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Pyrolysis of fresh sheep bone led to the formation of bone charcoal (BC). The structural characteristics of BC and surface area were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). N2 gas... more
Pyrolysis of fresh sheep bone led to the formation of bone charcoal (BC). The structural characteristics of BC and surface area were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). N2 gas adsorption-desorption was analysed by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller isotherm model. The prepared BC was used as an effective sorbent for the removal of phosphate from aqueous solutions. The effect of major parameters, including initial phosphorous concentration, sorbent dosage, pH and temperature, was investigated in this study. Furthermore, adsorption isotherms and kinetics were evaluated. BC was an effective sorbent in phosphate removal from aqueous solution especially in phosphate concentration between 2 and 100 mg/L. The maximum amount of sorption capacity was 30.21 mg/g, which was obtained with 100 mg/L as the initial phosphate concentration and 0.2 g as the sorbent dosage. Best reported pH in this study is 4; in higher pH, adsorption rate decreased dramatically. By increasing the temperature from 20 to 40 degrees C sorption capacity increased; this phenomenon described that adsorption is endothermic. Equilibrium data were analysed by Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms. Pseudo first- and second-order and Elovich models were used to determine the kinetics of adsorption in this study. Collected data highly fitted with Freundlich isotherms and pseudo second-order kinetics. Achieved results have shown well the potentiality for the BC to be utilized as a natural sorbent to remove phosphorous from water and wastewater.
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This paper presents an experimental study of the effect of wood vinegar at different concentrations on the biological and physicochemical properties of the composts by using the solution with the ratio of wood vinegar to distilled water... more
This paper presents an experimental study of the effect of wood vinegar at different concentrations on the biological and physicochemical properties of the composts by using the solution with the ratio of wood vinegar to distilled water in the range of 1:100 to 1:500 (v/v). The composting process was conducted by in-vessel composting method within 60 days where temperature and pH were recorded daily. The composts were then analyzed on the microbe counts, pH, moisture content, water holding capacity, and nutrient contents. XRF and CHNS analyzers were used to measure the NPK content exist before and after composting process. This research attempted to investigate the effect of wood vinegar concentration towards physiochemical and biological properties of the composts. The results showed that lower concentration of wood vinegar could potentially enhance microbial activity which could accelerate the composting process. However, in terms of physical properties, sample 1:400 (v/v) had rec...
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Extensive study available on Monascus in solid-state fermentation (SSF), however, optimization study of Monascus sp. cultivated in stirred drum bioreactor is insufficiently reported. In this study, the Box–Behnken design (BBD) was... more
Extensive study available on Monascus in solid-state fermentation (SSF), however, optimization study of Monascus sp. cultivated in stirred drum bioreactor is insufficiently reported. In this study, the Box–Behnken design (BBD) was employed for the analysis of the simultaneous effect of initial moisture content, aeration rate and peptone concentration to the red pigments production of Monascus purpureus FTC 5357 by using oil palm frond (OPF) in 5 L stirred drum bioreactor. A three-parameters, three-level BBD was used for the optimization. Based on the ANOVA analysis performed, initial moisture content, aeration rate and peptone concentration contributed significantly to the red pigments production. The optimal fermentation conditions resulted were initial moisture content; 70 % w/w, aeration rate; 1.30 vvm and peptone concentration; 4.40 % w/w. Under these conditions, the red pigments production were obtained to be 18.59 Au/g.d. The red pigments produced through SSF using OPF as a su...
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Lovastatin plays a role in lowering the cholesterol level in the human blood, especially the bad cholesterol or low density lipoproteins (LDL). Concurrently, lovastatin increase the good cholesterol or high density lipoproteins (HDL), to... more
Lovastatin plays a role in lowering the cholesterol level in the human blood, especially the bad cholesterol or low density lipoproteins (LDL). Concurrently, lovastatin increase the good cholesterol or high density lipoproteins (HDL), to prevent the formation of plaque inside the blood vessels. The objective of this research was to experimentally optimize the lovastatin compound produced by Monascus purpureus FTC5357 under solid state fermentation (SSF) using oil palm frond (OPF). In order to identify the optimal condition to produce lovastatin, four parameters which were pH, initial moisture content, peptone and potassium, were optimized using Box-Behnken design. Based on the ANOVA analysis performed, initial moisture content, potassium and peptone contributed significantly to the lovastatin production. Meanwhile, pH had the least impact to the lovastatin production.. Peptone pronounced to be the most contributed factor, as the lovastatin production increased with the increasing of...
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The aim of this research is to study the immobilization effect on growth cell of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. The comparison of lipid production between immobilized microalgae and free cell culture was also studied and the fatty acid... more
The aim of this research is to study the immobilization effect on growth cell of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. The comparison of lipid production between immobilized microalgae and free cell culture was also studied and the fatty acid methyl ester for biodiesel production was identified in this research. Four important steps were done in this research which included microalgae cultivation, harvesting method by immobilization, lipid extraction and transesterification of oil. In the immobilization method, the combination of matrix system of sodium alginate and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SA and CMC) gave the highest number of cells of microalgae after the 9th day of the cultivation process. However, the immobilized microalgae matrix system of SA at volumetric ratio of 0.3:1 showed better results for extraction of oil, attaining an oil yield percentage of 46% compared with other matrix systems studied; SA + CA + CMC (43.00%), SA + CA (41.19%), SA + CMC (40.38%) and free cell cultur...
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Monascuspurpureus is a non-pathogenic fungus that can produce statin called simvastatin, which can lower blood cholesterol level. The objectives of this research were to explore the potential of agricultural product on simvastatin and... more
Monascuspurpureus is a non-pathogenic fungus that can produce statin called simvastatin, which can lower blood cholesterol level. The objectives of this research were to explore the potential of agricultural product on simvastatin and identify the optimal condition of simvastatin production in solid-state fermentation by Monascuspurpureus FTC 5356. The local agricultural products used were banana, guava, pumpkin, coconut meat, corn and papaya. Initially, the local agricultural products were ground and the initial moisture content of the agricultural products was fixed at 50% and pH 6. The mixtures were then incubated at 30°C for 11 days. Later, variety conditions of initial moisture content and nitrogen supplementation were introduced and examined on the simvastatin. Further experimental work was carried out using Central Composite Design (CCD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM), with two factors of initial moisture content and nitrogen source. The results suggested that, among t...
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Tills study investigated the effect of combined heat and salt pre-treatments on Lactobacillus bulgaricus cells prior to the spray drying process. A range of experiments was conducted at various combination of sodium chloride (NaCt)... more
Tills study investigated the effect of combined heat and salt pre-treatments on Lactobacillus bulgaricus cells prior to the spray drying process. A range of experiments was conducted at various combination of sodium chloride (NaCt) concentration (0.3, 0.4, 0.5 M) and various temperatures (45°C, 50°C, 55°C). The optimum protocols for the combined heat and NaCl pre-treatments were investigate using the computer software of Design Expert program (version 6.0.8) based on the Response Surface Methodology. Based on the optimized combined protocols (52QC, 0.40 M NaCl) the viability of Lactobacillus bulgaricus ATCC 8001 has increased 800-fold as compared to the untreated cells.
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The world’s largest contribution to biomass comes from lignocellulosic material. Oil palm biomass is one of the most important sources of lignocellulosic material in Asia, with biomass produced four times that of palm oil. Oil palm trunk... more
The world’s largest contribution to biomass comes from lignocellulosic material. Oil palm biomass is one of the most important sources of lignocellulosic material in Asia, with biomass produced four times that of palm oil. Oil palm trunk (OPT), oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB), oil palm frond (OPF), and palm oil mill effluent (POME) are examples of biomass lignocellulosic materials produced. Unfortunately, the majority of waste is disposed of in landfills, causing serious environmental issues such as global warming and the greenhouse effect. These wastes are known to contain a high concentration of cellulose and hemicellulose. Because of its high carbohydrate content, it has a promising future as a feedstock for the fermentation process, which can produce a variety of chemical products at a low cost. This chapter will describe the biochemical products produced from various oil palm biomass via various fermentation processes involving various microorganism strains.
Monascuspurpureus is a non-pathogenic fungus that can produce statin called simvastatin, which can lower blood cholesterol level. The objectives of this research were to explore the potential of agricultural product on simvastatin and... more
Monascuspurpureus is a non-pathogenic fungus that can produce statin called simvastatin, which can lower blood cholesterol level. The objectives of this research were to explore the potential of agricultural product on simvastatin and identify the optimal condition of simvastatin production in solid-state fermentation by Monascuspurpureus FTC 5356. The local agricultural products used were banana, guava, pumpkin, coconut meat, corn and papaya. Initially, the local agricultural products were ground and the initial moisture content of the agricultural products was fixed at 50% and pH 6. The mixtures were then incubated at 30°C for 11 days. Later, variety conditions of initial moisture content and nitrogen supplementation were introduced and examined on the simvastatin. Further experimental work was carried out using Central Composite Design (CCD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM), with two factors of initial moisture content and nitrogen source. The results suggested that, among t...
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The objective of this research was to identify the recovery of the biological active compound of Musa sp. thru microwave assisted extraction (MAE) system. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compound were investigated on the effect of... more
The objective of this research was to identify the recovery of the biological active compound of Musa sp. thru microwave assisted extraction (MAE) system. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compound were investigated on the effect of temperature, microwave power, irradiation time and solid to liquid ratio. The extraction process was carried out using only distilled water as an extracting agent. The result showed that, at 70oC fresh Musa sp. extracted 45% higher antioxidant compared to the dried Musa sp. 500 W was the best power of MAE to extract antioxidant and phenolic compound of ripe Musa sp., while for unripe Musa sp. 800 W was the best. The best irradiation time was 90 s, where it extracted almost 90% antioxidant activity of ripe and unripe Musa sp. Almost 480 mg GA/100 g FW of total phenolic content was extracted on the unripe peel. Solid to liquid ratio of 3 : 60 was the best parameter to extract antioxidant and phenolic content of ripe and unripe Musa sp. Overall, antioxidant...