Obesidade 2
Obesidade 2
Obesidade 2
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Obesidade
A medida de massa corporal mais tradicional é o peso isolado ou
peso ajustado para a altura;
Tecido Adiposo
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Distribuição da gordura corporal
Resumindo a
adiposidade
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Distribuição da gordura
corporal
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Classificação internacional da obesidade segundo o índice de
massa corporal (IMC) e risco de doença (Organização Mundial
da Saúde) que divide a adiposidade em graus ou classes.
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Identificação do Cuidado para os Indivíduos com
base no Cálculo do Índice de massa corporal – IMC.
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Vigitel Brasil 2016 Saúde Suplementar :
vigilância de fatores de risco e proteção
para doenças crônicas por inquérito
telefônico [recurso eletrônico] /
Ministério da Saúde, Agência Nacional de
Saúde Suplementar. – Brasília :
Ministério da Saúde, 2017.
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- Excesso de peso aumenta com a idade (duplica >25 anos);
- < Entre os com > escolaridade.
Vigitel Brasil 2016 Saúde Suplementar : vigilância de fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas por inquérito telefônico [recurso
eletrônico] / Ministério da Saúde, Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar. – Brasília : Ministério da Saúde, 2017.
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Obesidade cresceu 60% em 10 anos
Vigitel Brasil 2016 Saúde Suplementar : vigilância de fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas por inquérito telefônico [recurso
eletrônico] / Ministério da Saúde, Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar. – Brasília : Ministério da Saúde, 2017.
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Vigitel Brasil 2016 Saúde Suplementar : vigilância de fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas por inquérito telefônico [recurso
eletrônico] / Ministério da Saúde, Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar. – Brasília : Ministério da Saúde, 2017.
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Causas do Excesso de Peso e Obesidade
Desequilíbrio energético entre as calorias
consumidas e as calorias gastas.
Globalmente, houve:
WHO 2015
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Principais causas da obesidade
ETIOLOGIA
Resumindo...
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Ganho de peso e obesidade: etiologia
“Importância de Conhecer a causa da obesidade durante a consulta”
Etiologia
INFLUÊNCIA DO AMBIENTE
ESTILO DE VIDA URBANO MODERNO
PAPEL DA GENÉTICA
EFEITO DO ESTRESSE NO APETITE
IATROGENIA FARMACÊUTICA
REDUÇÃO DE SONO E DE PRODUÇÃO DE MELATONINA
DISRUPTORES ENDÓCRINOS (ex. DDT e BPA etc...)
AMBIENTE TERMONEUTRO
AUMENTO DA IDADE DAS GRÁVIDAS
OBESIDADE DE ORIGEM INFECCIOSA
POLUIÇÃO
Etc...
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ETIOLOGIA - Genética
Mutação da Proopiomelanocortina
(POMC) (Krude et al., 1998
Estima-se q/ possa
responder por 24 a
40% das variações
do IMC.
Obesidade
Poligênica
Os fatores
ambientais
interagem
fortemente.
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MUDANÇAS NA INGESTÃO ALIMENTAR E GASTO
ENERGÉTICO
ETIOLOGIA
Obesidade
Poligênica
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A obesidade procede de uma situação na qual a
ingestão energética excede a produção total energia
(gasto energético) durante um período de tempo
Gasto
Ingestão
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Alfa-MSH = melanocortinas
Anorexígeno
CART=Anphetamine related transcript
CRH= corticotropin releasing hormone Alfa-MSH
GLP-1 (cel. Intest.) CART
PYY 3-36 = peptídeo intestinal CRH
MCH = melanin concentration hormone GLP-1 (cel. Intest.)
Colecistoquinina
PYY 3-36
Leptina e insulina
Orexígeno
AGRP Obesidade Poligênica
NPY
GHrelina Energia
Orexígenas A e B Gasta
Hipocretinas 1 e 2
Galanina
MCH
Homeostase
Energia Energética
Ingerida
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Tratamento da Obesidade
Dietético
Comportamental
Farmacológico
Cirúrgico
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Objetivos do Tratamento
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Passos para o Planejamento Dietético
Avaliação Nutricional
Composição da dieta
Educação alimentar
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“Coma o desjejum como rei, almoce como príncipe e
jante como pobre”
Adelle Davis, nutricionista (1904–1974)*
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Cálculo do Gasto Energético
OMS e DRIs
Fórmulas
Harris--Benedict
Harris
Colorimetria Indireta
DIETA HIPOCALÓRICA
BALANCEADA !!!
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Fórmulas para o cálculo do gasto metabólico basal
Equações para o cálculo da necessidade estimada de energia (EER –
Estimate Energy Requirements) de acordo c/ as DRIs
Idade (anos) Equação EER
19 ou mais 662 – 9,53 x idade (anos) + CAF x (15,91 x Peso
(Masculino) (kg) + 539,6 x Estatura (m))
CAF 1,00 sedentário
1,11 Pouco ativo
1,25 Ativo
1,48 Muito ativo
19 ou mais 354 – 6,91 x idade (anos) + CAF x (9,36 x peso
(Feminino) (kg) + 726 x Estatura (m))
CAF 1,00 sedentário
1,12 Pouco ativo
1,27 Ativo
1,45 Muito ativo
CAF Coeficiente de atividade física
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(EER) = Necessidade Estimada de Energia
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(EER) = Necessidade Estimada de Energia
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Planejamento da Restrição Energética
Redução de 500 cal/dia
2 kg/mês
Redução de 1 kg/sem
(DE tecido adiposo = 7780 cal/Kg)
4 kg/mês
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Composição da Dieta Hipocalórica Balanceada
Calorias Valor Calórico total planejado
Carboidratos 55 - 60
60%%
Açúcares Simples – Mono e dis
dis.. < 10
10%%
Proteínas 15-
15 -20
20%%
Gorduras até 30
30%%
• Ácidos graxos saturados ≤10
10%%
• Ácidos graxos poliinsaturados 6 a 10
10%%
• APS n-3 5 a 8%
• APS n-6 1 a 2%
• AGTrans < 1%
• Ácidos g. monoinsaturados LT – (AGS+AGP+AGTrans)
Colesterol 300 mg/dia
Fibras (solúveis) 25g/dia
25 g/dia (20
20g/dia)
g/dia)
Vitaminas/Minerais Suplementação em dietas < 1200 cal/dia
- Frutas e vegetais >400
400g/dia
g/dia
Álcool Mínimo ou nenhum
Água 1500 a 2000 mL
Sal <5g/dia (<
(<22g/dia)
Distribuição 6 refeições/dia
Diretrizes brasileiras de obesidade 2016 / ABESO e WHO, 2015
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METAS PARA PERDA E CONTROLE DE PESO
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Macronutrientes ...
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Proteínas
Mais sacietógena
1 g = 4 cal
Recomendação:: 10
Recomendação 10--20
20%
% vct
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The effect of viscosity on ad libitum food intake
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Increasing the volume of a food by
incorporating air affects satiety in men
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Weight Loss with a Low-Carbohydrate,
Mediterranean, or Low-Fat Diet.
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Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different
Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates
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Fibras
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Adoçantes
Nutritivos ou calóricos
Mel
Melaço
Mascavo
Não nutritivos / Não Calóricos / Baixa Caloria
Artificiais ou sintéticos
sintéticos:: Sacarina, ciclamato,
aspartame (4cal/g), sucralose
sucralose??,
??, acessulfame
acessulfame--K
Naturais: Frutose (4cal/g), sorbitol (4cal/g),
Naturais:
manitol (4cal/g) e estévia
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Outros Componentes do
Tratamento da Obesidade
Educação Nutricional
Psicoterapia de apoio
Apoio social
Supervisão de profissionais
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Estilo de Vida Saudável
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Condutas a serem incentivadas na
educação alimentar:
Noções de preparo
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Condutas a serem incentivadas na
educação alimentar:
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O que não deve ser incentivado no
tratamento dietético da obesidade?
Dietas muito hipocalóricas
Jejuns prolongados
Restringir algum nutriente
Metas irreais de perda de
peso
Dietas da Moda
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Dietas Populares: Uma Análise Crítica
Prometem resultados rápidos
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Terapia Cognitivo -
Comportamental
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Suporte Psicológico e
Social
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Mudanças no Estilo de Vida ....
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Tratamento da obesidade
Opções de
Tratamento...
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Tratamento da obesidade
Opções de
Tratamento...
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Farmacológico
Indicações
1) IMC maior ou igual a 30 kg/m2;
ou
Além de
Efeitos colaterais
Insônia, boca seca, astenia, obstipação intestinal,
tremores, tonturas, ansiedade, irritabilidade e
depressão.
Diretrizes brasileiras de obesidade 2016 / ABESO e WHO, 2015
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Anorexígenos
Fenproporex (Desobesi)
Efeitos colaterais
Sibu. pode levar a elevação da PA e da frequência
cardíaca (recaptação de noradrenalina e aumento da
atividade simpática)
Diretrizes brasileiras de obesidade 2016 / ABESO e WHO, 2015
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Sacietógenos
Aumentam a saciedade e diminui um pouco o
FC)
Diretrizes brasileiras de obesidade 2016 / ABESO e WHO, 2015
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Mecanismo de ação da sibutramina
Resumindo...
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Farmacológico
INIBIDORES DA ABSORÇÃO INTESTINAL DE GORDURA
Efeitos colaterais
• no. de evacuações com episódio de urgências, eliminação
de gotículas de gorduras nas fezes, esteatorréia e flatos
com eliminação de material gorduroso
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CONCLUSÃO
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Sucesso no tratamento:
Ou