, Bronze Age Archaeology, Medicine, Multidisciplinary, and 9 moreDomestication (Zooarchaeology), Pastoralism (Archaeology), Nature, Archaeology of the Eurasian steppe belt, Horse Domestication, Archaeology of Horse and Riders, Palaeoproteomics, Archaeology of Eurasian Steppe, and Ancient Proteins
During the Early Bronze Age, populations of the western Eurasian steppe expanded across an immense area of northern Eurasia. Combined archaeological and genetic evidence supports widespread Early Bronze Age population movements out of the... more
During the Early Bronze Age, populations of the western Eurasian steppe expanded across an immense area of northern Eurasia. Combined archaeological and genetic evidence supports widespread Early Bronze Age population movements out of the Pontic–Caspian steppe that resulted in gene flow across vast distances, linking populations of Yamnaya pastoralists in Scandinavia with pastoral populations (known as the Afanasievo) far to the east in the Altai Mountains1,2 and Mongolia3. Although some models hold that this expansion was the outcome of a newly mobile pastoral economy characterized by horse traction, bulk wagon transport4–6 and regular dietary dependence on meat and milk5, hard evidence for these economic features has not been found. Here we draw on proteomic analysis of dental calculus from individuals from the western Eurasian steppe to demonstrate a major transition in dairying at the start of the Bronze Age. The rapid onset of ubiquitous dairying at a point in time when steppe ...
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This article examines the ancient gold jewelry with inlay, which were discovered in the process of archeological excavations of grave sites located on the Eleke Sazy Plateau, Tarbagatay Ridge in the East of Kazakhstan in the burial of a... more
This article examines the ancient gold jewelry with inlay, which were discovered in the process of archeological excavations of grave sites located on the Eleke Sazy Plateau, Tarbagatay Ridge in the East of Kazakhstan in the burial of a notable young man, conducted in summer of 2018. It is attributed to Saka culture, and dates back to approximately VIII – VII centuries BC. Among the objects, were found garments embroidered with gold, quiver with arrows, and bronze dagger in gold scabbard. This work examines the golden scabbard for the dagger. The scabbard consists of several parts attached to the wooden base and decorated with gold seeds and inlay. The inlay did not survive in many of the discovered items, but the traces of it remain. In the process of degradation, some jewels have changed their color, and currently look grey. Micro-samples for the research were selected from the crumbling fragments of inlay, acquired during restoration of the artifact. Modern natural scientific me...
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Introduction. The work focuses on anthropological materials of the border between two areals: the Srubnaya and Alakul cultures of the Bronze Age. New data is based on the burial grounds of the Kozhumberdy type of the Alakul culture from... more
Introduction. The work focuses on anthropological materials of the border between two areals: the Srubnaya and Alakul cultures of the Bronze Age. New data is based on the burial grounds of the Kozhumberdy type of the Alakul culture from Western Kazakhstan. Methods and materials. The authors compare the craniological series which are formed according to the geographical localization of the monuments and modern archaeological ideas about their cultural interpretation. Analysis. As a result of statistical analysis, the craniological series of the Srubnaya and Alakul cultures are morphologically quite close, but the latter show higher variability of characteristics. More close to each other are samples of female skulls which show that the formation of physical characteristics of these populations occurred on a single anthropological substrate. Initially, carriers of different caucasoid complexes, mainly of steppe origin, and in a small proportion of the uraloid ones took part in the pro...
This article explores the ancient gold jewelry with inlay, which were discovered in the process of archeological studies conducted in Summer 2018 of grave complexes located on the Eleke Sazy Plateau, Tarbagatay Ridge in East Kazakhstan... more
This article explores the ancient gold jewelry with inlay, which were discovered in the process of archeological studies conducted in Summer 2018 of grave complexes located on the Eleke Sazy Plateau, Tarbagatay Ridge in East Kazakhstan Region in the burial of a young man belonging to aristocratic ancestry. It refers to the Saka culture, and dates back to approximately VIII-VII centuries BC. Among the discovered objects were garments embroidered with gold, quiver with arrows, and a bronze dagger in gold scabbard. This work studied the golden scabbard for dagger. The scabbard consists of several parts attached to a wooden base and decorated with granulation and inlay. In many cases, only traces of inlay remain. Some gems changed in color in the process of degradation, and currently look grey. Micro-samples for the research were selected from the crumbling fragments of inlay obtained in the process of restoration of the item. Modern natural scientific methods allow studying the materia...
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The genetic formation of Central and South Asian populations has been unclear because of an absence of ancient DNA. To address this gap, we generated genome-wide data from 362 ancient individuals, including the first from eastern Iran,... more
The genetic formation of Central and South Asian populations has been unclear because of an absence of ancient DNA. To address this gap, we generated genome-wide data from 362 ancient individuals, including the first from eastern Iran, Turan (Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan), Bronze Age Kazakhstan, and South Asia. Our data reveal a complex set of genetic sources that ultimately combined to form the ancestry of South Asians today. We document a southward spread of genetic ancestry from the Eurasian Steppe, correlating with the archaeologically known expansion of pastoralist sites from the Steppe to Turan in the Middle Bronze Age (2300-1500 BCE). These Steppe communities mixed genetically with peoples of the Bactria Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) whom they encountered in Turan (primarily descendants of earlier agriculturalists of Iran), but there is no evidence that the main BMAC population contributed genetically to later South Asians. Instead, Steppe communities int...
with In this Article, Angela M. Taravella and Melissa A. Wilson Sayres have been added to the author list (associated with: School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University,... more
with In this Article, Angela M. Taravella and Melissa A. Wilson Sayres have been added to the author list (associated with: School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA). The author list and Author Information section have been corrected online.
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In Fig. 2 of this Letter, the 'E' and 'G' clade labels were inadvertently reversed, and in Table 2 the genotype of DA27 was 'D1' instead of 'D5'. These have been corrected online.
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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of human hepatitis. There is considerable uncertainty about the timescale of its evolution and its association with humans. Here we present 12 full or partial ancient HBV genomes that are between... more
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of human hepatitis. There is considerable uncertainty about the timescale of its evolution and its association with humans. Here we present 12 full or partial ancient HBV genomes that are between approximately 0.8 and 4.5 thousand years old. The ancient sequences group either within or in a sister relationship with extant human or other ape HBV clades. Generally, the genome properties follow those of modern HBV. The root of the HBV tree is projected to between 8.6 and 20.9 thousand years ago, and we estimate a substitution rate of 8.04 × 10-1.51 × 10 nucleotide substitutions per site per year. In several cases, the geographical locations of the ancient genotypes do not match present-day distributions. Genotypes that today are typical of Africa and Asia, and a subgenotype from India, are shown to have an early Eurasian presence. The geographical and temporal patterns that we observe in ancient and modern HBV genotypes are compatible with well-...
Research Interests: Genetics, Archaeology, Infectious disease epidemiology, Genomics, Africa, and 15 moreCentral Asian Studies, Eurasian Nomads, Medieval Archaeology, Bronze Age Archaeology, Ancient DNA Research, Medicine, Hepatitis B, Humans, Human Migration, Europe, Animals, Asia, Genotype, Hominidae, and Hepatitis B virus
For thousands of years the Eurasian steppes have been a centre of human migrations and cultural change. Here we sequence the genomes of 137 ancient humans (about 1× average coverage), covering a period of 4,000 years, to understand the... more
For thousands of years the Eurasian steppes have been a centre of human migrations and cultural change. Here we sequence the genomes of 137 ancient humans (about 1× average coverage), covering a period of 4,000 years, to understand the population history of the Eurasian steppes after the Bronze Age migrations. We find that the genetics of the Scythian groups that dominated the Eurasian steppes throughout the Iron Age were highly structured, with diverse origins comprising Late Bronze Age herders, European farmers and southern Siberian hunter-gatherers. Later, Scythians admixed with the eastern steppe nomads who formed the Xiongnu confederations, and moved westward in about the second or third century BC, forming the Hun traditions in the fourth–fifth century AD, and carrying with them plague that was basal to the Justinian plague. These nomads were further admixed with East Asian groups during several short-term khanates in the Medieval period. These historical events transformed th...
Research Interests: Genetics, Archaeology, Anthropology, Genomics, Central Asia, and 15 moreAncient DNA Research, Eurasian Prehistory, Early Iron Age, Europe, aDNA Analysis, Chechen, Ancient human genetics, Asia, Farmers, Grassland, Alans, Early Steppe Nomadic peoples migrations and social life, European Continental Ancestry Group, Asian Continental Ancestry Group, and Ancient Indo European Languages
Research Interests: Archaeology, North Caucasus, Bronze Age (Archaeology), Early Bronze Age (Archaeology), Middle Bronze Age, and 14 moreBronze Age, археология, prehistoric archaeology of Bronze and Early Iron Age, Archéologie, Maykop culture, Археологија, Archeology, Северный Кавказ, Katakombnaja Culture, эпоха бронзы, Koban Culture, катакомбная культура, Novosvobodnaya culture, and майкопская культура
Представленная книга является результатом многолетних исследований в области антропологии Притяньшанья. Географически рассматриваемый регион находится на территории Южного Казахстана, Семиречья и Киргизии. Настоящая работа включает... more
Представленная книга является результатом многолетних исследований в области антропологии Притяньшанья. Географически рассматриваемый регион находится на территории Южного Казахстана, Семиречья и Киргизии. Настоящая работа включает данные, собранные как самими авторами, так и ранее опубликованные, которые основаны на изучении палеоантропологических коллекций. Все полученные данные являются актуальным источником информации, необходимым для решения вопросов исторических процессов, происходящих в раннем железном веке в рассматриваемом регионе.
Данная книга адресована как специалистам – антропологам и археологам, так и всем, кто интересуется древней историей.
Данная книга адресована как специалистам – антропологам и археологам, так и всем, кто интересуется древней историей.
Работа посвящена свидетельствам боевого травматизма на краниологических материалах бронзового и раннего железного века на территории Западного Казахстана. Рассматриваются поражения костной ткани и их возможная связь с типами ударных... more
Работа посвящена свидетельствам боевого травматизма на краниологических материалах бронзового и раннего железного века на территории Западного Казахстана. Рассматриваются поражения костной ткани и их возможная связь с типами ударных орудий. В целом травматизм населения срубной культуры поздней бронзы и сарматского времени раннего железного века явление не частое. Эти показатели вполне определенно демонстрируют общую социальную ситуацию, являются важными для реконструкции процессов взаимоотношений древних обществ.
The paper focuses on the military trauma in the craniological materials of the Bronze Age (Srubnaya culture) in the West Kazakhstan region. Lesions are studied in relation to the types of attack weapons. In general, the number of injuries of the Srubnaya culture in the Late Bronze Age and Sarmatian culture demonstrates the decrease of traumas. These rates indicate a general social situation and are very important for reconstruction of the relations between ancient communities.
The paper focuses on the military trauma in the craniological materials of the Bronze Age (Srubnaya culture) in the West Kazakhstan region. Lesions are studied in relation to the types of attack weapons. In general, the number of injuries of the Srubnaya culture in the Late Bronze Age and Sarmatian culture demonstrates the decrease of traumas. These rates indicate a general social situation and are very important for reconstruction of the relations between ancient communities.
Research Interests: Anthropology, Forensic Anthropology, Historical Anthropology, Bronze Age Europe (Archaeology), Trauma, and 8 moreEarly Iron Age, Антропология, Physical Anthropology, Craniology, paleodemography with Elements Of paleopathology, поздний бронзовый век, Ранний железный век степной Евразии, срубная культура, травматизм, and Западный Казахстан
The paper focuses on the anthropological materials obtained from the cemetery Mortyk I. This archaeological monument is located on the Emba River, which originates from the western slopes of Mugodzhar mountains and flows into the Caspian... more
The paper focuses on the anthropological materials obtained from the cemetery Mortyk I. This archaeological monument is located on the Emba River, which originates from the western slopes of Mugodzhar mountains and flows into the Caspian Sea. Today it is one of the southernmost studied Sauromat-Sarmatian monuments of the early nomads. Unfortunately, there are practically no studied cemeteries dating back to the VI-IV centuries BC located in this region, despite the large number of cemeteries in this region and the Northern Aral Sea region. Anthropological materials from Mortyk I cemetery were studied using the craniological and osteometric programs, comonnly used in Russian science. A statistical and individual typological analysis was performed due to small number of series and their satisfactory preservation. According to the results of the analysis, the presented series shows the closest analogies with the population of the Ural river basin of the end of VI-IV centuries BC, despite the small number of individuals. Moreover, it can be noted that the Mortyk I archaeological monument appears to be the part of the general array of Sauromat-Sarmatian monuments, which occupies not only the Ural river basin and the Ustyurt plateau, but also the region to the north of the Aral Sea. It can be assumed that forming of culture and physical characteristics shown by the early nomads of the Sauromat-Sarmatian appearance connects them with the territory of the Aral Sea region and the Southern Ural. Further study of the monuments in the arid territories of the Northern Aral Sea region will reveal a lot of answers to debatable questions about the early nomads of the Volga-Ural region and Western Kazakhstan and origin and genesis of their culture and appearance.
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Представленная монография является результатом многолетних исследований в области антропологии Притяньшанья. Географически рассматриваемый регион находится на территории Казахстана (Семиречье) и Киргизии. Настоящая работа включает данные,... more
Представленная монография является результатом многолетних исследований в области антропологии Притяньшанья. Географически рассматриваемый регион находится на территории Казахстана (Семиречье) и Киргизии. Настоящая работа включает данные, собранные как самими авторами, так и ранее опубликованные материалы, которые основаны на изучении палеоантропологических коллекций. Все полученные данные являются актуальным источником информации, необходимым для решения вопросов об исторических процессах, происходящих в раннем железном веке в рассматриваемом регионе.
Данная книга адресована как специалистам - антропологам и археологам, так и всем, кто интересуется древней историей.
Данная книга адресована как специалистам - антропологам и археологам, так и всем, кто интересуется древней историей.
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The article covers the main findings of the first season of the South Aral Joint Karakalpak-Russian Complex Archaeological Expedition, created according to the agreement of the Institute of Oriental Studies (Russian Academy of Sciences),... more
The article covers the main findings of the first season of the South Aral Joint Karakalpak-Russian Complex Archaeological Expedition, created according to the agreement of the Institute of Oriental Studies (Russian Academy of Sciences), the State Museum of Oriental Art; Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanities, Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, and Nukus State Pedagogical Institute named after Azhiniyaz. At the first stage (April 15–30), during the work at Gunzheli Burial Ground 1 (Ustyurt plateau, Karakalpakstan Shumanai region), there were excavated 23 burial mounds of the early nomadic era, as well as Caravanserai (Gunzheli 2). Studies of the Greater Gungeli mound (Gunzheli 3) allowed to make conclusions about two stages of its functioning: The first, judging by the findings of the Chorasmian wheel-turned pottery of the 4th–1st centuries BC, dates accordingly; during the second stage (3rd–4th centuries AD), ten ossuaries with bones, buried according to the Zoroastrian rite, were let into the stone structure-crepe located at the base of the mound.
For the second stage (May 2–17), the expedition moved to the Illikalli region of Karakalpakstan, where the citadel of the Bol’shoy K’irk-K’iz and the Western suburban complex were explored. During excavations on the crest of the fortress wall we completely uncovered a section of the rifle gallery at the level, as can be assumed today, of the lower floor. In addition, a significant section of the citadel adjacent to the defensive wall of the fortress was excavated. During the excavation of the Western suburban complex, dating from the size of bricks and ceramics findings 4th–2nd centuries BC, there were revealed traces of polychrome painting and monumental unbaked clay sculpture.
For the second stage (May 2–17), the expedition moved to the Illikalli region of Karakalpakstan, where the citadel of the Bol’shoy K’irk-K’iz and the Western suburban complex were explored. During excavations on the crest of the fortress wall we completely uncovered a section of the rifle gallery at the level, as can be assumed today, of the lower floor. In addition, a significant section of the citadel adjacent to the defensive wall of the fortress was excavated. During the excavation of the Western suburban complex, dating from the size of bricks and ceramics findings 4th–2nd centuries BC, there were revealed traces of polychrome painting and monumental unbaked clay sculpture.
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В статье приводится анализ данных по комплексу вооружения из могильников позднесарматского времени Западного Казахстана и Устюрта. В статистическую выборку вошло 315 погребений из курганов и погребально-ритуальных сооружений. Предметы... more
В статье приводится анализ данных по комплексу вооружения из могильников позднесарматского времени Западного Казахстана и Устюрта. В статистическую выборку вошло 315 погребений из курганов и погребально-ритуальных сооружений. Предметы вооружения — мечи, кинжалы, боевые биметаллические ножи, топоры, наконечники стрел и копий, костяные накладки на лук, щиты — были выявлены в 38 погребениях, что составляет 12 %. Однако эту цифру занижают данные по Устюрту, где большинство курганов оказались ограблены. Статистические данные только по памятникам Западного Казахстана увеличивают ее до 16 %, что является средним показателем встречаемости оружия в погребениях по всему ареалу распространения позднесарматской культуры. Выявленный комплекс вооружения в погребальных памятниках региона является стандартным для периода середины II — IV вв. н. э. и позволяет предполагать, что он был предназначен в основном для ведения ближнего наступательного боя. Находки двух щитов в курганах на Восточном чинке Устюрта (один из которых римского производства, а второй из плетеных прутьев) подтверждают наличие защитного вооружения у поздних сарматов.
The article provides data analysis of the weapon system from the Late Sarmatian burial grounds of Western Kazakhstan and Ustyurt. The statistical sample includes 315 burials from burial mounds and ritual burial structures. Weapon items, such as swords, daggers, fighting bimetallic knives, axes, arrowheads and spears, shields, bone plates for bows, were identified in 38 graves, which makes 12 %. However, this figure is undermined by the data from Ustyurt, where most of the mounds were robbed. Statistical data from Western Kazakhstan sites only increase this percentage to 16 %, which is the average indicator across the whole area of the late Sarmatian culture. The weapon system items found in the region’s burial grounds is standard for the mid-2nd — 4th centuries AD and suggests that it was generally intended for conducting a close offensive combat. Two shields found in the mounds on the eastern chink of Ustyurt (one of which is of Roman origin and the second is wicker) confirms that the later Sarmatians did have protective weapons.
The article provides data analysis of the weapon system from the Late Sarmatian burial grounds of Western Kazakhstan and Ustyurt. The statistical sample includes 315 burials from burial mounds and ritual burial structures. Weapon items, such as swords, daggers, fighting bimetallic knives, axes, arrowheads and spears, shields, bone plates for bows, were identified in 38 graves, which makes 12 %. However, this figure is undermined by the data from Ustyurt, where most of the mounds were robbed. Statistical data from Western Kazakhstan sites only increase this percentage to 16 %, which is the average indicator across the whole area of the late Sarmatian culture. The weapon system items found in the region’s burial grounds is standard for the mid-2nd — 4th centuries AD and suggests that it was generally intended for conducting a close offensive combat. Two shields found in the mounds on the eastern chink of Ustyurt (one of which is of Roman origin and the second is wicker) confirms that the later Sarmatians did have protective weapons.
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The article is devoted to the publication of the excavations of three mounds on the burial field Sunkar in Semirechie. In the course of the research was got an interesting material on burial traditions and partly on the material culture... more
The article is devoted to the publication of the excavations of three mounds on the burial field Sunkar in Semirechie. In the course of the research was got an interesting material on burial traditions and partly on the material culture of ancient nomads of this region. Two of the investigated mounds can be dated within the Saka period. The chronology of the third burial is complicated due to the lack of dating objects from it, and previously it is related to the Hun-Sarmatian epoch.
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By sequencing 523 ancient humans, we show that the primary source of ancestry in modern South Asians is a prehistoric genetic gradient between people related to early hunter-gatherers of Iran and Southeast Asia. After the Indus Valley... more
By sequencing 523 ancient humans, we show that the primary source of ancestry in modern South Asians is a prehistoric genetic gradient between people related to early hunter-gatherers of Iran and Southeast Asia. After the Indus Valley Civilization’s decline, its people mixed with individuals in the southeast to form one of the two main ancestral populations of South Asia, whose direct descendants live in southern India. Simultaneously, they mixed with descendants of Steppe pastoralists who, starting around 4000 years ago, spread via Central Asia to form the other main ancestral population.
The Steppe ancestry in South Asia has the same profile as that in Bronze Age Eastern Europe, tracking a movement of people that affected both regions and that likely spread the distinctive features shared between Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic languages.
The Steppe ancestry in South Asia has the same profile as that in Bronze Age Eastern Europe, tracking a movement of people that affected both regions and that likely spread the distinctive features shared between Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic languages.
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The study is devoted to traumatic injuries on the crania of the early nomads of the Volga-Ural region. According to the results of the analysis it can be noted that a small number of injuries together with no stress indicators suggest a... more
The study is devoted to traumatic injuries on the crania of the early nomads of the Volga-Ural region. According to the results of the analysis it can be noted that a small number of injuries together with no stress indicators suggest a safe existence of the population of the early Iron Age in this territory. It is important to say that the injuries are mostly antemortem (with traces of healing) and were probably received in combat. Provided that there are practically no fatal injuries in the burial grounds, this may indicate the absence of conflicts on the territory of the nomadic Savromatian-Sarmatians. However, the abundance of weapons in burials suggests that the society was rather militarized, while the number of individuals with injuries incompatible with life is negligible. Apparently, military conflicts took place outside the territory occupied by the early Savromatian-Sarmatians, which may suggest existence of a major tribal union that influenced the historical processes in Eurasia.
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Research Interests:
Авторами рассматриваются результаты изучения антропологических материалов синташтинской и связанных с ней культур финала средней бронзы – начала поздней бронзы. Представлены теоретические аспекты проблемы морфогенеза населения данных... more
Авторами рассматриваются результаты изучения антропологических материалов синташтинской и связанных с ней культур финала средней бронзы – начала поздней бронзы. Представлены теоретические аспекты проблемы морфогенеза населения данных культур в связи с археологическими и генетическими исследованиями. Практическая часть посвящена анализу новых краниологических источников из погребений синташтинско-абашевского хронологического горизонта лесостепного Приуралья. Вводятся в научный оборот материалы коллективного захоронения у села Малоюлдашево и курганного могильника Красиково I Оренбургской области. Определяется их место в кругу синхронных форм Приуралья и Поволжья. Показана антропологическая неоднородность населения. Рассмотрена перспектива совместных археолого-антропологических и генетических исследований для реконструкции процессов культурогенеза и морфогенеза.
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Рассмотрены случаи трепанации из пяти погребений раннесакского времени Центрального Казахстана
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Статья посвящена публикации материалов раскопок курганного могильника Рахат на территории Семиречья (Республика Казахстан). В первую очередь публикуются захоронения, относящиеся к эпохе ранних кочевников. В ходе их раскопок был получен... more
Статья посвящена публикации материалов раскопок курганного могильника Рахат на территории Семиречья (Республика Казахстан). В первую очередь публикуются захоронения, относящиеся к эпохе ранних кочевников. В ходе их раскопок был получен интересный материал по погребальным традициям и отчасти материальной культуре древнего населения региона в периоды раннего железа и средневековья. Большая часть курганных захоронений на данном некрополе относится к сакскому времени, публикации которых посвящена настоящая статья. Кроме того, было выявлено впускное захоронение, относящееся к раннему средневековью. Иследование основано на археологическом изучении курганов, а также анализе полученных артефактов. В исследованных захоронениях был собран палеоантропологический материал, в результате изучения которого были получены дополнительные данные по краниологии, остеологии и патологиям древнего населения Семиречья в период ранних кочевников. Исследованные на данном могильнике курганные погребения характеризуются типичными для сакского периода Семиречья погребальными традициями. Немногочисленные предметы сопроводительного инвентаря, представленные керамической посудой и предметами быта, позволили определить хронологию исследованных курганов в рамках втор. пол. V – перв. пол II вв. до н.э. и отнести основную часть исследованных курганных захоронений к сакской культуре Притяньшанья.
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The article is devoted to the excavations of the burial mounds of the multi-temporal burial field Kara- Arsha on the territory of Semirechie. First of all, the authors focus on the burials related to the era of early nomads. At the course... more
The article is devoted to the excavations of the burial mounds of the multi-temporal burial field Kara- Arsha on the territory of Semirechie. First of all, the authors focus on the burials related to the era of early nomads. At the course of the study the interesting materials were obtained on the burial traditions and the material culture of the ancient population of the region in the Saka period. In addition, two inlet burials of the Early Middle Ages were revealed. In total, the burial mounds of the Saka period were characterized with quite stable and monotonous burial traditions. Some items of funeral inventory, represented by ceramic pottery and iron tools, allowed to determine the chronology of the investigated burial mounds between the second half of the 5th – the first half of the 2nd centuries BC.
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Работа посвящена краниологическим материалам ямной эпохи курганного могильника Кумсай (Кырык Оба) долины реки Уил на территории Актюбинской области Республики Казахстан. В результате рассмотрения морфологических особенностей черепов была... more
Работа посвящена краниологическим материалам ямной эпохи курганного могильника Кумсай (Кырык Оба) долины реки Уил на территории Актюбинской области Республики Казахстан. В результате рассмотрения морфологических особенностей черепов была зафиксирована неоднородность в серии и описаны разные краниологические комплексы, такие как палеоевропеоидный, мезоморфный степной южноевропеоидный, а также, вероятно, населения лесостепной - лесной полосы Волго-Уральского региона. В заключение формулируются предварительные выводы о связи населения, оставившего кумсайские курганы, как с предковыми группами, продвинувшимися на восток с территории Восточной Европы, так и с местными, проживавшими в добронзовую эпоху.
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Research Interests:
Research Interests:
В сообщении приводятся некоторые обобщения по тасмолинской культуре. Антропологические исследования выполнены антропологом к.и.н. Е.П.Китовым. По Тасмоле, по раскопкам М.К.Кадырбаева, А.З.Бейсенова и др. археологов, в настоящее время идет... more
В сообщении приводятся некоторые обобщения по тасмолинской культуре. Антропологические исследования выполнены антропологом к.и.н. Е.П.Китовым. По Тасмоле, по раскопкам М.К.Кадырбаева, А.З.Бейсенова и др. археологов, в настоящее время идет систематизация данных по свыше 210 погребальным сооружениям. Собраны и исследованы свыше 60 черепов. Отсутствие аналогичного объема антропологических данных по другим регионам восточной части (Казахстан, Саяно-Алтай, Синьцзянь) степной Евразии сильно затрудняют работу по сравнению.
Research Interests:
Работа посвящена актуальной проблеме связи двух ярких культур энеолита — ранней бронзы — ямной Восточной Европы и афанасьевской Южной Сибири. Приводятся гипотезы о происхождении афанасьевского населения. Сравниваются краниологические... more
Работа посвящена актуальной проблеме связи двух ярких культур энеолита — ранней бронзы — ямной Восточной Европы и афанасьевской Южной Сибири. Приводятся гипотезы о происхождении афанасьевского населения. Сравниваются краниологические материалы разных территориально-хронологических групп этих культур на фоне серий черепов энеолита — средней бронзы Восточной Европы, Кавказа, Средней Азии, Южной Сибири с использованием методов многомерной статистики. Показана неоднородность населения локальных ямных и афанасьевских групп, а также доминирование в составе тех и других широколицых европеоидных антропологических компонентов. Сравнительные нео-энеолити-ческие краниологические материалы Алтая, прилегающих областей Южной Сибири и Северного Казахстана демонстрируют морфологические комплексы с умеренной профилировкой лица. Население такого облика не может рассматриваться в качестве базиса для сложения европеоидного в своей основе афанасьевского населения. Среди нео-энеолитических краниологических выборок с тер-риторий Средней и Передней Азии, Кавказа, Юга Восточной Европы доминируют варианты долихо-кранных мезо-или гипоморфных европеоидов. Они морфологически отличаются от афанасьевских краниологических выборок Алтая и Минусинской котловины. Соответственно отрицается точка зре-ния об истоках протоафанасьевского населения в регионах Средней и Передней Азии. Исходя из общих результатов морфологического анализа предков протоафанасьевского населения следует искать именно в кругу степных и лесостепных популяций энеолита — ранней бронзы восточно-европейского ареала. По нашим данным наибольшее краниологическое сходство с афанасьевцами Горного Алтая демонстрируют волго-уральские ямники, которые и хронологически оказываются наиболее древними в составе популяций ямной культурно-исторической области. Таким образом, поддерживаются археоло-гические разработки и антропологические доводы, по которым появление протоафанасьевцев на тер-ритории Алтая связано с миграцией какой-либо восточно-европейской популяции энеолита — ранней бронзы, вероятнее всего, с территории Волго-Уралья. Ключевые слова: ямная культура, афанасьевская культура, морфологические особенности, антропологические компоненты, генетическое единство.
Research Interests:
Статья посвящена исследованию серии черепов, происходящих из пяти могильников правобережья Иртыша и характеризующих физический облик тюркского (кимако-кыпчакского) населения степной части Среднего Прииртышья X–XII вв. Краниологические... more
Статья посвящена исследованию серии черепов, происходящих из пяти могильников правобережья Иртыша и характеризующих физический облик тюркского (кимако-кыпчакского) населения степной части Среднего Прииртышья X–XII вв. Краниологические комплексы изученной группы преимущественно имеют смешанные, европеоидно-монголоидные черты и в расово-диагностическом отношении могут быть определены как несколько смягченные варианты совокупности признаков южно-сибирской расы. Сравнительный анализ показал, что кимако-кыпчакское население левобережья Иртыша при явном преобладании европеоидных особенностей существенно отличалось от правобережной группы. Таким образом, антропологический состав тюркского населения был неоднородным и включал в себя элементы, различающиеся по степени выраженности черт монголоидной и европеоидной рас.
Research Interests:
В работе описывается древнейшая для настоящего времени палеоантропологическая находка с территории полуострова Мангышлак – череп человека из энеолитического погребения памятника Коскудук I. По комплексу краниологических черт он относится... more
В работе описывается древнейшая для настоящего времени палеоантропологическая находка с территории полуострова Мангышлак – череп человека из энеолитического погребения памятника Коскудук I. По комплексу краниологических черт он относится к кругу южноевропеоидных форм. Этим он отличается от прежде добытых с территории Северного и Восточного Казахстана черепов неолита-энеолита. Некоторые морфологические аналогии ему обнаруживаются среди черепов краниологической выборки кельтеминарской культуры Южного Приаралья, могильника Тумек-Кичиджик и в серии хвалынской культуры Волго-Уралья. Эти наблюдения, с одной стороны, могут дополнять взгляды археологов о связи в энеолитический период культур с территорий Мангышлака, Приаралья и Волго-Уралья. С другой стороны, часть оюклинского населения, оставившего поселение Коскудук I, могла быть генетически связана и с южноазиатскими популяциями, в среде которых, по всей видимости, доминировали варианты южных европеоидов.
Research Interests:
Хохлов А.А., Китов Е.П. физический облик представителей ботайской энеолитической культуры в контексте проблемы формирования степного населения Казахстана // Казахское ханство в потоке истории: Сборник научных статей, посвященный 550-летию образования Казахского ханства. – Алматы, 2015. – С. 437-445.more
В статье рассмотрены черепа энеолитического периода с поселения Ботай в контексте проблемы происхождения древнего населения Казахстана. Авторами пересмотрены специфические особенности, выявленные ранее на одном из черепов и... more
В статье рассмотрены черепа энеолитического периода с поселения Ботай в контексте проблемы происхождения древнего населения Казахстана. Авторами пересмотрены специфические особенности, выявленные ранее на одном из черепов и интерпретированные как признаки экваториального типа. На сегодняшний день данные особенности связывают с древнеуральской антропологической формацией, связанной с особым степным антропологическим типом, складывающимся в степной части Азии еще в нео-энеолитический период и зафиксированный на материалах ямной и последующей синташтинской культур.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
В монографии представлены результаты археологических исследований могильника Казыбаба I, расположенного на юго-восточном выступе Устюрта. Территориально это приграничная территория Узбекистана (Республика Каракалпакстан) с Туркменистаном,... more
В монографии представлены результаты археологических исследований могильника Казыбаба I, расположенного на юго-восточном выступе Устюрта. Территориально это приграничная территория Узбекистана (Республика Каракалпакстан) с Туркменистаном, исторически это граница мира степных кочевников и земледельческого Древнего Хорезма. На сегодняшний день могильник Казыбаба I является самым большим и полностью раскопанным могильником ранних кочевников на территории Устюрта, который датируется VI–IV, IV–II вв. до н. э. и II–IV вв. н. э. Памятник, состоящий из семи курганных групп, был исследован в 1988–1990 гг. под руководством Вадима Николаевича Ягодина. Все полученные данные являются актуальным источником информации, необходимым для решения вопросов об исторических процессах, которые происходили в раннем железном веке на границах Древнего Хорезма.
Данная книга адресована как специалистам – археологам, антропологам, специалистам смежных дисциплин, так и всем, кто интересуется древней историей.
Данная книга адресована как специалистам – археологам, антропологам, специалистам смежных дисциплин, так и всем, кто интересуется древней историей.
Research Interests:
Yatsenko S.A., Avizova А.К, Torgoev A.I., Saipov A., Kulish A.V., Kitov E.P., Rogozhinskii A.E., Smagulov E.A., Erzhigitova A.A., Torezhanova N.Zh., Tur S.S., Ivanov S.S. Archaeology and History of Cangju State / Ed. by Sergey A.... more
Yatsenko S.A., Avizova А.К, Torgoev A.I., Saipov A., Kulish A.V., Kitov E.P., Rogozhinskii A.E., Smagulov E.A., Erzhigitova A.A., Torezhanova N.Zh., Tur S.S., Ivanov S.S. Archaeology and History of Cangju State / Ed. by Sergey A. Yatsenko. Shymkent: Әlem, 2020, 216 pp + 112 pls. (in Russian). ISBN 978-9965-19-600-3.
You can also DOWNLOAD the book in my post box: https://cloud.mail.ru/publc/45au/37gyXDKV6 , ca 48 mbt.
SUMMARY:
by the editor
The collective book is the first big special international study devoted to the little-studied Kangju / Kanga /康居"nomadic empire". Its heyday was in the 80 – 230 CE and the center located in the Middle Syr Darya Basin. That time Kangju was the most powerful state in the West of the Central Asia. The heyday of Kangju coincided with the great time of antiquity – with the simultaneous heyday of the Roman Empire, the Han Dynasty China, the Parthian Iran and the Kushan Empire. The role of Kangju was crucial in the emergence of the "Northern Road" from 20 BCE - an important route of the newly emerged Silk Road. At the same time, Kangju was the only state in the western part of Central Asia that consistently opposed China. It was a long-lived state with almost 5-century history (ca 130 BCE – 350 CE). The history of this state is closely related to the early fate of the famous peoples of the past – the Alans and the southern Huns (Chionites). The history of Kangju is an important part of the history of peoples in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, the Russian Steppe zone to the east from Volga, some parts of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.
The Kangju early state emerged as a socio-cultural synthesis of nomads and settled farmers, groups that migrated from the East and descendants of the ancient population of Transoxiana. The Kangju peoples were the first to create a series of fortified settlements on vast territories in the northernmost oases of the Syr Darya Basin and Northern Tien Shan Mountains, including several cities, and laid roads here. Kangju successfully manipulated by the certain groups of nomadic Sarmatians, Alans, Wusun, and Xiongnu to increase its power.
However, paradoxically, today we know much less about the Kangju state than, for example, about the Saka of Semirechye / Jetytu, the tribes of the Pazyryk Culture, the Eastern groups of Sarmatians and other ancient inhabitants of Kazakhstan in antiquity. Different aspects of the life of this ancient state have not yet been practically studied. This is why our book looks to the future in many ways. We did not try to create a solid generalizing work on Kangju. Such generalizations have been made several times in the past on very limited material and have not been very successful.
The book was prepared as the part of Kazakhstan President scientific programm BR05233709 “The History and Culture of the the Great Steppe”. The main idea of this collection of papers was proposed in February 2020 by Prof. Sergey A. Yatsenko (the editor, RSUH, Moscow) and Dr. Asan I. Torgoev (Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg). The chapters of the book present new, unpublished materials, give new interpretations of already known facts, or summarize the materials of field research of previous years. The opinions expressed in various chapters reflect the positions of thier 12 authors. This collection was devoted to one of the co-authors who died in October 2019 – Erbulat A. Smagulov (Almaty).
You can also DOWNLOAD the book in my post box: https://cloud.mail.ru/publc/45au/37gyXDKV6 , ca 48 mbt.
SUMMARY:
by the editor
The collective book is the first big special international study devoted to the little-studied Kangju / Kanga /康居"nomadic empire". Its heyday was in the 80 – 230 CE and the center located in the Middle Syr Darya Basin. That time Kangju was the most powerful state in the West of the Central Asia. The heyday of Kangju coincided with the great time of antiquity – with the simultaneous heyday of the Roman Empire, the Han Dynasty China, the Parthian Iran and the Kushan Empire. The role of Kangju was crucial in the emergence of the "Northern Road" from 20 BCE - an important route of the newly emerged Silk Road. At the same time, Kangju was the only state in the western part of Central Asia that consistently opposed China. It was a long-lived state with almost 5-century history (ca 130 BCE – 350 CE). The history of this state is closely related to the early fate of the famous peoples of the past – the Alans and the southern Huns (Chionites). The history of Kangju is an important part of the history of peoples in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, the Russian Steppe zone to the east from Volga, some parts of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.
The Kangju early state emerged as a socio-cultural synthesis of nomads and settled farmers, groups that migrated from the East and descendants of the ancient population of Transoxiana. The Kangju peoples were the first to create a series of fortified settlements on vast territories in the northernmost oases of the Syr Darya Basin and Northern Tien Shan Mountains, including several cities, and laid roads here. Kangju successfully manipulated by the certain groups of nomadic Sarmatians, Alans, Wusun, and Xiongnu to increase its power.
However, paradoxically, today we know much less about the Kangju state than, for example, about the Saka of Semirechye / Jetytu, the tribes of the Pazyryk Culture, the Eastern groups of Sarmatians and other ancient inhabitants of Kazakhstan in antiquity. Different aspects of the life of this ancient state have not yet been practically studied. This is why our book looks to the future in many ways. We did not try to create a solid generalizing work on Kangju. Such generalizations have been made several times in the past on very limited material and have not been very successful.
The book was prepared as the part of Kazakhstan President scientific programm BR05233709 “The History and Culture of the the Great Steppe”. The main idea of this collection of papers was proposed in February 2020 by Prof. Sergey A. Yatsenko (the editor, RSUH, Moscow) and Dr. Asan I. Torgoev (Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg). The chapters of the book present new, unpublished materials, give new interpretations of already known facts, or summarize the materials of field research of previous years. The opinions expressed in various chapters reflect the positions of thier 12 authors. This collection was devoted to one of the co-authors who died in October 2019 – Erbulat A. Smagulov (Almaty).
Research Interests: Central Asian Studies, Silk Road Studies, Central Asian History (Area Studies), Nomadic Peoples, Archaeology of Central Asia, and 15 moreHistory of Kazakhstan, Central Asian Archaeology, Sarmatians, Mongolian and Central Asian Studies, Silk Road Archaeology, Archaeology of the Silk Road, Alans, Scythian and other Eurasian Nomadic Horse Warrior Cultures, Early Steppe Nomadic peoples migrations and social life, Early Alans, Nomadic/Indigenous People, History of the Silk Road, Central Asian Societies, Nomadic Empires, and history of Uzbekistan
В данной монографии впервые сведены воедино материалы могильника позднего бронзового века Кулевчи VI в Южном Зауралье. В книге читатель может найти как исчерпывающее описание исследованных экспедицией ЧГПИ в 1979–1983 гг. объектов, так и... more
В данной монографии впервые сведены воедино материалы могильника позднего бронзового века Кулевчи VI в Южном Зауралье. В книге читатель может найти как исчерпывающее описание исследованных экспедицией ЧГПИ в 1979–1983 гг. объектов, так и результаты обработки материалов этого замечательного во многих аспектах памятника разнообразными профильными специалистами. Безусловным достоинством монографии является ее обширный иллюстративный ряд.
Монография предназначена, прежде всего, для археологов. Но может быть полезна для всех интересующихся проблемами древней истории Южного Зауралья. Пространное англоязычное резюме, как надеются авторы, многократно увеличит читательскую аудиторию книги.
Монография предназначена, прежде всего, для археологов. Но может быть полезна для всех интересующихся проблемами древней истории Южного Зауралья. Пространное англоязычное резюме, как надеются авторы, многократно увеличит читательскую аудиторию книги.
Research Interests:
Research Interests: Archaeology, Paleoanthropology, Paleopathology, Physical Anthropology, Archaeology of Central Asia, and 19 moreархеология, Odontologia, Odontology, Phisical anthropology, скифо-сарматская археология, Trepanation, Paleopatologia, Craniometry, Bioarchaeology, Osteology, Paleopathology, ПАЛЕОАНТРОПОЛОГИЯ, палеопатология, Ancient Trepanation, одонтология, Археология Южной Си, археология Сибири и Центральной Азии, Археология Южной Сибири, Археология Урала, История Казахстана, and Одонтоглифика
В представленной монографии представлены данные по изучению памятников ранних кочевников в областях Западного Казахстана раннего железного века. Основной материал представленный в монографии это палеоантропологические материалы. Они... more
В представленной монографии представлены данные по изучению памятников ранних кочевников в областях Западного Казахстана раннего железного века. Основной материал представленный в монографии это палеоантропологические материалы. Они являются результатом многолетних исследований в области антропологии степной полосы Западного Казахстана и Волго-Уральского региона. Настоящая работа включает палеоантропологические данные, собранные учеными за период с 2007 г. по настоящее время. Авторы исследования, обобщив все имеющиеся данные, основанные на анализе индивидуальных краниометрических, а также одонтологических характеристик и патологических изменений, постарались осветить возможности решения вопросов в изучении кочевого населения Западного Казахстана и Волго-Уральского региона в раннем железном веке.
Research Interests: Paleopathology, Eurasian Nomads, Nomadic Peoples, Nomadism, Early Iron Age, and 40 moreархеология, Sarmatians, Odontology, скифо-сарматская археология, история савроматов, сарматов и алан, Nomads, Антропология, Trepanation, Scythian, Sarmatian, Meotian and Slavonic cultures, тирагеты–сарматы, Early Steppe Nomadic peoples migrations and social life, историческая антропология, Зауралье, Ancient Diseases, скифы античность Поволжье Приуралье савроматы звериный стиль, Археологија, Номады, кочевые культуры, ПАЛЕОАНТРОПОЛОГИЯ, кочевники, история археологии, ранние кочевники Урала, палеопатология, одонтология, физическая антропология, Cimmerians Scythians Sarmatians, Археология Южной Си, археология Сибири и Центральной Азии, Археология Южной Сибири, Археология Урала, історія археології, Южное Зауралье, археологія, трепанации, савроматы, Южный Урал, НЕОЛИТ, БРОНЗОВЫЙ ВЕК, РЖВ, одонтологические фены, Одонтоглифика, and Одонтологлифика
Опубликованы тексты докладов по раннему железному веку.
Research Interests:
The artical deals with new archaeological investigations in North Caucasus (Kabardino-Balkaria region).
Research Interests: Archaeology, Bronze Age Archaeology, North Caucasus, Bronze Age (Archaeology), Early Bronze Age (Archaeology), and 15 moreArcheologia, Middle Bronze Age, Bronze Age, археология, Archéologie, Maykop culture, Археологија, Archeology, Северный Кавказ, Katakombnaja Culture, эпоха бронзы, Koban Culture, катакомбная культура, Novosvobodnaya culture, and майкопская культура
The Scythians were a multitude of horse-warrior nomad cultures dwelling in the Eurasian steppe during the first millennium BCE. Because of the lack of first-hand written records, little is known about the origins and relations among the... more
The Scythians were a multitude of horse-warrior nomad cultures dwelling in the Eurasian steppe during the first millennium BCE. Because of the lack of first-hand written records, little is known about the origins and relations among the different cultures. To address these questions, we produced genome-wide data for 111 ancient individuals retrieved from 39 archaeological sites from the first millennia BCE and CE across the Central Asian Steppe. We uncovered major admixture events in the Late Bronze Age forming the genetic substratum for two main Iron Age gene-pools emerging around the Altai and the Urals respectively. Their demise was mirrored by new genetic turnovers, linked to the spread of the eastern nomad empires in the first centuries CE. Compared to the high genetic heterogeneity of the past, the homogenization of the present-day Kazakhs gene pool is notable, likely a result of 400 years of strict exogamous social rules.