Sonia Kania

El presente artículo analiza los arabismos junto con otros recursos léxicos utilizados en la caracterización del indígena en la Relación de la jornada de Cíbola de Pedro de Castañeda, referida a la expedición que Francisco Vázquez de Coronado realizó entre 1540 y 1542 a los territorios del actual suroeste de los Estados Unidos. Tras una presentación general del texto, el trabajo se centra en el estudio de siete arabismos (alárabe, albarrada, alcoholar, alijar, atambor, borceguí y enjalma) junto con otras voces, entre ellas motes (Bigotes, Moro, Turco e Ysopete), para desentrañar los significados y las implicaciones sociolingüísticas del uso de estas voces aplicadas a la realidad americana y, para ello, se tienen muy en cuenta los datos proporcionados por las fuentes documentales y lexicográficas. Se parte de la premisa de que, en la conquista y colonización de Nueva España, se siguen los modelos de las precedentes conquistas granadina y norteafricana y, desde esta perspectiva de con...

ABSTRACT. The Spanish presence in the Southwest during the colonial period is recorded in a number of contemporaneous documents. One such document is the Probanza de meritos of Vicente de Zaldivar (1600-1602), * a 135-folio text that deals with Zaldivar's services as sargento mayor and maestre de campo in the campaign of conquest and colonization of New Mexico under his uncle, Juan de Onate. In addition to their worth as historical sources, these documents also attest to characteristics of the language spoken during the time period. This study is a linguistic analysis of the first section of the Probanza; it includes a brief background of the text along with a more in-depth commentary on its most salient linguistic aspects. The phonological, morphosyntactic, and lexical phenomena noted serve to shed light on the history of Spanish in general and on the history of New Mexican Spanish in particular. 1. INTRODUCTION. With the expansion of the Spanish empire into the American Southw...

El artículo ofrece un análisis filológico-lingüístico de la Relación de la jornada de Cíbola de Pedro de Castañeda de Nájera, texto que narra la expedición de Francisco Vázquez de Coronado de 1540-1542. El estudio se centra en los préstamos léxicos indígenas en el texto junto con su documentación tanto en otros textos coloniales como en obras lexicográficas. Al igual que las modificaciones semánticas del vocabulario patrimonial, los indigenismos representan la indianización de la lengua española, esto es, su adaptación al medioambiente americano.

This article examines the use of the future subjunctive in two corpora of colonial Mexican texts. The first corpus consists of 255 documents dated 1561–1646 pertaining primarily to the historical area of New Galicia and dealing with matters of the Real Audiencia of Guadalajara. The second consists of 191 documents dated 1681–1816 written in the altiplano central of Mexico, which covers a large geographical area from Mexico City to Zacatecas. After describing the syntactic distribution of the future subjunctive in Medieval Spanish, we examine the evidence of its patterns of usage in Peninsular Spanish in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. From there, we analyze the quantitative and qualitative data related to the 428 tokens of -re forms found in our corpora and the syntactic structures in which they appear. The data support findings that the future subjunctive first fell out of use in temporal adverbial clauses, while exhibiting the most apparent productivity in relative clause...

This article offers a detailed description of the Colonial Texts Corpus, one of eleven subcorpora of the Digital Library of Old Spanish Texts published by the Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies. Launched in 2018, the corpus allows interactive access to semi-paleographic transcriptions of texts produced in the Americas during the colonial period, a textual type that is under-represented in existing electronic corpora. The rationale of the project is provided, as well as the criteria for the selection of texts to be included and their method of preparation. Finally, the interface of the corpus is illustrated, and its functionality is exemplified.

ABSTRACT. The Spanish presence in the Southwest during the colonial period is recorded in a number of contemporaneous documents. One such document is the Probanza de meritos of Vicente de Zaldivar (1600-1602), * a 135-folio text that deals with Zaldivar's services as sargento mayor and maestre de campo in the campaign of conquest and colonization of New Mexico under his uncle, Juan de Onate. In addition to their worth as historical sources, these documents also attest to characteristics of the language spoken during the time period. This study is a linguistic analysis of the first section of the Probanza; it includes a brief background of the text along with a more in-depth commentary on its most salient linguistic aspects. The phonological, morphosyntactic, and lexical phenomena noted serve to shed light on the history of Spanish in general and on the history of New Mexican Spanish in particular. 1. INTRODUCTION. With the expansion of the Spanish empire into the American Southwest from New Spain came the concomitant expansion of the Spanish language into the area. Like in New Spain, the Spanish that was developing in the American Southwest was decidedly different from that of Castile, which is attested in documents written in these areas during the colonial period. The documents of the Probanza de meritos of Vicente de Zaldivar are no exception. They are documents of a legal nature, so named because they deal with inquiries and witness testimonies regarding the service and merits of Zaldivar in the posts he occupied. (1) The study of original texts is of utmost importance in discerning the characteristics of the language for a given period, particularly during periods for which we have no oral testimony. The analysis of documentary evidence has been especially useful to the study of the history of American Spanish as scholars have attempted to unravel the various influences that have contributed to the configuration of the language during its period of origins. This style of investigation was introduced to the field in the 1960s and has included such seminal works as Cock Hincapie (1969), a study of the history of seseo in modern-day Colombia, as well as studies of other regions of the Americas, including Alvarez Nazario (1982) on Puerto Rico, Fontanella de Weinberg (1987) on Buenos Aires, and Lope Blanch (1985) and Parodi (1995) on Mexico (Fontanella de Weinberg 1992:22). Before embarking on the linguistic analysis of the New World documents that concern us here, it would be beneficial to provide some background on the central figure of the text and on the text itself. Vicente de Zaldivar was the nephew of Juan de Onate, first governor and colonizer of New Mexico. In the campaign of conquest and colonization of this new province, Zaldivar served first as sargento mayor and later as maestre de campo, second in command under Onate, after the death of the elder Zaldivar brother, Juan. While Onate took formal possession of New Mexico on April 30, 1598, and established the first capital of the province in July of that year, just a few years later, the enterprise found itself in dire straits. (2) While Onate, Zaldivar, and numerous other men were participating in the expedition to Quivira in the latter half of 1601, (3) many colonists deserted the capital of San Gabriel due to their overall disillusionment with the colonizing effort; chief among their complaints were the harsh conditions, the lack of mineral wealth, and the poor governing of Onate. Zaldivar was sent by Onate to Mexico City in April 1602 to petition for more reinforcements for the enterprise, and the documents of the Probanza de meritos were presented in support of that petition. 1.1. CONTENT OF THE TEXT. The text of the Probanza de meritos can be divided into four discrete sections, which I call Probanza 1-4, each containing a separate interrogatory with witness responses. (4) This study involves the linguistic analysis of the first section which includes various documents drawn up in Mexico City during April 1602 and in San Gabriel, New Mexico during December 1601. …

Vicente de Zaldívar was the nephew of Juan de Oñate, the first governor and colonizer of New Mexico. In the campaign of conquest and colonization of this new province, Zaldívar served first as sargento mayor and later as maestre de campo, second in command under Oñate, after the death of Zaldívar’s brother, Juan. The following is a critical edition of the first part of the Probanza de méritos, so called because it deals with inquiries and witness testimony regarding the service and merits of Zaldívar in the posts he occupied.1 Zaldívar was sent by Oñate to Mexico City in April 1602 to petition for more reinforcements for the enterprise, and these documents were presented in support of that petition. Before embarking on a description of the document studied here, it would be beneficial to review historical events that led to the need to request more troops. Oñate established the first European settlements in New Mexico in the late sixteenth century, but interest in the area had begun decades before.2 In 1539 Fray Marcos de Niza was sent by Viceroy Mendoza on an expedition to explore the seven cities of Cíbola.3 Niza’s expedition was inspired by rumors that the Cabeza de Vaca party brought to Mexico City of civilized people in the Pueblo area; Niza’s “Relación,” in turn, inspired the Coronado expedition of 1540–1542 (Craddock 1999:102). The next noteworthy expeditions of the sixteenth century were those of Chamuscado-Rodríguez (1581–1582) and Espejo (1582–1583). The discovery of a large number of pueblos and the descriptions of Pueblo civilization during this time increased Spaniards’ enthusiasm for exploration and settlement of this part of the northern frontier. The king issued a royal cédula authorizing the conquest of New Mexico on April 19, 1583. Given that there were many parties eager to undertake

In April 1602, Vicente de Zaldívar, a nephew of Juan de Oñate and one of his principal officers, appeared before the authorities in Mexico City to plead for the New Mexico campaign. The colonization effort of this part of the northern frontier of New Spain found itself in dire straits as many of the colonists, disillusioned with the state of affairs, had abandoned the fledgling capital of San Gabriel2 while Oñate and company were exploring the land of Quivira from June to November 1601 (see below). Although Zaldívar was sent to apprehend the traitors before they reached the safety of New Spain, he was unsuccessful and was thus sent to Mexico City to do damage control. He had to defend Oñate’s actions against the accusation of the deserters and, at the same time, petition for more troops in order to more successfully control and explore the territory. The Probanza de méritos was assembled as part of the bureaucratic process to prove the worthiness of the enterprise and of its principal players. The text can be divided into four parts, each containing a separate interrogatory with witness responses regarding the services and merits of Vicente de Zaldívar in the posts he occupied. Part 3 represents witness responses to a series of twelve questions posed by Zaldívar relating mainly to his services as maestre de campo, or second in command under Oñate.3 A significant number of the questions of Part 3 (Questions 6–10) deal with the journey to Quivira.4 It would therefore be beneficial to outline the principal events of the expedition.5 Oñate learned of Quivira from Jusepe, a Mexican Indian and survivor of the Leyva-Humaña expedition of 1593 who presented himself in the then-capital of San Juan sometime before February 1599. More than two years elapsed before Oñate and his men finally departed for Quivira.

One ofthe constant challenges faced by the historical linguist is to determine die chronology of past language changes. The long-standing question ofthe alleged similarities between Andalusian and American Spanish, such as seseo, neutralization of /-r/ and IAl, aspiration or loss of syllableor word-final /s/, and yeísmo, among others, and the search for the definitive origins or cause of diese similarities is a prime example of such a challenge. The present study will attempt to shed light on this issue by looking at the linguistic feature most central to the andalucismo debate: namely, seseo, as seen in two collections ofdocuments from the areas in question. The first corpus is from Andalusia, principally from the cities of Córdoba and Sevilla, and dates from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, while die second is an American Spanish collection, from the area ofMexico historically known as New Galicia, and dates from die sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Before discussing further the methodology and conclusions of diis research, it may be helpful to give a brief overview of the polemic. The debate between the andalucistas and the antiandalucistas has persisted since the early part ofthe last century. The andalucisla dieory was brought to die forefront in the 1920s when M.L. Wagner proposed Andalusian influence in die development of die Spanish in die lowlands of America (57); its basic tenet is that the linguistic similarities mentioned above are due to the influence of Andalusian Spanish in die Americas.

... See appendix a for abbreviations. BHS88_2_01_Kania.indd 139 03/02/2011 14:54 Page 12. bhs, 88 (2011) Sonia Kania 140 Silenses, Menéndez Pidal (1964: 358) describes the verb as 'forma navarroarago-nesa, extraña al castellano'. ...