Pdf concesso da Bononia University Press all'autore per l'espletamento delle procedure concorsuali DISCI DIPARTIMENTO storia culture civiltà Geografia Pdf concesso da Bononia University Press all'autore per l'espletamento delle procedure concorsuali Collana DiSCi Il Dipartimento di Storia Culture Civiltà, attivo dal mese di ottobre 2012, si è costituito con l’aggregazione dei Dipartimenti di Archeologia, Storia Antica, Paleografia e Medievistica, Discipline Storiche Antropologiche e Geografiche e di parte del Dipartimento di Studi Linguistici e Orientali. In considerazione delle sue dimensioni e della sua complessità culturale il Dipartimento si è articolato in Sezioni allo scopo di comunicare con maggiore completezza ed efficacia le molte attività di ricerca e di didattica che si svolgono al suo interno. Le Sezioni sono: 1) Archeologia; 2) Geografia; 3) Medievistica; 4) Scienze del Moderno. Storia, Istituzioni, Pensiero politico; 5) Storia antica; 6) Studi antropologici, orientali, storico-religiosi. Il Dipartimento ha inoltre deciso di procedere ad una riorganizzazione unitaria di tutta la sua editoria scientifica attraverso l’istituzione di una Collana di Dipartimento per opere monografiche e volumi miscellanei, intesa come Collana unitaria nella numerazione e nella linea grafica, ma con la possibilità di una distinzione interna che attraverso il colore consenta di identificare con immediatezza le Sezioni. Nella nuova Collana del Dipartimento troveranno posto i lavori dei colleghi, ma anche e soprattutto i lavori dei più giovani che si spera possano vedere in questo strumento una concreta occasione di crescita e di maturazione scientifica. Direttore della Collana Francesca Sofia (Direttore del Dipartimento) Codirettori Paolo Capuzzo, Lucia Criscuolo, Laura Federzoni, Elisabetta Govi, Saverio Marchignoli, Anna Laura Trombetti (Responsabili di Sezione) Comitato Scientifico Archeologia Mauro Menichetti (Università degli Studi di Salerno) Timothy Harrison (University of Toronto) Geografia Michael Buzzelli (University of Western Ontario) Dino Gavinelli (Università degli Studi di Milano) Medievistica Chris Wickham (All Souls College, University of Oxford) Giuseppe Sergi (Università degli Studi di Torino) Scienze del Moderno. Storia, Istituzioni, Pensiero politico Silvio Pons (Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”) Paula Findlen (Stanford University) Storia Antica Arnaldo Marcone (Università degli Studi Roma Tre) Denis Rousset (École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paris) Studi antropologici, orientali, storico-religiosi Nazenie Garibian (“Matenadaran”, Scientific Research Institute of Ancient Manuscripts – Yerevan, Armenia) Ruba Salih (School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London) Pdf concesso da Bononia University Press all'autore per l'espletamento delle procedure concorsuali Geography and the ICT New Technolgies & Geographical Research edited by Valentina Albanese, Valentina Greco, Matteo Proto Bononia University Press Pdf concesso da Bononia University Press all'autore per l'espletamento delle procedure concorsuali I saggi sono stati sottoposti a peer review Bononia University Press Via Ugo Foscolo 7, 40123 Bologna tel. (+39) 051 232 882 fax (+39) 051 221 019 © 2018 Bononia University Press ISSN 2385-1694 ISBN 978-88-6923-327-2 www.buponline.com info@buponline.com I diritti di traduzione, di memorizzazione elettronica, di riproduzione e di adattamento totale o parziale, con qualsiasi mezzo (compresi i microfilm e le copie fotostatiche) sono riservati per tutti i Paesi. In copertina: Geo-referenced Carta de’ dintorni di Roma by William Gell and Antonio Nibby (1827) and location of the place names (elaboration by Arturo Gallia). Impaginazione: DoppioClickArt – San Lazzaro (BO) Prima edizione: luglio 2018 Pdf concesso da Bononia University Press all'autore per l'espletamento delle procedure concorsuali Table of Contents Introduction Valentina Albanese, Valentina Greco, Matteo Proto 7 E-spaces of migration: Online narratives, digital connections and practices of self-representation among Italians living abroad Teresa Graziano 19 Sardinian territories as told by Google Street View: The “Isperiadas” project Marcello Tanca 33 Sentiment Analysis and the perception of places in tourism studies: A Twitter-based investigation in upper Myanmar Mirella Loda, Mario Tartaglia 57 HGIS and Web applications for the promotion of the Cultural Heritage. Antonio Nibby and William Gell’s Carta de’ dintorni di Roma Arturo Gallia 69 Representing the territory: The layer The landscape as it was of WebGIS VisualVersilia.com Martina Giannini 85 The social transformation of Piazza San Carlo in Turin between the 19th and 20th century. A change narrated with use of digital tools Maria Vona 99 Pdf concesso da Bononia University Press all'autore per l'espletamento delle procedure concorsuali Geo-based technology in support of creating a seamless free-choice learning experience on minor water-heritage sites. Lessons learned from the EUWATHER project Mark Opmeer, Francesco Visentin 113 Amsterdam “I Capital” 2016. A technological development model for smart cities and territories Enrico Nicosia 133 On line institutional place branding vs. Bottom-up co-created e-narratives? The case of Mount Etna Caterina Cirelli, Teresa Graziano 151 The Authors 167 Pdf concesso da Bononia University Press all'autore per l'espletamento delle procedure concorsuali REPRESENTING THE TERRITORY: Martina Giannini The layer The landscape as it was of WebGIS VisualVersilia.com Introduction The rapid development and widespread diffusion of information technologies offer new ways of engaging with, valorizing and communicating historical-cultural landscape heritage. In recent years more and more Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been set up on the web; thanks to the growing development of Google Maps, Bing Maps and OpenStreetMap, various cities, provinces, regions, Cultural Heritage Authorities, archaeological sites and nature reserves have created WebGIS projects with rich content and news items about specific areas of interest, including hiking as well as cultural and practical information for tourists; conservation, urban and local planning for technical personnel and professionals such as architects, geologists, archaeologists and biologists; and teaching and research, especially in geography, urban planning and archaeology. Some especially significant examples include La Carta del Rischio, The Risk Map, a GIS developed by the Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione, Higher Institute for Conservation to provide scientific and administrative support to state and local authorities responsible for preserving cultural heritage1; the WebGIS of Emilia Romagna cultural heritage, initially developed solely for the area struck by the 2012 earthquake, but subsequently extended to cover the cultural heritage of the entire region in order to provide a tool for conveying comprehensive information about the vast and varied cultural heritage of Emilia-Romagna2; Google Earth, which is devoting particular attention to 3D urban historical reconstructions, as evidenced by the Rome Reborn project devel1 2 http://www.cartadelrischio.it, accessed 26/04/2017. https://www.patrimonioculturale-er.it/webgis/, accessed 26/04/2017. Pdf concesso da Bononia University Press all'autore per l'espletamento delle procedure concorsuali 86 Martina Giannini Fig. 1. The Versilia area is highlighted in white. oped in collaboration between Google Earth, the University of California Los Angeles and the University of Virginia to create a three-dimensional model of imperial Rome, offering users an amazing virtual journey in which they can fly over the city and explore the interiors of ancient buildings3. Regarding the Versilia4 (Fig. 1), an area characterized by varied landscapes and abundant cultural and historical resources, public and private entities, recently, have granted particular attention to the preservation, valorization and dissemination of its cultural heritage: examples include the creation of the web portal Terre di Lucca and Versilia5, sponsored by the Province of Lucca, and archaeological excavations in the area launched by a number of municipalities and the Tuscany Superintendence of Cultural Heritage. The projects developed to date have not addressed Versilia’s cultural heritage as a whole, however, nor have they explored this heritage by positioning it in relation to the ways the land has changed over time. The research project VisualVersilia has sought to fill this void by creating a digital guide on WebGIS consisting of an interactive map and a series of dialog layers for the various subjects addressed, which are in turn broken down into sub-layer by epoch, in order to map, communicate and illustrate the wealth of Versilia’s cultural heritage from the first http://googleearthitalia.blogspot.it/2012/01/antica-roma-3d.html, date accessed: 26/04/2017. A geographic area at the edge of northwestern Tuscany between the sea and the imposing frame of the Apuan Alps. The two main local rivers, the Magra and Serchio, delimit the area’s northern and southern edges. From an administrative point of view it is part of the province of Lucca with a small section located in the province of Massa Carrara. 5 http://www.luccaterre.it/, accessed 26/04/2017. 3 4 Pdf concesso da Bononia University Press all'autore per l'espletamento delle procedure concorsuali Representing the territory 87 Fig. 2. WebGis Layers and Sub-Layers. The activating of the various layers and sub-layers allows to place and display in the space / map of the georeferenced symbols, related to cultural heritage, divided into themes. Each layer is characterized by a special icon, which, through the use of different colors, is able to express the various historical phases analyzed. A tag with the name and the history of the site appears selecting an icon; clicking on this, it can be accessed by information box. traces of human settlement to the 21st century6 (Fig. 2). It therefore represents a highly innovative and complex tool in that it addresses many wide-ranging subjects but also and above all because it offers users the possibility to move through a space/ map and immerse themselves in different timeframes, thanks to reconstructions of the geography of the various periods that more effectively contextualize the sites being explored through the special layer The landscape as it was. Creating the layer the landscape as it was For this layer, the term ‘landscape’ is used in its broad meaning as the surrounding environment, the spatial context in which humans live and act, the product of continuous interaction between people and geographic space. Studying and reconstructing the landscape therefore involves reconstructing the history of this complex relationship and analyzing how humans have in turn changed the local areas in which they live and adapted to the challenges presented by the physical elements7. 6 7 Giannini 2016, pp. 62-78. Dall’Aglio et alii 2002. Pdf concesso da Bononia University Press all'autore per l'espletamento delle procedure concorsuali 88 Martina Giannini Fig. 3. GIS with the georeferencing for an historical maps superimposed over present-day cartography and the creation of shapefiles. The various geographic contexts were combined through complex, multi-faceted multidisciplinary research; different procedures were used depending on the specific period under analysis, but in general this process involved continuously consulting all available sources. The georeferencing of historical maps turned out to constitute a particularly useful method. This process is to assign coordinates to specific points of the images according to a predetermined reference system, thus allowing them to superimpose historical maps over contemporary cartography. Once all the maps had been georeferenced and the various available sources had been studied, a shapefile was created for each geographic element considered significant for inclusion in the reconstruction of the territory. Finally, the vector shapefiles that had been produced using open source software Quantum GIS (QGIS)8 were imported into WebGIS, structured to meet the requirements of the project and displayed as overlays, with Google Maps satellite views as the underlying images9 (Fig. 3). This procedure was characterized by variable error margins depending on the degree of accuracy of the available maps; georeferencing with geodetic maps from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was therefore fairly accurate while the georeferencing of eighteenth century maps involved a greater margin of error. The various geographic reconstructions, divided by epochs and accompanied by information boxes outlining the geographic features of the period under investigaThis FOSS (Free and Open Source Software) geographic information system was developed in 2001; it is easy to install and can be utilized by a variety of users, including non-professionals. 9 Dubbini et alii 2016, pp. 126-127. 8 Pdf concesso da Bononia University Press all'autore per l'espletamento delle procedure concorsuali Representing the territory 89 tion, can be activated directly from the layers menu or via a special command in the synthetic descriptive boxes that users access by clicking on the georeferenced icons on the map indicating each of the cultural assets included in the survey; when users activate the reconstruction from the information box, it is presented with the territorial reconstruction for the period specific to the heritage site in question or the period that most characterizes it. The reconstructions are highlighted with different areas of color superimposed on the basic contemporary map, with brown for elevated areas, dark green for lowlands, olive green for marshes, light blue for rivers, lakes and sea, beige for dune ridges and beaches, orange for roads, black for railroads and gray for urbanization phenomena10. Ancient and Medieval Geographic Contexts Paleogeography was carried out for the “prehistoric age” to recreate the presumed environmental context of sites with findings from the period between the Middle Paleolithic (40,000 years ago) and the Late Bronze Age (around the tenth century BC)11; in particular, there was an attempt to show how the land would have looked during glacial expansion, at the time of the last Würm glacier (approximately 18,000 years ago) when the band of foothills extending far beyond the edge of current coast contained land much different than it is today12: in fact, the sea had retreated by as much as – 110 m compared to its current position, completely exposing the Versilia plain and subjecting it to rapid environmental change. The hypothetical reconstruction was carried out by analyzing previous studies of the area’s geomorphology and geology in comparison with contemporary archaeological evidence, mainly from settlements along the coastal plains and in mountain caves13. Indeed, we were able to establish the characteristics of the geographic context by identifying the type of each find, its functional and material characteristics and the precise geolocation of each settlement. We decided to use the generic term ‘prehistoric age’ rather than a precise timeline on the WebGIS layer menu bar, so it would be immediately clear to users that the period in question was extremely remote. The sub-layer titled “Pre-Roman Age” displays a hypothetical reconstruction of paleogeography prior to the Roman conquest, referring to the period between the eighth and second century BC. At this stage Versilia is believed to have been characterized by coastal strips which were shaped by atmospheric agents to form dunes, thus separating the open sea from the ponds and lakes that formed parallel to the shore line, first in contact with the sea and later isolated as separate marshes. 10 11 12 13 Giannini 2016, pp. 58-77. In the WebGIS grouped under the sub-layer “the first inhabitants”, part of the “Archeology” subject. Menozzi et alii 2002; Bini et alii 2007. Giannini 2013, pp. 155-160. Pdf concesso da Bononia University Press all'autore per l'espletamento delle procedure concorsuali 90 Martina Giannini The visible remains of these ancient lagoons are represented by Massaciuccoli Lake and the wetland that was once Porta Lake, which were cut off from the open sea between 10,000 and 3,000 years ago14. The coastline is thought to have been located approximately 1-1.5 km further inland in the northern sector and 5 km further inland in the southern hemisphere as compared to today15. This hypothetical territorial reconstruction was created by analyzing ancient literary sources from Roman times16 and studying and georeferencing sites inhabited by Etruscan-speaking populations, distributed between the eighth and third centuries BC mainly along the coastal plain and outlet of the main rivers, as well as Ligurians who came to settle mountainous areas between the fourth and second century BC17. The paleogeographic layout for the “Roman age”, from the second century BC to the fourth century AD, is similar to that hypothesized for the previous sub-layer, with the addition of the main roads, infrastructure and centuriation in the territory (Fig. 4). These features were reconstructed by analyzing itineraria from late antiquity18, in particular the Tabula Peutingeriana19, aerial photographs, place names and evidence collected on the ground through surface surveys and archaeological excavations. Towards the end of the second century BC (115-109 BC), the Via Aemilia Scauri undoubtedly cut through the area at the foot of the Apuan; as Strabo remarks20, this road passed through Pisa and Luni. However, it is likely that there was also a structured route running through this area from the beginning of the second century BC, when C. Aurelio Cotta is thought to have extended the Aurelia Vetus, with went as far as Pisa, with the addition of the Aurelia Nova, at least as far as the Portus Lunae21. Therefore, the Aurelia and later Aemilia may quite possibly have coincided with the coastal path following the curved contour of the ancient shoreline. This would have been a via glareata established along the dune ridges22, arranged in a straight line and perhaps served by stopover points, both for coastal shipping along the coast and routes cutting through inland waters. The archaeological documenMenozzi et alii 2002; Fabiani 2006, pp. 23-26. Bini et alii 2007; Bini et alii 2009. 16 Ps-Scyl. 1, 18; Liv. XXXIV 56, 1; XXXIX 1; XXXIX 2, 5-20; XL 38, 43; XLI 13; Strab. IV, 6, 2. 17 Giannini 2013, pp. 161-165. 18 These included the Itinerarium Antonini, Itinerarium Hierosolymitanum, and Ravennatis Anonymi Cosmographia. 19 The Latin name given to a twelfth or thirteenth century copy (on a 6.80 m long parchment roll) of an ancient color itinerarium from the Roman Empire dating to the Imperial age (between the second and the fourth century BC), perhaps derived from Agrippa’s Orbis pictus. It is preserved at the National Library of Vienna and its name comes from the humanist K. Peutinger, who published a section of it. 20 Strab. V, 1, 11. 21 Luni, a Roman colony founded in 177 BC at the mouth of the Magra river following the Romans’ victory over the Apuan Ligurian people. Pasquinucci 2003; Fabiani 2006, pp. 63-66; Fabiani 2012. 22 Fabiani 2006, pp. 87-90. Roads constructed using pebbles and gravel, with rare fragments of clay brick (Ortalli 2000, pp. 86-92). 14 15 Pdf concesso da Bononia University Press all'autore per l'espletamento delle procedure concorsuali Representing the territory 91 Fig. 4. Versilia in Roman times with the Roman age ‘settlements’ and ‘necropolises’ sub-layer activated as well. tation would appear to indicate the existence of another land route that followed the foothills, where a road branched off linking up various sections along the coastal road and the roads leading to the cities of Lucca, Luni and Pisa23. The centuriation of Luni, extending past Pietrasanta, was reconstructed in large part thanks to the hypothesis that the small temples, chapels and churches which are so numerous especially in the area between Strettoia and Pietrasanta still mark the location of ancient compita, that is, altars dedicated to lares compitales, deities of the crossroads, which were in fact placed where the limites intercisivi intersected24. This territorial organization25 appears to have been characterized by a series of lines established parallel to the coast, decumani, which met up with perpendicular axes, cardines, delimiting centurie of approximately 20 actus (about 710 m); it makes sense that the decumanus maximus would have been defined by the Via Aurelia/Aemilia, which extended parallel to the coast and a long section of which coincides with the present-day Via Aurelia26. In the case of the “Middle Ages”, reconstruction was carried out using the same methods, including consultation of written documents from the period27, archaeoCiampoltrini 1998, p. 117; Fabiani 2006, pp. 63-66; Ciampoltrini 2009; Fabiani 2012. Marcuccetti 1995, p. 66; Giannini 2015, pp. 81-83, 89-90. 25 Fabiani 2006, pp. 36-44; Ghizzani Marcìa 2012. 26 Pasquinucci 2003; Dall’Aglio, Di Cocco 2004; Quilici, Quilici Gigli 2004, p. 134; Fabiani 2006, pp. 37-40, 45-70; Ghizzani Marcìa 2012. 27 Founding charters and deeds transferring ownership, for example. 23 24 Pdf concesso da Bononia University Press all'autore per l'espletamento delle procedure concorsuali 92 Martina Giannini logical sources and descriptions of voyages by pilgrims and crusaders28 who traveled along Via Francigena or Via Romea29. In this period, the landscape was characterized by inlets and dune barriers along the coast formed by the slow accumulation of sediment from the many streams and channels in the area30; it was also significantly influenced by dry-land roadways, especially Via Francigena, as well as waterways, both sea routes – featuring numerous convenient landings – and lake and river routes. As a matter of fact, the research conducted for this project revealed that, from the end of the fourth to the twelfth century, the area along the coast was characterized by a water-based network comprising rivers, streams and channels that provided connections between the main centers, lakes and ports31. Modern geographic contexts The sub-layer “Modern age” includes geographic reconstructions for the historical periods between the 1400s and the 1700s. To reconstruct the 1500s, the historical maps from the sixteenth century32, which clearly depict borders, wooded areas, hills and mountains, lakes, rivers and sites of human presence in the area, were selected and analyzed: the reconstruction was carried out by comparing these maps with the contemporary geography, documentary sources, literary descriptions of the time, paintings depicting views of the Versilia area33 and architectural structures that still remain or have left visible traces. The coastline, for example, was reconstructed by taking the location of the watch towers and forts along the coast as reference points, as described in documentary and iconographic sources, and in some cases by referring to the remains of edifices and structures still in place. The lowlands were comprised of a coastal strip of lakes, ponds and waterfalls that formed as a result of the way sand dunes blocked waterways from flowing into the sea, together with another, more internal and lower elevation area with scrub brush, swamps and Massaciuccoli Lake. The hydrographic system throughout the area has remained virtually unchanged with the exception of some artificial ditches built to improve the usability of the land34. Ex gestis Henrici II et Ricardi I (twelfth century); Il libro di Ruggero by Al Idrisi (twelfth century); Chronica particularia Nobilium de Vallecchia by Fra’ Lombardino da Vallecchia (composed in the fourteenth century but based on a previous written source dated to the century before). 29 Versilia was in fact located along the path of one of the many possible branches of Via Francigena or Via Romea, which in medieval times constituted the main connecting routes for religious pilgrimages to Rome and Jerusalem, cities holy to Christianity. Lucca, furthermore, hosted the miraculous crucifix Volto Santo (Holy face), which was a destination for many pilgrims (Valenti 1996). 30 Fabiani 2006; Anichini, Giannotti 2011; Gattiglia, Tarantino 2013. 31 Bertuccelli Migliorini, Caccia 2006, p. 78. 32 Giannini 2016, p. 67, n. 40. 33 Bertuccelli Migliorini, Caccia 2006; Fabiani 2006; Buselli, Paolicchi 2009. 34 Giannini 2016, pp. 67-69. 28 Pdf concesso da Bononia University Press all'autore per l'espletamento delle procedure concorsuali Representing the territory 93 The reconstructions of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were obtained mainly on the basis of a selection of maps35 of the same time created with geometric precision following the development of trigonometry and triangulation, which proved to be easily georeferenceable in a GIS environment. These were compared with available sources36 including the literary tradition surrounding the custom of the Grand Tour, especially in the eighteenth century37. The operation carried out to supplement the selected maps was extremely complex, as the available historical cartography was highly heterogeneous and fragmentary: indeed, cartographic depictions refer to a territory that was divided between the Grand Duchy of Tuscany under the House of Medici, a northern area and the state of the Republic of Lucca to the south. As for the seventeenth century, the coastal plain at this time was predominantly marshy and the coastal area was characterized by extensive sandy coastline with intricate dune systems. Much of the area was affected by unhealthy humidity and malaria which, together with the unsafe nature of the coasts, meant that there was no real system of settlements. The structures depicted on historical cartography were for the most part military stations located on the coast, the existence of which aided in tracing the coastline of the time38. Via Francigena continued to represent an important road network in this period. Eighteenth century land reclamation work made southern coastal Versilia a more livable place, and anthropic use increased accordingly39; work was also begun to plant a pine forest on sandy soils near the sea in order to create a barrier against sea winds that damaged the countryside40. Between 1786 and 1788, the Grand Duke of Tuscany Pietro Leopoldo I ordered work in the coastal strip to construct a defensive fort located at Scalo dei Marmi, the area where the town Forte dei Marmi later grew up41. The coastal plain continued to be characterized predominantly by dunes, marshes and lakes. Several important historical routes traversed Versilia in this period, many of which were indicated on the maps: the Roman Via Aurelia, which crossed the region longitudinally, and Via Sarzanese, which connected Lucca with the towns in Versilia. For the seventeenth century, see Giannini 2016, p. 69, n. 48. For the eighteenth century, see Dubbini et alii 2016, pp. 130-141. 36 Targioni Tozzetti 1768-1779, I, pp. 452-456; VI, pp. 406-408; IX, pp. 14-228; XI, pp. 228251; Repetti 1833-1845. 37 http://grandtour.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/, accessed 36/04/2017. 38 The Bocca del Serchio fort located at the end of the river by the same name; The Matilde Tower in Viareggio, positioned to the right of the Burlamacca Canal; The fort of Motrone in Marina di Pietrasanta; The Cinquale fort on the banks of Lake Beltrame. 39 Cecconi 1981, p. 29. 40 Bergamini 1995, p. 57. 41 Cecconi 1981, p. 42. 35 Pdf concesso da Bononia University Press all'autore per l'espletamento delle procedure concorsuali 94 Martina Giannini Contemporary geographic contexts In creating the sub-layer “the contemporary age”, it was possible to define the appearance of the contemporary territory and analyze how the increase in urbanization has shaped and conditioned the landscape by comparing the various sources42 and consulting maps for the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, which by this time had become more geometrically precise and detailed43. Around the middle of the nineteenth century, beach leisure and marine sailing activities contributed to the expansion of Viareggio, while in Forte dei Marmi the government repaved the road called Via Ferdinandea connecting the hinterlands of Versilia (Pietrasanta, Seravezza) to the sea and sold sections of coastal land to private individuals, which laid the foundations for the subsequent boom in seaside tourism along the Versilia coast44. Forte dei Marmi also experienced significant demographic and economic growth thanks to the intensification of marble sales from the quarries in Seravezza and Stazzema. In the first half of the nineteenth century Massarosa, Viareggio and Camaiore were part of the Duchy of Lucca; the remaining towns were located in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. In terms of transport routes, the construction of the Pisa-La Spezia and Lucca-Viareggio roads in the second half of the nineteenth century undoubtedly played a key role. An examination of cartographic and aerial materials for the twentieth century45 revealed that the population of Versilia’s hill area increased markedly over the decades, especially on areas below 500 m above sea level where the previous vegetation had been almost entirely eradicated to make room for a largely urban environment. On the slopes of the hills terraced crop cultivation was abandoned in favor of industrial activities; the same process of urbanization also took place in the coastal zone, where coastal erosion and enlargement was accompanied by intense construction near the shore line, which also led to the destruction of much of the dune system. Thanks to reclamation work carried out in the early 1900s, the Massaciuccoli lagoon became a lake. Over the course of the twentieth century, therefore, the Versilian territory underwent intense population growth and we felt it appropriate to document this intense urbanization through a detailed reconstruction of its composite phases by dividing the sub-layer of the 1900s into further sections through territorial reconstructions of the 1920s, 1930s and 1960s, thereby illustrating when and how the landscape changed over the last century. See in particular Repetti 1833-1845. For the nineteenth century, see Dubbini et alii 2016, pp. 142-152. For the twentieth century, see: http://www.regione.toscana.it/-/geoscopio, accessed 26/04/2016. Giannini 2016, pp. 71-74. 44 Giannelli 1971, p. 131. 45 http://www.igmi.org/voli/, accessed 12/04/2017. 42 43 Pdf concesso da Bononia University Press all'autore per l'espletamento delle procedure concorsuali Representing the territory 95 Concluding considerations and new perspectives The innovative character of the project as it was conceived thus lay in the research required to develop a methodology for supplementing the available sources and making use of modern technological tools, exploiting these tools’ potential in terms of communicational immediacy and attractive graphics for creating diacronics of the territorial context surrounding the area’s cultural sites. This feature represented the project’s particularly innovative element. In fact, visitors to the area’s rich architectural, artistic and archaeological heritage sites usually find themselves engaging with a decontextualized cultural asset by virtue of the fact that it sits in an environment much different than the one that originally gave rise to it and thus made sense of its existence. The landscape as it was layer instead allows users to view the environment in which the cultural object originally rested and thus also understand the asset’s locally specific character. As a result, users are able to immerse themselves in the experience while scholars are aided in their work of research. The methodology employed in this project therefore made it possible to contextualize cultural heritage in time and space. VisualVersilia represents a versatile tool, capable of creating links between the past and the future, cultural investigation and technical planning; it can contribute to raising awareness about the area by allowing users to discover and experience it in all its unique traits and specificities. This project also represents a strategic tool of geo-localization and information dissemination for documenting the way the area has changed and evolved over time, thus lending itself to multiple uses ranging from tourism to study as well as the valorization of heritage and the land itself. In fact, a wide range of content can be stored within a single system, content that can be correlated and customized according to the requirements of specific users. Indeed, visulaversilia.com WebGIS will soon be enriched by the addition of multi-temporal navigable three-dimensional reconstructions thanks to the ongoing research project 3D VisualVersilia, which is aimed at reconstructing changes in the Massaciuccoli archaeological complex (Massarosa)46, thereby charting the historical-architectural evolution of the buildings and surroundings of Versilia’s most important and well-preserved Roman-age site and, in the future, other noteworthy sites as well. This research design thus has the potential to help foster greater knowledge about and resulting awareness of cultural heritage, which will lead to safeguarding and valorizing the precious sites that bear witness to the history of this territory47. 46 Project selected as winner of the 2016-2017 Call for Research Proposals held by the Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Lucca. 47 I would like to thank the Matteucci Institute, the Matteucci Foundation Center for Modern Art and the Gallery of Modern and Contemporary Art in Viareggio for their cooperation in the phase of archival research focused on pictorial sources, and the Museo Civico Archeologico di Camaiore for collaborating with archeological sources. Pdf concesso da Bononia University Press all'autore per l'espletamento delle procedure concorsuali 96 Martina Giannini References Anichini, Giannotti 2011 = F. Anichini, S. 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