- Moscow, Moscow City, Russian Federation
- History of Mongolia, History of Tibet, Mongolian Studies, History of the Mongol Empire, Mongol, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism, and 19 moreMongolia, Mongolian and Central Asian Studies, Tibetan Buddhism, Tibet, Tibetan History, Mongolian History in Qing period, Mongolian history, Sino-Tibetan Relations, Tibetan diaspora, Tibetan Studies, Buddhism, Buddhist Studies, Buddhist Philosophy, Zen Buddhism, Theravada Buddhism, Tantric Studies, Buddhist Art, Tantra, and Anthropology of Tibet and the Himalayasedit
Research Interests: Russian Studies, Nationalism, Mongolian Studies, Civil War, National Identity, and 15 moreNationalism And State Building, First World War, Russian History, Mongols, History of Nationalism and Nation-Building, Ethnic Conflict and Civil War, Russia, Mongolia, Russian Civil War, Nation-State, Mongolian and Central Asian Studies, Ethnicity and National Identity, Mongolic Studies, Paris Peace Conference, and Pan-mongolism
Кузьмин С.Л 2024 Рецензия на кн.:Неизвестная война. Сборник работ конференции по местам боев Гражданской войны 1921 г в Бурятии и Монголии. Улан-Удэ 2022 (Kuzmin SL2024 Book review: Unknown War.Collection of Conference Works on Battlefields of 1921 Civil War in Buryatia & Mongolia.Ulan-Ude,2022)more
Research Interests:
Research Interests: Chinese Studies, East Asia, Mongolian Studies, East Asian Studies, East Asian Politics, and 15 moreChina, Anthropology of China, Chinese Politics, China studies, Central Asia, Mongols, Chinese history (History), China's foreign policy, Chinese minorities, East Asian History, Mongolia, Chinese, Mongolian and Central Asian Studies, Mongolic Studies, and Mongolian history
Research Interests: Middle East Studies, Chinese Studies, East Asia, Mongolian Studies, History of Mongolia, and 15 moreEast Asian Studies, China, Modern Chinese History, Chinese Politics, China studies, Mongols, Chinese history (History), China's foreign policy, Chinese minorities, Mongolia, Chinese, Mongol, Mongolian and Central Asian Studies, Mongolic Studies, and Mongolian history
Research Interests: Chinese Studies, East Asia, Mongolian Studies, East Asian Studies, China, and 15 moreModern Chinese History, Anthropology of China, Chinese Politics, China studies, Mongols, Chinese history (History), China's foreign policy, Chinese minorities, East Asian History, Mongolia, Chinese, Mongol, Mongolian and Central Asian Studies, Mongolic Studies, and Mongolian history
Research Interests: Russian Studies, Chinese Studies, Tibetan Studies, Buddhist Studies, Mongolian Studies, and 13 moreHistory of Mongolia, Russian History, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, Mongols, Mongolia, Mongol, Reincarnation, Mongolian and Central Asian Studies, Mongolic Studies, Mongolian history, Gesar, and Ungern Sternberg
Research Interests:
Sergey Kuzmin’s paper draws on Russian and Mongolian archives to discuss the relationship between the Thirteenth Dalai Lama and the Jebtsundamba Khutagtu in the context of their joint hopes for future independence. This was promoted by... more
Sergey Kuzmin’s paper draws on Russian and Mongolian archives to discuss the relationship between the Thirteenth Dalai Lama and the Jebtsundamba Khutagtu in the context of their joint hopes for future independence. This was promoted by the prevalence of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia, the leadership of the Tibetan-born Jetsun Dampa Khutuktu, the influential Tibetan colony in the Mongolian capital of Niislel Khuree, and permanent contacts between Mongols and Tibetans. It demonstrates how the two states co-ordinated their independence struggle during the first half of the twentieth century. This association continued after the two states had broken away from China and continued into the 1930s, with individual Tibetan hierarchs becoming involved in local resistance to the Socialist suppression of Buddhism in Mongolia.
Research Interests:
Research Interests: International Relations, International Relations Theory, International Studies, International Law, Nationalism, and 13 moreMongolian Studies, History of Mongolia, National Identity, Mongolian, Independence, Mongolia, Mongolian and Central Asian Studies, Diplomacy and international relations, National government, Mongolic Studies, Mongolian history, Nationalism and Decolonization, and Mongolian Study
Research Interests: Revolutions, Mongolian Studies, Communism, Social movements and revolution, Socialism, and 15 moreNational Socialism, Mongols, Social Class, Social Classes, Mongolia, Social class struggles, Mongol, Mongolian and Central Asian Studies, Repression, History of Socialism, Mongolic Studies, Mongolian history, Political Repressions In the USSR, Transition From Feudalism to Capitalism, and Social Study of Classes
Research Interests:
Research Interests: Military History, Russian Studies, Chinese Studies, Mongolian Studies, History of Mongolia, and 13 moreChina, Modern Chinese History, Russian History, China studies, Chinese history (History), Mongolian, Independence, Mongolia, Mongolian and Central Asian Studies, National Liberation movements, Mongolian history, Nationalism and Decolonization, and Ungern Sternberg
Research Interests: Tibetan Studies, Mongolian Studies, History of Mongolia, Tibet, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism, and 15 moreAnthropology of Tibet and the Himalayas, Tibetan Buddhism, Mongolian, Tibetan and Himalayan societies, InterCultural Studies, Civilization, Interculturality, Tibetan History, Mongolian and Central Asian Studies, Inter-civilization contact and conflict, Indian civilization, Ancient civilizations, Mongolian history, Mongolian Buddhist History, and Mongolian Study
Research Interests: Chinese Studies, Colonialism, Chinese Language and Culture, China, China Going Global, and 15 moreModern Chinese History, History of Republican Period China, Anthropology of China, Qing Dynasty (Ch'ing Dynasty), China studies, Contemporary China, Chinese history (History), Late Imperial-Modern China, History of China, China's foreign policy, Chinese minorities, Chinese, Modern China (especially late Qing and Republican history), Qing imperial history, and Ming and Qing China
Research Interests: International Relations, Chinese Studies, Chinese Language and Culture, China, China Going Global, and 15 moreModern Chinese History, History of Republican Period China, Anthropology of China, Chinese Politics, China studies, Early China, Contemporary China, Chinese history (History), Late Imperial-Modern China, History of China, China's foreign policy, Chinese minorities, Chinese, Modern China (especially late Qing and Republican history), and The Rise of China
Research Interests: Russian Studies, International Relations, International Relations Theory, International Studies, International Law, and 15 moreState Formation, Mongolian Studies, Public International Law, Russian Foreign Policy, National Identity, Nationalism And State Building, Russian History, China studies, Mongolia, State, Mongolian and Central Asian Studies, Diplomacy and international relations, National government, Mongolic Studies, and Mongolian history
Research Interests: Russian Studies, International Relations, International Studies, Chinese Studies, International Law, and 15 moreRussian Politics, Mongolian Studies, Russian Foreign Policy, China, Russian History, China studies, Chinese history (History), History of China, China's foreign policy, Russia, Mongolia, Mongolian and Central Asian Studies, Diplomacy and international relations, Mongolic Studies, and Mongolian history
Research Interests: Russian Studies, International Relations, International Relations Theory, International Studies, Chinese Studies, and 14 moreInternational Law, Nationalism, Mongolian Studies, Russian Foreign Policy, Nationalism And State Building, Modern Chinese History, Russian History, Mongolia, Mongolian and Central Asian Studies, Modern China (especially late Qing and Republican history), National government, Mongolic Studies, Mongolian history, and Nationalism and Decolonization
Research Interests: Inner Asian Studies, Central Asian Studies, Mongolian Studies, Central Asia (History), Central Asian Politics, and 15 moreInner Asian History, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism, Central Asia, Mongols, Central asian history, Monarchy, Mongolia, Mongol, Inner Asia, Mongolian and Central Asian Studies, Theocracy, Mongolic Studies, Mongolian history, Mongolian Buddhist History, and Central Asian Societies
Research Interests: Diplomatic History, Russian Studies, Soviet History, International Law, Mongolian Studies, and 15 moreDiplomatic Studies, Russian Foreign Policy, Diplomatics, Russian History, Soviet Union (History), Russian Revolution, Mongols, Mongolia, Mongol, Mongolian and Central Asian Studies, Soviet Studies, Soviet Union, Russian and Soviet History, Diplomacy and international relations, and Mongolic Studies
The paper draws on Russian and Mongolian archives to discuss the relationship between the Thirteenth Dalai Lama and the Jebtsundamba Khutagtu in the context of their joint hopes for future independence. This was promoted by the prevalence... more
The paper draws on Russian and Mongolian archives to discuss the relationship between the Thirteenth Dalai Lama and the Jebtsundamba Khutagtu in the context of their joint hopes for future independence. This was promoted by the prevalence of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia, the leadership of the Tibetan-born Jetsun Dampa Khutuktu, the influential Tibetan colony in the Mongolian capital of Niislel Khuree, and permanent contacts between Mongols and Tibetans. It demonstrates how the two states co-ordinated their independence struggle during the first half of the twentieth century. This association continued after the two states had broken away from China and continued into the 1930s, with individual Tibetan hierarchs becoming involved in local resistance to the Socialist suppression of Buddhism in Mongolia.
Full book is available at https://www.aup.nl/en/book/9789463728645/the-early-20th-century-resurgence-of-the-tibetan-buddhist-world
Electronic version of this paper may be sent privately by e-mail.
Full book is available at https://www.aup.nl/en/book/9789463728645/the-early-20th-century-resurgence-of-the-tibetan-buddhist-world
Electronic version of this paper may be sent privately by e-mail.
Research Interests: Tibetan Studies, East Asia, Mongolian Studies, Colonialism, East Asian Studies, and 15 moreTibet, Chinese foreign policy, Modern Chinese History, Anthropology of Mongolia, Tibetan Buddhism, Mongols, Chinese history (History), Chinese minorities, Imperialism, Mongolia, Sino-Tibetan Relations, Mongol, Mongolian and Central Asian Studies, Mongolian history, and Colonialism and Imperialism
Research Interests:
Research Interests: Soviet History, Inner Asian Studies, War Studies, East Asia, Mongolian Studies, and 13 moreEast Asian Studies, History of the USSR, China, History of Republican Period China, Japan, Soviet Union (History), Mongols, Chinese history (History), Warfare, Chinese minorities, Mongolia, Mongol, and Mongolian and Central Asian Studies
Research Interests: History of Japan, East Asia, Mongolian Studies, History of Mongolia, East Asian Studies, and 15 moreChina, History of Republican Period China, Anthropology of China, Japan, Anthropology of Mongolia, China studies, Central Asia, Chinese history (History), History of China, Chinese minorities, East Asian History, Mongolia, Mongolian and Central Asian Studies, Manchukuo, and Russia China Relations
Research Interests: Tibetan Studies, East Asia, Colonialism, East Asian Studies, Tibet, and 15 moreChina, Chinese Diaspora (Migration and Ethnicity), Modern Chinese History, Qing Dynasty (Ch'ing Dynasty), Tibetan Buddhism, China studies, Central Asia, Chinese history (History), History of China, Chinese minorities, Imperialism, Sino-Tibetan Relations, Manchu Studies, Modern China (especially late Qing and Republican history), and Colonialism and Imperialism
Electronic version of the book of papers based on presentations at the International Conference 'Baron R.F. von Ungern-Sternberg in Mongolian History', devoted to the 100-years anniversary of the restoration of Mongolia's independence by... more
Electronic version of the book of papers based on presentations at the International Conference 'Baron R.F. von Ungern-Sternberg in Mongolian History', devoted to the 100-years anniversary of the restoration of Mongolia's independence by baron R.F. von Ungern-Sternberg in 1921 (Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, February 4, 2021).
Texts in Mongolian, Russian and English languages.
Texts in Mongolian, Russian and English languages.
Research Interests: Russian Studies, Nationalism, Mongolian Studies, History of Mongolia, Nationalism And State Building, and 15 moreChina, Modern Chinese History, Russian History, History of Republican Period China, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism, China studies, Mongols, Chinese history (History), Mongolia, Anti-communism, Russian Civil War, Mongol, Mongolian and Central Asian Studies, Anticolonialism, and Mongolian history
Research Interests: Russian Studies, Nationalism, Mongolian Studies, History of Mongolia, Russian Foreign Policy, and 15 moreNationalism And State Building, Russian History, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism, Anthropology of Mongolia, Mongols, Chinese history (History), Monarchy, Russian Empire, Mongolia, Russian Civil War, Mongol, Mongolian and Central Asian Studies, post-Mongol, Mongolic Studies, and Nationalism and Decolonization
Research Interests: Russian Studies, Nationalism, Mongolian Studies, Russian Foreign Policy, Nationalism And State Building, and 15 moreRussian History, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism, Anthropology of Mongolia, Mongols, Monarchy, History of Communism, Russian Empire, Mongolia, Anti-communism, Russian Civil War, Mongol, Mongolian and Central Asian Studies, Anti-Colonialism, post-Mongol, and Mongolian history
The concept of civilization is not unambiguously defined, which leads to a significant variation in approaches up to the denial of the civilizational approach. This concept is conditional and largely subjective, so that in different... more
The concept of civilization is not unambiguously defined, which leads to a significant variation in approaches up to the denial of the civilizational approach. This concept is conditional and largely subjective, so that in different systems, the same people fall into different civilizations. In addition, changes in the analyzed civilizations over time are often combined with the allocation of their static criteria, which increases the subjectivity of results. In this regard, it is reasonable to carry out the analysis of local civilizations in two aspects, dynamic (changes in time) and static (a "snapshot"). In addition, it seems promising to develop a multifactorial approach to the analysis of similarity levels for different ethnic groups, based on social characters, which would provide a more realistic picture. Preliminary comparison shows a higher similarity between the Tibetan and Mongolian ethnic groups than with other groups in the terms of key characters of religion, social and psychological characteristics, customs, languages, folklore, traditional views on nature, traditional economy, clothing, fine arts, jewelry, singing and music, as well as family rites. This allows us distinguishing a separate Tibetan-Mongolian civilization.
Research Interests: Tibetan Studies, Himalayan culture, Mongolian Studies, History of Mongolia, Tibet, and 15 moreTibeto-Mongolian Buddhism, Anthropology of Tibet and the Himalayas, Comparative Civilizations (Archaeology), Tibetan Buddhism, Mongols, Tibetan and Himalayan societies, Civilization, Mongolia, Mongol, Bhutan, Mongolian and Central Asian Studies, Inter-civilization contact and conflict, Mongolian Languages, Mongolic Studies, and Mongolian history
В России Монголия с ее богатой историей и культурой издавна вызывает интерес: мы не только соседи, но и имеем немалые отрезки общей судьбы. Ныне лишь часть Монголии является суверенным государством, тогда как другая ее часть — Внутренняя... more
В России Монголия с ее богатой историей и культурой издавна вызывает интерес: мы не только соседи, но и имеем немалые отрезки общей судьбы. Ныне лишь часть Монголии является суверенным государством, тогда как другая ее часть — Внутренняя Монголия — находится в составе КНР. Про нее знают меньше, даже про совсем недавнее прошлое: многое ли известно нам о первых десятилетиях Внутренней Монголии под властью КНР, о положении монголов при Мао Цзэдуне?
Этот период ее истории не слишком известен даже специалистам — как китаеведам, так и монголоведам. В современной КНР этот вопрос, как и многие другие «неоднозначные страницы» прошлого, предпочитают обходить стороной — или подают в лозунгово-пропагандистском ключе «освобождения монголов и благоденствия в дружной семье национальностей КНР». Изучение этого периода истории крайне затруднено.
Предлагаемая книга частично заполняет этот пробел. Она представляет собой уникальное собрание свидетельств очевидцев событий, практически неизвестных в России — масштабных, невиданных репрессий против монголов, организованных Коммунистической партией Китая во главе с Мао Цзэдуном. Эти массовые убийства и репрессии достигли пика во времена организованной Мао так называемой Великой пролетарской культурной революции (про которую в Китае тоже не любят вспоминать), когда волна хаоса и насилия прокатилась по всей КНР.
Собранные и изученные материалы позволили автору сделать вывод о том, что во Внутренней Монголии был осуществлен геноцид монголов. Не стоит ждать от автора научной отстраненности — эта книга из тех, что написаны кровью сердца.
Эта книга будет интересна историкам, политологам, студентам гуманитарных специальностей и всем, кто интересуется историей КНР и Монголии.
Этот период ее истории не слишком известен даже специалистам — как китаеведам, так и монголоведам. В современной КНР этот вопрос, как и многие другие «неоднозначные страницы» прошлого, предпочитают обходить стороной — или подают в лозунгово-пропагандистском ключе «освобождения монголов и благоденствия в дружной семье национальностей КНР». Изучение этого периода истории крайне затруднено.
Предлагаемая книга частично заполняет этот пробел. Она представляет собой уникальное собрание свидетельств очевидцев событий, практически неизвестных в России — масштабных, невиданных репрессий против монголов, организованных Коммунистической партией Китая во главе с Мао Цзэдуном. Эти массовые убийства и репрессии достигли пика во времена организованной Мао так называемой Великой пролетарской культурной революции (про которую в Китае тоже не любят вспоминать), когда волна хаоса и насилия прокатилась по всей КНР.
Собранные и изученные материалы позволили автору сделать вывод о том, что во Внутренней Монголии был осуществлен геноцид монголов. Не стоит ждать от автора научной отстраненности — эта книга из тех, что написаны кровью сердца.
Эта книга будет интересна историкам, политологам, студентам гуманитарных специальностей и всем, кто интересуется историей КНР и Монголии.
Research Interests: Mongolian Studies, Colonialism, History of Mongolia, China, Modern Chinese History, and 15 moreAnthropology of China, Anthropology of Mongolia, China studies, Chinese history (History), History of China, Armenian Genocide, Genocide, Chinese minorities, History of Communism, Maoism, Mongolia, Mongol, Mongolian and Central Asian Studies, The Rise of China, and Colonialism and Imperialism
Research Interests:
This article aims at determining Mongolia’s status based on historical documents and contemporaries’ evaluation. It discusses the change in the legal status of Mongolia from the collapse of the Qing Empire till the mid-20th Century.... more
This article aims at determining Mongolia’s status based on historical documents and contemporaries’ evaluation. It discusses the change in the legal status of Mongolia from the collapse of the Qing Empire till the mid-20th Century. Mongolia was not a part of China but was in vassal–suzerain relationship with the Manchu emperors of the Qing Empire. The Qing ‘new policy’ of Chinese colonization destroyed this relationship which led to national liberation movement of the Mongols. Abdication of the dynasty and proclaiming of the Republic of China gave new legitimate ground for independence of Mongolia. The declaration of independence of Mongolia on December 29, 1911 as the culmination of this movement was legitimate and was not a revolution. The treaty signed in 1912 between Russia and Mongolia may be considered as de jure recognition of the independence but not the autonomy of Mongolia. Unambiguous recognition of her autonomy was recorded in the agreement of 1915 between Russia, China and Outer Mongolia. Outer Mongolia became the state under the formal suzerainty of China and the protectorate of Russia. The abolishment of autonomy and occupation of Outer Mongolia by China in 1919 was illegitimate. In 1921, baron R. F. von Ungern-Sternberg reinstated the autonomy and de facto independence of Outer Mongolia. From the take-over of supreme authority in Outer Mongolia by the Mongolian People's Party in 1921 until adoption of the Constitution in the Mongolian People's Republic in 1924, the status of Outer Mongolia was undefined. From 1924 until the recognition by China in 1946, the Mongolian People's Republic was de facto independent state with the implied (silent) recognition by the USSR. Striving to re-unification of Inner Mongolia and Hulunbuir with independent Outer Mongolia / Mongolian People's Republic was historical choice of the peoples of all these Mongolian regions.
Research Interests: Chinese Studies, Self-Determination Theory, Mongolian Studies, History of Mongolia, Nationalism And State Building, and 15 moreChina, History of Republican Period China, Qing Dynasty (Ch'ing Dynasty), China studies, Contemporary China, Mongols, Chinese history (History), History of China, Chinese minorities, Mongolia, Mongolian and Central Asian Studies, Modern China (especially late Qing and Republican history), Mongolic Studies, Mongolian history, and Nation building and State making
Research Interests: Chinese Studies, East Asia, East Asian Studies, China, Modern Chinese History, and 15 moreChinese Politics, Qing Dynasty (Ch'ing Dynasty), China studies, Late Imperial-Modern China, Monarchy, Chinese minorities, East Asian History, Chinese, Modern and Contemporary China, Modern China (especially late Qing and Republican history), Qing Dynasty, New Qing History, Qing imperial history, China's foreign and defense policies, and Chinese Ethnic Minorities
Research Interests: Chinese Studies, Inner Asian Studies, East Asian Studies, East Asian Politics, Inner Asian History, and 13 moreChina, Chinese Politics, Qing Dynasty (Ch'ing Dynasty), China studies, Chinese history (History), Late Imperial-Modern China, Monarchy, China's foreign policy, East Asian History, Manchu Studies, Modern China (especially late Qing and Republican history), China's foreign and defense policies, and Inner Asia and Mongolian Studies
Research Interests: Buddhism, Inner Asian Studies, Central Asian Studies, Mongolian Studies, History of Mongolia, and 15 moreCentral Asia (History), Inner Asian History, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism, Anthropology of Mongolia, Tibetan Buddhism, Central Asia, Mongols, Mongolia, Mongol, Mongolian and Central Asian Studies, Mongolian Archaeology, Mongolic Studies, Mongolian history, Mongolian Buddhist History, and Central Asian Societies
Research Interests: Chinese Studies, Inner Asian Studies, East Asia, Mongolian Studies, East Asian Studies, and 15 moreInner Asian History, China, Chinese Politics, Social movements and revolution, Qing Dynasty (Ch'ing Dynasty), China studies, Chinese history (History), Late Imperial-Modern China, Monarchy, China's foreign policy, Manchu, Chinese, Manchu Studies, Modern China (especially late Qing and Republican history), and China revolution
Research Interests: Sociology of Religion, Inner Asian Studies, Revolutions, Mongolian Studies, History of Mongolia, and 15 moreCommunism, Inner Asian History, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, Central Asia, Mongols, Mongolia, Mongol, Mongolian and Central Asian Studies, Repression, Mongolic Studies, Mongolian history, Communist Repressions, Political Repressions In the USSR, and Central Asian Societies
Research Interests: Chinese Studies, Tibetan Studies, Colonialism, Tibet, China, and 15 moreHistory of Republican Period China, Anthropology of China, Chinese Politics, Tibetan Buddhism, China studies, Contemporary China, Chinese history (History), Late Imperial-Modern China, History of China, China's foreign policy, Sino-Tibetan Relations, Tibetan History, The Rise of China, China's foreign and defense policies, and Communism and national question
Research Interests: Tibetan Studies, Sovereignty, Colonialism, Tibet, China, and 15 moreChina Going Global, Qing Dynasty (Ch'ing Dynasty), Tibetan Buddhism, China studies, Contemporary China, Independence, Tibetan and Himalayan societies, Late Imperial-Modern China, China's foreign policy, Tibetan History, Modern China (especially late Qing and Republican history), Anti-Colonialism, State sovereignty, Dalai lama, and Colonialism and Imperialism
Research Interests: German Studies, Russian Studies, German History, Chinese Studies, Mongolian Studies, and 14 moreHistory of Mongolia, Russian Foreign Policy, World War I, First World War, Russian History, Chinese Politics, China studies, Chinese history (History), China's foreign policy, Germany, Foreign relations, Mongolia, Mongolian and Central Asian Studies, and Mongolian history
西藏是一個古老王國，不僅其宗教和神秘性，它的歷史很大程度上遭到中共官方刻意隱蔽。... more
西藏是一個古老王國，不僅其宗教和神秘性，它的歷史很大程度上遭到中共官方刻意隱蔽。 本書駁斥了一些關於西藏宗教和歷史的錯誤觀點。自古以來西藏王國從未是中國的一部分，也未曾失去其國家地位。反而，當時的中原地區確是蒙古大元帝國和大清帝國不可分割的一部分。一般認為西藏是其鄰近帝國不可分割的一部分，都是源自於中原的「普天之下，莫非王土」的古老論述。中國堅稱繼承蒙古和滿清「遺產」的說辭，是沒有任何根據的。將併吞中原地區的諸外邦大帝國納入到「中原王朝」的概念下，新中國編造了一整個虛假的中國王朝歷史。所以，將西藏納入中華人民共和國是不合法的。西藏就是一個被佔領的國家。 本書涵蓋了古代到現代的西藏建國歷史、封建制度和社會主義時期的藏人生活、西藏被強制納入中華人民共和國、被壓制的民族解放運動、文化大革命、以及隨後的改革開放等。這些事件的許多圖片和數據都是第一次公開發表。 這本書在俄羅斯造成了極大迴響，引起了學術界和政治界的重視。 商品特色： 本書戳破中國堅稱繼承蒙古和滿清「遺產」的謊言，由蘇俄學者揭露了被中共官方刻意隱蔽的西藏歷史，新中國編造了一整個虛假的中國王朝歷史，西藏就是一個被佔領的國家。
Research Interests: Chinese Studies, Tibetan Studies, Tibet, China, Chinese Politics, and 15 moreTibeto-Mongolian Buddhism, Anthropology of Tibet and the Himalayas, Tibetan Buddhism, China studies, Contemporary China, Chinese history (History), Tibetan and Himalayan societies, Late Imperial-Modern China, China's foreign policy, Maoist Movement in Nepal, Maoism, Sino-Tibetan Relations, Chinese, Tibetan History, and Indian Maoists
西藏是一個古老王國，不僅其宗教和神秘性，它的歷史很大程度上遭到中共官方刻意隱蔽。... more
西藏是一個古老王國，不僅其宗教和神秘性，它的歷史很大程度上遭到中共官方刻意隱蔽。 本書駁斥了一些關於西藏宗教和歷史的錯誤觀點。自古以來西藏王國從未是中國的一部分，也未曾失去其國家地位。反而，當時的中原地區確是蒙古大元帝國和大清帝國不可分割的一部分。一般認為西藏是其鄰近帝國不可分割的一部分，都是源自於中原的「普天之下，莫非王土」的古老論述。中國堅稱繼承蒙古和滿清「遺產」的說辭，是沒有任何根據的。將併吞中原地區的諸外邦大帝國納入到「中原王朝」的概念下，新中國編造了一整個虛假的中國王朝歷史。所以，將西藏納入中華人民共和國是不合法的。西藏就是一個被佔領的國家。 本書涵蓋了古代到現代的西藏建國歷史、封建制度和社會主義時期的藏人生活、西藏被強制納入中華人民共和國、被壓制的民族解放運動、文化大革命、以及隨後的改革開放等。這些事件的許多圖片和數據都是第一次公開發表。 這本書在俄羅斯造成了極大迴響，引起了學術界和政治界的重視。 商品特色： 本書戳破中國堅稱繼承蒙古和滿清「遺產」的謊言，由蘇俄學者揭露了被中共官方刻意隱蔽的西藏歷史，新中國編造了一整個虛假的中國王朝歷史，西藏就是一個被佔領的國家。
Research Interests:
Research Interests: Russian Studies, Inner Asian Studies, Revolutions, Nationalism, Mongolian Studies, and 15 moreHistory of Mongolia, Inner Asian History, China, Chinese foreign policy, History of Comintern, China studies, Mongols, Chinese history (History), Rebellion, Mongolia, Mongolian and Central Asian Studies, Liberation movements, Mongolic Studies, Nationalism and Decolonization, and Chineses Studies
Research Interests: Chinese Studies, Tibetan Studies, Revolutions, Central Asian Studies, Mongolian Studies, and 15 moreTibet, China studies, Socialism, Central Asia, Chinese history (History), Tajikistan, Ethnic Conflict and Civil War, Uzbekistan, History of Communism, Maoism, Anti-imperialism, Mongolia, Sino-Tibetan Relations, Tibetan History, and Mongolian and Central Asian Studies
Research Interests: Russian Studies, Chinese Studies, Inner Asian Studies, Revolutions, Nationalism, and 15 moreMongolian Studies, History of Mongolia, Inner Asian History, China, History of Comintern, China studies, Mongols, Chinese history (History), China's foreign policy, Rebellion, Mongolia, Mongolian and Central Asian Studies, Liberation movements, Mongolic Studies, and Nationalism and Decolonization
Орчин үеийн Монгол улс- дэлхий дээрхи монголчуудийн үндэстний цор ганц улс. Түүний өвлөхүй нь 1911 онд олноор өргөгдсөн Монгол улсаас болох нь бүгдээр хүлээгдсэн болно. Гэвч одоо болтол нилээн хэдэн асуудлаар шүүмжлэл гарч үргэлжилсээр... more
Орчин үеийн Монгол улс- дэлхий дээрхи монголчуудийн үндэстний цор ганц улс. Түүний өвлөхүй нь 1911 онд олноор өргөгдсөн Монгол улсаас болох нь бүгдээр хүлээгдсэн болно. Гэвч одоо болтол нилээн хэдэн асуудлаар шүүмжлэл гарч үргэлжилсээр байна, жишээлбэл: Хаант улс бүх монголчуудын хүсэл илэрхийлэлээр тунхаглагдсан юм уу? Үүнд бурханы шашин ба төвд Жавзандамба хутагт ямар үүрэг гүйцэтгэсэн юм бэ? Монголын тусгаар тогтнолыг тунхагласан уг үндэслэлээс одоо ямар сургамж авч болох вэ? Миний итгэл энэ асуудлыг монголын ба оросын архивын эх сурвалжид болон шинжлэх ухааны судалгаанд тулгуурлан хянан үзэхэд зориулагдсан болно. Монгол орон Хятадын нөлөөн дор биш, харин Чин гүрний засаглалын дор байсан ба уг гүрний нэг хэсэг нь Хятад байсныг харуулж байна. Чин гүрний бутран унах цаг дөхөх тутам Гадаад Монголд Жавзандамба ламын тэргүүлсэн шашин төрийг хосолсон шашныг баримтлагчид; хувраг санваартнууд ард олонтой нягт холбоотой; шашны засаг захиргааны төвлөрөл, түүний легитими байдал; сүм хийдийн эдийн засгийн хүч феодалынхийг бодвол цаашид улмаар бэхжиж байгаа. Тусгаар тогтнолыг тунхаглан тогтоосны дараа монголын ард түмэн Жавзандамба хутагтыг эзэн Богд хааны ширээнд өргөмжлөсөн болно. Жавзандамба хутагтыг хаанд өргөмжлөх нь төвдийн бурханы шашны ба Чингисын удмын их хаадын уламжлалтай зохицож байсан болно. 1912 онд Чин улсын династи хаан ширээнээс татгалзсан явдал ба Хятадын бүгд найрамдах улсыг зарласан байдал Монголд өөрийн тусгаар тогтнолыг тунхаглах шинэ үндэслэлийг өгсөн байна. 1915 оны Хиагтын гэрээний дараа Жавзандамба хутагтын улс төрийн бодлогын гол суурь нь Монгол орон, өөрийн монголчуудын уламжлал, Шарын шашинд тулгуурлан Хятадаас тусгаар тогтнолоо олоход оршиж байсан болно. Оросын эзэн хаант улсын дэмжлэгийн ачаар Гадаад Монгол нь бодтой тусгаар улсын байдалд оршиж байсан байна. Хэдийгээр МАХН зөвлөлтийн коммунистуудийн удирдлагын дор төр засгийг барьж байсан боловч Жавзандамба хутагтын тусгаар тогтнолыг хадгалах тэр бодлогыг өвчлөн үргэлжлүүлж байсан болно. Тэглээ ч гэсэн коммунистууд Шарын шашин, уламжлал заншлыг устгаж байсан боловч тэдний үзэл бодлого бүтэхгүй нуран унасан билээ. Түүний үр дүнд, 1990 онд монголчууд сурталын олон ургалч үзлийн чанарыг олж авсан байна. Тэгээд бүр тэр “хамгаалалтын хуяг” болсон Шарын шашин, уламжлалт заншил ба монголчуудыг нэгтгэж байсан Жавзандамбын үеийн эзэн хаант үзэл санаа үгүй болжээ. Монголын үндэсний аюулгүй байдалд ноцтой занал үүсэж байлаа. Түүний хамгийн гол нь – Хятадын түрэмгий бодлого байв. Эдийн засгийн өргөлжлөлийн хажуугаар одоо бүр үзэл сурталын түрэмгийлэл явуулж байна. Монголчуудыг хагаралд оруулсан шугам бол Богд гэгээн Монголын хөгжилд хортой нөлөө үзүүлж байгаа мэт, Төвдтэй холбоотой байгаа нь Монголыг боолчлоход тус дөхөм болж, бурханы шашин – хоцрогдсон шашин гэх мэтээр сурталчлах явдал байжээ. Энэ бүгд бол шинжлэх ухааны үүднээс буруу үзэл юм. Мөн гадаадын миссионерууд, ялангуяа протестант шашны номлогч нар бас өөрийн хорт хувь нэмрийг үзүүлсээр байна. Энэхүү аюулын үндэс бол уламжлал, Шарын шашнаас татгалзах, хэрэглээний нийгмийн үзэл санаа, money making, Хятадын Монголд нэвтрэх бодлого юм. Энэ аюулаас сэргэмжлэн зайлах ба Монголын тусгаар тогтнолыг хадгалахын тулд Олноор өргөгдсөн улсын түүхэн сургамжийг байнга санаж байх ёстой: улс ба ард түмэн Шарын шашин ба монголын уламжлалдаа тулгуурлах; БНХАУ-аас эдийн засгийн, улс төрийн, үзэл суртлын хувьд хамааралт байдлыг зогсоох; монголчуудад харш коммунист ба барууны шашны болон үзэл суртлаас зайлсхийх; Бурханы шашны байгал орчинг халамжлах анхааралтай хандах заншлыг сахих.
Modern Mongolia is the only nation-state of the Mongols in the world. It recognized the continuity from the Mongolian State proclaimed in 1911. But discussions are still ongoing on a number of issues. Was the proclamation of monarchy the will of the Mongolian people? What was the role of Buddhism and the Tibetan Javzandamba Khutagt in this? Which lessons can be learnt from the grounds on which Mongolia's independence was proclaimed? I am trying to answer these questions based on sources from the Mongolian and Russian archives and on scientific studies. In the Qing time Mongolia was not governed by China. It was connected with China only through the Manchu dynasty. In that period, the conquered China was not an independent state but only a part of the Qing Empire. By the time of the Qing Empire collapse, prerequisites for the formation of a theocratic state led by the Javzandamba Lama had matured in Outer Mongolia. The main prerequisites were: commitment to Buddhism of almost the entire population; close ties of the clergy with almost all people; legitimacy and centralization of the religious authority, primarily, khuvilgaans; economic potential of the clergy, which exceeded the potential of the feudal lords. Enthronement of the Javzandamba as the Bogd Khaan has combined traditions of Tibetan Buddhism and legacy of Chinggis Khaan, and the proclamation of Mongolian independence just in Khalkha was predictable. Abdication of the Manchu Dynasty in 1912 and proclamation of the Republic of China gave a new legitimate basis for the independence of Mongolia. The ROC and the PRC are nation-states of only Chinese (i.e. Han) and not of other nationalities. Modern China has no historical continuity from the Qing Empire. The Chinese claims to Mongolian lands are not justified. After the tripartite Khiagt Agreement of 1915, the basic foundation of the Javzandamba Khutagt policy was Mongolian independence from China based on the traditions of Mongols and Buddhism. With support from the Russian Empire, Outer Mongolia remained de facto independent state. Although the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party ruled under factual leadership of the Soviet communists, it followed the continuity of the Javzandamba's policy of maintaining independence. At the same time, revolutionaries destroyed Buddhism and traditionalism. Later their ideology failed. As a result, after the fall of socialism in 1990s, pluralism of ideologies emerged in Mongolia. But there was no longer the "protective screen" of Buddhism and the Bogd Khaan institution. Serious threats to the national security of Mongolia emerged. The main threat is the PRC. In addition to economic expansion, its ideological expansion is underway. A line of split among Mongols is propaganda that Javzandamba had a harmful influence on the development of Mongolia; that ties with Tibet contributed to the enslavement of Mongolia; that Buddhism is a backward religion and so on. All these ideas are wrong from scientific point of view. At the core of modern threats to Mongolia is rejection of the Yellow Religion and Mongolian traditions, introduction of the consumer society ideology and money making, increased China's penetration into Mongolia. To avoid these threats and to preserve Mongolia's independence, it is necessary to remember historical lessons of the Bogd Khaan's State of Mongolia: reliance of the state and people on the Yellow Religion and Mongolian traditions; resistance against economic, political and ideological expansion of China; avoidance of socialism, Western religions and ideologies alien to the Mongols; usage of Buddhist sociological and nature conservation traditions.
Modern Mongolia is the only nation-state of the Mongols in the world. It recognized the continuity from the Mongolian State proclaimed in 1911. But discussions are still ongoing on a number of issues. Was the proclamation of monarchy the will of the Mongolian people? What was the role of Buddhism and the Tibetan Javzandamba Khutagt in this? Which lessons can be learnt from the grounds on which Mongolia's independence was proclaimed? I am trying to answer these questions based on sources from the Mongolian and Russian archives and on scientific studies. In the Qing time Mongolia was not governed by China. It was connected with China only through the Manchu dynasty. In that period, the conquered China was not an independent state but only a part of the Qing Empire. By the time of the Qing Empire collapse, prerequisites for the formation of a theocratic state led by the Javzandamba Lama had matured in Outer Mongolia. The main prerequisites were: commitment to Buddhism of almost the entire population; close ties of the clergy with almost all people; legitimacy and centralization of the religious authority, primarily, khuvilgaans; economic potential of the clergy, which exceeded the potential of the feudal lords. Enthronement of the Javzandamba as the Bogd Khaan has combined traditions of Tibetan Buddhism and legacy of Chinggis Khaan, and the proclamation of Mongolian independence just in Khalkha was predictable. Abdication of the Manchu Dynasty in 1912 and proclamation of the Republic of China gave a new legitimate basis for the independence of Mongolia. The ROC and the PRC are nation-states of only Chinese (i.e. Han) and not of other nationalities. Modern China has no historical continuity from the Qing Empire. The Chinese claims to Mongolian lands are not justified. After the tripartite Khiagt Agreement of 1915, the basic foundation of the Javzandamba Khutagt policy was Mongolian independence from China based on the traditions of Mongols and Buddhism. With support from the Russian Empire, Outer Mongolia remained de facto independent state. Although the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party ruled under factual leadership of the Soviet communists, it followed the continuity of the Javzandamba's policy of maintaining independence. At the same time, revolutionaries destroyed Buddhism and traditionalism. Later their ideology failed. As a result, after the fall of socialism in 1990s, pluralism of ideologies emerged in Mongolia. But there was no longer the "protective screen" of Buddhism and the Bogd Khaan institution. Serious threats to the national security of Mongolia emerged. The main threat is the PRC. In addition to economic expansion, its ideological expansion is underway. A line of split among Mongols is propaganda that Javzandamba had a harmful influence on the development of Mongolia; that ties with Tibet contributed to the enslavement of Mongolia; that Buddhism is a backward religion and so on. All these ideas are wrong from scientific point of view. At the core of modern threats to Mongolia is rejection of the Yellow Religion and Mongolian traditions, introduction of the consumer society ideology and money making, increased China's penetration into Mongolia. To avoid these threats and to preserve Mongolia's independence, it is necessary to remember historical lessons of the Bogd Khaan's State of Mongolia: reliance of the state and people on the Yellow Religion and Mongolian traditions; resistance against economic, political and ideological expansion of China; avoidance of socialism, Western religions and ideologies alien to the Mongols; usage of Buddhist sociological and nature conservation traditions.
Research Interests: Buddhism, Foreign Policy Analysis, Chinese Studies, Buddhist Studies, Political Science, and 15 moreMongolian Studies, Colonialism, Foreign Policy, Tibet, Post-Colonialism, China, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism, Anthropology of Mongolia, China studies, Contemporary China, Mongols, China's foreign policy, Mongolia, post-Mongol, and Mongolic Studies
Кузьмин С.Л., Батсайхан О. 2019 Об указе императора Хунтайджи (Абахая) о восстановлении независимости монголов после падения Цинской династии (Kuzmin S.L., Batsaikhan O. 2019. On the decree of the Hong taiji (Abahai) emperor on the restoration of independence of the Mongols after the fall of Qing)more