- Csaba Varga (Pécs, 1941–) is a Hungarian jurisprudent, Research Professor Emeritus at the Institute for Legal Studies... moreCsaba Varga (Pécs, 1941–) is a Hungarian jurisprudent, Research Professor Emeritus at the Institute for Legal Studies of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Professor Emeritus at the Pázmány Péter Catholic University, once founder of its Institute for Legal Philosophy, acknowledged under his directorship as a “Place of Excellence”. A laureate of Széchenyi Prize, the highest honour granted for achievements in scholarship in his country. His overall interest has ever ranged from legal philosophyedit
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests: Philosophy and Temptation
One of the most ancient forms of thinking about law is what is today known as positivist or normativist. It focuses on the product presented in the name of the law, the textual representation which not only simply includes, but directly... more
One of the most ancient forms of thinking about law is what is today known as positivist or normativist. It focuses on the product presented in the name of the law, the textual representation which not only simply includes, but directly embodies the law. In other words, it is a corpus, whether it is a code, a properly issued rule or a set of ad-hoc decisions: this is the law itself. This represents a short-circuited ready form for cognition, which the conscious follower and the professional agent of the law will both use as a tool. In addition, however, presumably ages later, there emerges a completely different version of the idea of law, rooted in a culture that forecasts the hermeneutic way of thinking. If in the former an approach based on epistemology can be discerned, the latter takes a more ontological approach instead. This focuses, beyond the given text, upon its interpretation and on the understanding that may be drawn from the text, and thus ultimately on the content whic...
Research Interests:
In reconsideration of the composition and operation of European law, it is the description of its underlying mentality that may cast best light on the query whether European law is the extension of domestic laws or a sui generis product.... more
In reconsideration of the composition and operation of European law, it is the description of its underlying mentality that may cast best light on the query whether European law is the extension of domestic laws or a sui generis product. As to its action, European law is destructive upon the survival of traditions of legal positivism, for it recalls post modern clichés rather. Like a solar system with planets, it is two-centred from the beginning, commissioning both implementation and judicial check to member states. As part of global post modernism, a) European law stems from artificial reality construction freed from particular historical experience and, indeed, anything given hic et nunc. By its operation, b) it dynamises large structures and sets in motion that what is chaos itself. It is owing to reconstructive human intent solely that any outcome can at all be seen as fitting to some ideal of order, albeit neither operation nor daily management strives for implementing any sys...
Research Interests:
The object of folk law research are the customs that prevail in areas covered, or theoretically covered, by state law, which effectively ensure permanent respect for them, largely in a less formalized way. In the respective historical... more
The object of folk law research are the customs that prevail in areas covered, or theoretically covered, by state law, which effectively ensure permanent respect for them, largely in a less formalized way. In the respective historical stratum, (folk) legal customs fulfil functions equivalent to the law where, due to the logic of historical development or for other specific reasons, (a) there is a lack of state and legal organization; (b) the state and legal organization fails to reach significant social groups due to its paucity and indifference; or (c) the law fails to be transformed into practice that would lead to the fulfillment of its true functions. In its present-day version, a legal (folk) custom emerges when the state and legal organization has wholly fulfilled the functions in question, and it survives merely within the framework and vestiges of that organization, as a component of the ongoing system of customs, as a complement and embellishment to the state and legal orga...
Research Interests:
Straipsnyje gvildenama teisės teorinės rekonstrukcijos požiūriu aktuali tema: tikslų (vertybių) ir priemonių (teisinių instrumentų) santykio problema. Straipsnyje siekiama parodyti, kad teisė, disponuodama savo metodais, įrodomosiomis ir... more
Straipsnyje gvildenama teisės teorinės rekonstrukcijos požiūriu aktuali tema: tikslų (vertybių) ir priemonių (teisinių instrumentų) santykio problema. Straipsnyje siekiama parodyti, kad teisė, disponuodama savo metodais, įrodomosiomis ir procedūrinėmis priemonėmis, pati Sių instrumentų nebekontroliuoja. Sią instrumentų naudojimas ir teigiamais, ir neigiamais sumetimais ima priklausyti nuo žmogaus. Straipsnyje teigiama, kad teisės funkciją tokiu atveju galima vertinti pagal tai, kokiais principais ir vertybėmis vadovaujasi teisės subjektas. Teisės subjektas, t, y. žmogus, negali atsisakyti savo savasties, t. y. tapti daiktų, ekonominių sistemų vergu, todėl demokratijos institutai ir globalizacijos procesai savaime nėra nei geri, nei blogi. Svarbu tai, kaip žmogus su jais sąveikauja, ar nėra jų pavergiamas.
Research Interests: Mathematics and Theology
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Social science reconstruction is needed to explain our vital social issues in a theoretical manner. Conceptual differentiations which have laid the foundations of our scientific thought since the era of classical German philosophy (such... more
Social science reconstruction is needed to explain our vital social issues in a theoretical manner. Conceptual differentiations which have laid the foundations of our scientific thought since the era of classical German philosophy (such as phenomenon and essence, or form and content, taken in their duality and/or final synthesis), provide unchangedly the turning points for our methodical thinking and abstract intellectual processing, in variations corresponding to the philosophy and methodology of sciences we cultivate in renewed forms today. The posthumously published synthesising work of GEORGE LUKÁCS made it clear that all social descriptions have to reckon with socialisation [Sozialisierung/Vergesellschaftlichung] – and with mediation/mediatedness [Vermittlung] within the womb of it – as an unbreakably and irreversibly progressing process, capable of erecting, through their historical accumulations, networks that are complex in themselves. This is the environment that provides t...
Research Interests:
A tudomány az emberi érzékelés körébe vont világról szerzett ismeretek rendszerszerű feldolgozása. Ebből a humán tudomány mindenekelőtt történelmi tapasztalatok általánosításán nyugszik. A tudományos ismeret univerzalitásra törekszik, a... more
A tudomány az emberi érzékelés körébe vont világról szerzett ismeretek rendszerszerű feldolgozása. Ebből a humán tudomány mindenekelőtt történelmi tapasztalatok általánosításán nyugszik. A tudományos ismeret univerzalitásra törekszik, a tapasztalat azonban eleve partikuláris: hic et nunc körülhatárolt s így általánosítási lehetőségében korlátozott. A jogtudomány tárgyaként a jog azon emberi életviszonyok szabályozása, amelyek (1) a társadalom egészét magában foglalóan (2) alapvető érdekkonfliktusok (3) végső rendezését látják el. Közvetlenül a jog — mint (a) normatíve felfogott társadalmi magatartás, (b) tételezés, (c) hatósági döntéshozatal és kikényszerítés, s (d) az előbbi(ek) kommentárja, majd dogmatikája — legfeljebb járulékos tárgya, de közvetlenül semmiképpen sem tartalma a jogtudománynak. Tapasztalaton alapultsága folytán — ideáltípusában, melyhez az angolszász hagyomány áll legközelebb — a jogtudomány eleve historikus és komparatív, teoretikus megfontolásokon nyugvó. Ezekre...
Marxist revolutionaries used to dedicate whole lifetimes to fight <em>the</em> enemy, the prevailing political and economic structure, believing breakthrough to be victory, and device to stand for purpose. Considering their... more
Marxist revolutionaries used to dedicate whole lifetimes to fight <em>the</em> enemy, the prevailing political and economic structure, believing breakthrough to be victory, and device to stand for purpose. Considering their position exhausted in agitation, the actual task of building a new society could not be on their practical agenda yet. Captive of the dogmatism of "Religion and law are the ideologies of the suppressing classes, the latter gradually replacing the former", they were interested solely in a state and law withering away. Therefore not even law-graduate Lenin concerned with law in general and its strategic potential for state building in particular. Won into power, he made law used for tactical reasons in daily changes exclusively, in cases it was considered able to benefit the revolutionary cause. As an empty form for mass mobilisation or simple complementation to terror, it turned to become nothing but the direct means, or extension, of politic...
Confronting (1) <em>Challenges in Need of Direct Response</em>, how to react if, by inventing easy-to-use facilities, personality can be manipulated, programmed, changed all through? if abortion can be achieved through organic... more
Confronting (1) <em>Challenges in Need of Direct Response</em>, how to react if, by inventing easy-to-use facilities, personality can be manipulated, programmed, changed all through? if abortion can be achieved through organic regression? if undetectable arms will be developed with long delayed or far reaching effect? if chemical, radioactive or cyber warfare is made available on a mass scale as operated by anyone in isolation with no chance of identificaton? if life expectations of human groups can be worsened or changed? or, if the reason of copyright regulation is lost, as technological innovation excludes any chance of control? With (2) <em>New Dimensions of Law</em>, how law reacts if it will be given multiplied presence, global level of orderliness (arranged "in books") and globally centralised focus (practiced "in action"), with technics intensifying scope and depth of regulation? Moreover, (3) <em>Changes in Law</em> ar...
A nemzetkozi jog tudomanyanak vilagaban tobb evtizede kezdődott s ma is tarto vitat kavart Martti Koskenniemi: From Apology to Utopia: The Structure of International Legal Argument (Helsinki/Cambridge: 1989/2005) kerdesfeltevese, melynek... more
A nemzetkozi jog tudomanyanak vilagaban tobb evtizede kezdődott s ma is tarto vitat kavart Martti Koskenniemi: From Apology to Utopia: The Structure of International Legal Argument (Helsinki/Cambridge: 1989/2005) kerdesfeltevese, melynek talan legtomorebb megfogalmazasa szerint: „Ha miniszteriumi folotteseimnek, amikor azt akartak hallani tőlem, hogy mi is a jog, azt feleltem volna, hogy buta kerdes ez, s ehelyett azt fejtegettem volna, hogy mi is Finnorszag erdeke vagy mit tekintenek kivanatos allami magatartasnak, elkepedtek volna a csalodastol, s bizonyara soha tobbet nem konzultaltak volna velem.” A jog ontologiai mivoltanak dilemmaja ez, a valamifele dologisagra visszavezethetőseg es/vagy a tisztan megertes-fuggőseg es abban valamelyes iranyitottsagra torekves ket- tőssegee vagy egysegee. S habar tudomanyszemleleteben, modszertanaban, intezmenyi forumrendszereben es jogervenyesitesi mechanizmusaban a nemzetkozi jog kozismerten hatarozottan elkulonulő sajatossagokat mutat, alapp...
Research Interests:
1. A jog 1.1. A jog és társadalmi környezete 1.2. A jog mint változás tárgya 2. A jogváltozás 2.1. A jog és változása 2.2. A jog és körülményekhez szabása 2.2.1. Reziliencia 2.2.2. Adaptáció: asszimiláció és akkomodáció 2.2.3... more
1. A jog 1.1. A jog és társadalmi környezete 1.2. A jog mint változás tárgya 2. A jogváltozás 2.1. A jog és változása 2.2. A jog és körülményekhez szabása 2.2.1. Reziliencia 2.2.2. Adaptáció: asszimiláció és akkomodáció 2.2.3 .Adaptív/nemadaptív jog 3. Formális jogváltoztatás 3.1. Általában 3.2. Jogalkotás 3.3. Bírói jogfejlesztés 4. Informális jogváltoztatás 5. Jogváltoztatás és társadalmi-jogi változás: Összefoglalá
Research Interests:
As to the conceptualisation of any one institution, the apparently identical notional term can cover four types of institutional systems: (1) the actually existing concrete system, which is a unit that functions as it is (e.g.,... more
As to the conceptualisation of any one institution, the apparently identical notional term can cover four types of institutional systems: (1) the actually existing concrete system, which is a unit that functions as it is (e.g., constitutional system of liberalism as practised in a given area in a given time, e.g., in the United States nowadays); (2) the historically developed concrete system which is a unit that functions as it has been (e.g., constitutional system of liberalism as practised in a given area in a given period, e.g., in the United States since the time it developed); (3) the generalisation of the historically concrete systems as developed in our civilisation (e.g., the constitutional system of liberalism as known and practised in our civilisation); and (4) the core idea of the functioning underlying all kinds of generalisation (e.g., the abstract universal formulation of the ultimate principles of operation, of which the constitutional system of liberalism is but one ...
■ ABSTRACT: The rule of law movement is a by-product of the post-WWII rebirth of human rights, which turned into a key political issue by the turn of the millennium. By becoming part of the language and blackmailing practice of... more
■ ABSTRACT: The rule of law movement is a by-product of the post-WWII rebirth of human rights, which turned into a key political issue by the turn of the millennium. By becoming part of the language and blackmailing practice of international politics, it has self-emptied as well. It is an ideal; historically a function of human experience at individual places and times, shaped by local traditions. As a complex of heterogeneous values and principles, its ethos can at best be respected and approached via the neverending balancing of compromise solutions.
Research Interests:
The author turns to the phenomena of legal culture not only in relation with interest to theory but as a practical matter, stressing that in cause in Central and Eastern Europe (as in Latin America and Japan informationes as well) there... more
The author turns to the phenomena of legal culture not only in relation with interest to theory but as a practical matter, stressing that in cause in Central and Eastern Europe (as in Latin America and Japan informationes as well) there is no rapid or simple recipes of coercive westernization.
Research Interests:
A collection of papers relating Comparative Legal Cultures originally published between 1995 and 2008 on disciplinary issues.
wording of the law and the concrete facts constituting a case, takes place in this phase. It may also be revealed at this time that there is a gap in the law or even a "critical gap" (when a "legally relevant" norm is... more
wording of the law and the concrete facts constituting a case, takes place in this phase. It may also be revealed at this time that there is a gap in the law or even a "critical gap" (when a "legally relevant" norm is available but one that would have a socially undesirable result), which the Anglo-American literature usually describes simply as "hard cases". In the second phase of manipulation, the conflict thus converted into a conflict within the law is dissolved, i. e. reduced to a false conflict in legal reasoning. This is when the "facts constituting the case", already qualified from a juristic point of view, and the correspondingly interpreted provisions of "the law" are formulated, i. e. manipulated so that they make possible the presentation of the desirable decision as also a logical resutt deriving from the "facts constituting the case" as well as from "the law" based on "legal reasoning". It ...
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
ABSTRACT
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Mire a kommunizmus összeomlott, az addig helyünkként tudott Nyugat megváltozott, s belső hasadtságok folytán a belső fejlődés is csak felemásan szakadt el a múlttól. Negyedik mandátumát élve a jelen kormányerő sikerrel járt el abban, hogy... more
Mire a kommunizmus összeomlott, az addig helyünkként tudott Nyugat megváltozott, s belső hasadtságok folytán a belső fejlődés is csak felemásan szakadt el a múlttól. Negyedik mandátumát élve a jelen kormányerő sikerrel járt el abban, hogy egy működőképes országot intézményileg felépítsen s az időközben zajló globális és európai irányvesztéstől megvédjen. Kül- és belhoni szabadságharcát úgyszólván kivételtelenül kormányzati eszközökkel vívta eddig meg, hiszen kulturálisan — szellemileg és érzelmileg, vagyis az ország tudományos és művészeti potenciáljának a felhasználásával — e haza felépítésébe még úgyszólván bele sem kezdett. Már pedig az időben történő cselekvés elmulasztása nemcsak önmagában veszélyforrás, de könnyen bizonyulhat egy megfordíthatatlanul előrehaladó folyamat szabadjára engedésének is.
Research Interests:
The rule of law has become a watchword in international politics over the last few decades. It has been transformed from a descriptum into a prescriptum, a criterion for judging legal orders, transferred from the legal to the political... more
The rule of law has become a watchword in international politics over the last few decades. It has been transformed from a descriptum into a prescriptum, a criterion for judging legal orders, transferred from the legal to the political sphere. For Hungary, its impact coincided with the dissolution of the Soviet empire and the advance of globalization in our unipolar world. But what did not become, could not become, an operative term in law, since it is not linked to a definition of facts that would allow it to become legally ascertained and established as a set of facts constituting a legal case. Because, by its very nature, it is not a class concept with sharp boundaries, but a concept of order that can only be clarified by characterization and through examples. It is what literature calls essentially contested, and what institutions and authors are constantly expanding with competing formulations, which has long since led to its internal emptying out. In its origin and development, it has never been anything other than the accumulated experience of civilizational self-growth in the operation of the law by the state, which has evolved in responses to the challenges of various places and times. That is, it is particular. And the way in which our present attempts to universalize this—in which, of course, mutual learning processes between nations and ages are also involved—is a mere artificial projection, which conceals the Westʼs urge to export the values that guide it. Not a yes or no category, but an ideal towards which we strive. Contradictory, with compromises, because if we attempted to satisfy it in its entirety, the conflicting values within it could extinguish each other; consequently, only a case-by-case weighing up of these values can ensure that a balance, optimally satisfactory there and then, is achieved.