Pavilion’s Hospital typology: an outdated solution or an opportunity for tomorrow? (2021)

ARCHITECTURE HERITAGE and DESIGN Carmine Gambardella XIX INTERNATIONAL FORUM Le Vie dei Mercanti World Heritage and Design for Health ARCHITECTURE | CULTURE | HEALTH | LANDSCAPE | DESIGN | ENVIRONMENT | AGRICULTURE | ECONOMY | TERRITORIAL GOVERNANCE | ARCHAEOLOGY | SURVEY | HERITAGE | e-LEARNING Carmine Gambardella WORLD HERITAGE and DESIGN FOR HEALTH Le Vie dei Mercanti XIX International Forum Editing: Alessandro Ciambrone © © Proprietà letteraria riservata Proprietà letteraria riservata Gangemi Editore spa Gangemi Editore Via Giulia 142, Roma spa Via Giulia w ww . g a n142, g e mRoma ieditore.it www.gangemieditore.it Nessuna parte di questa Nessuna partepuò di questa pubblicazione essere pubblicazionefotocopiata può essereo memorizzata, memorizzata, fotocopiata o comunque riprodotta senza comunque riprodotta senza le dovute autorizzazioni. le dovute autorizzazioni. 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Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, USA Sabina Martusciello President of the Degree Course in “Design and Communication”, University of Studies of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” Paola Sartorio Executive Director, The U.S.A. - Italy Fulbright Commission Elena Shlienkova Professor, Samara State Technical University Rosaria Parente Ph.D. in “Architecture, Industrial Design and Cultural Heritage” University of Studies of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” Nicola Pisacane Professor, Head of the Master School of Architecture – Interior Design and for Autonomy Courses, University of Studies of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” Riccardo Serraglio Professor, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” Editorial Committee: Lucina Abate Alessandro Ciambrone Gilda Emanuele Rosaria Parente Pavilion’s Hospital typology: an outdated solution or an opportunity for tomorrow? Marco MORANDOTTI,1 Massimiliano SAVORRA2 (1) Dicar, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy marco.morandotti@unipv.it (2) massimiliano.savorra@unipv.it Abstract In Italy, during the Thirties of the last century the type of monobloc was established as a hospital building. This typology, in the intentions, had to replace that of the pavilion’s hospitals, conceived as enormous complexes of isolated buildings. But nevertheless, the citadels for care continued to be imagined, conceived, built, modifying the face of entire urban areas, or often leading the way for the urbanization of areas that had hitherto been isolated, also marking the start of vast programs of public utility, often completed after the Second World War. The cases of the Niguarda area with the new Ospedale Maggiore in Milan, or of the hill between Arenella and the Camaldoli in Naples with the new modern hospital XIII Marzo later dedicated to Antonio Cardarelli, as well as the Policlinico of Pavia are significant. The contribution aims to analyze and compare the history of some emblematic cases of hospitals, to understand what lessons we can learn, and which can be consistent with the needs and paradigms of our contemporaneity. We have already experienced some needs, due to the pandemic emergency, in the last year, in the form of social distancing, domestic segregation and the forced suspension of a large area of social and economic, private and collective activities. In this perspective, some thoughts about the actual role and validity, of the hospital building system with pavilions will be proposed. Keywords: Pavilions hospital, Cultural heritage, Architecture for medical health 1. The pavilion hospital typology: a model between medicine and architecture In the Age of Enlightenment, alongside architectural experiments based on scientific studies and thanks to the typological researches of architectural schools in France [1], [2], hospitals with different pavilions depending on the disease, which occupied large parts of the city [3], [4], spread almost everywhere. The first pavilion hospitals were initially organized in a single building characterized by the typological invariant of the sequence of combs connected to each other by a distribution connective. However, they were functionally independent so as to ensure the separation of patients by class of pathology. These complexes became progressively larger until they assumed the most recent conformation of building systems divided into several morphologically similar buildings, and usually arranged on regular and ordered alignments. In the latter case, the choice of location – as brought about by modern medical provisions – fell on the occupation of areas on the margins, as it was believed that the circulation of air and sunshine were hindered by the existing buildings in the city, waste sewage in the intra moenia areas could infiltrate the ground, especially in the absence of rational sewage systems. Thus, in the preindustrial phase, the relationship between city and care was measured by the adaptations of care complexes in the context of wider urban transformations, so much so that the “hospital” entity – especially in recent years’ studies – has become a prism of elements through which it is possible to interpret the history of many cities [5], [6]. The first implementations concerned psychiatric asylums. Some solutions were also deemed effective for general hospitals. Especially in France, there were experiments on the theme of panoptism, useful both for prisons and especially for hospitals. The story of Hôtel-Dieu is emblematic [7]. 229 Fig. 1: Plan général d’un projet d’Hôtel-Dieu de M. Le Roy, de l’Académie royale des Sciences imaginé en 1773. Cet édifice... devait être placé au bout du Cours de la Reine / Composé pour l’architecture et dessiné en 1780 par Ch.-Fr. Viel.... 1781. Since the Napoleonic era, public services in continental Europe became completely secular. Hygienists, health engineers and architects became the actors of a debate that would have profoundly affected the places of care set up in cities to resist or adapt to health crises such as those due to epidemics. In the mid-nineteenth century, in Italy the contributions of scientists, such as Giuseppe Sormani, illustrious professor of Hygiene at the University of Pavia, who in his Geografia nosologica listed the characteristics of modern hospitals followed one another more and more [8]. After the serious epidemic in Italy of 188485, the proposals of hygienic engineers led in addition to the enactment of legislative measures [9], to the ad hoc conception of hospital citadels, based on the distribution to isolated pavilions connected with tunnels (underground, elevated, closed or open). The birth of the many hospital citadels was dictated by the fact that the already existing places of care were no longer sufficient and adequate, mostly obtained in the many suppressed monasteries. The reuse of the conventual structures that took place after the Italian Unification was suitable for ministries, university buildings and barracks, but not for hospitals. With the progress of medicine and the specificity of clinics, the monasteries show all the limits in relation to modern functional needs. In particular, epidemiological advances confirmed the traditional techniques of collective prophylaxis and the principle of isolation, which were crucial in defining the relationship between treatment centers and urban cores [10]. Born with the American Civil War (the Mower Hospital in Philadelphia is well known), the pavilion system was widely used in the Germanic wars of 1866 and 1870-71 [11]. 230 Fig. 2: F. Bottini, Ospedale di Broni, 1885 (from Ricordi di architettura, vol. II, s. II, 1891, tav. 20). In Italy, the Sant’Andrea of Genova (1877-84) built by Cesare Parodi, thanks to the funds made available by the Duchess of Galliera, was among the first large hospitals to be conceived with the layout of the pavilions. Since there, everywhere, works were undertaken for the construction from scratch of health establishments with the new arrangement, from Mauriziano Umberto I of Turin (1882-85), built on the conception of the engineer Ambrogio Perincioli and of the doctor Giovanni Spantigati [12], up to the Policlinico Umberto I in Rome, designed by Giulio Podesti (1883-96) [13], to Broni hospital (1885-90) built on a design by the engineer Febo Bottini [14], and to Umberto I hospital of Monza (1890-96), made by Ercole Balossi Merlo [15]. The best choice seemed to be that of the pavilions, because they guaranteed insulation, ventilation and lighting, all that was considered “hygienic”. Rather, the discussions concerned how to articulate and locate the different pavilions, both within a large area and with respect to the city center. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the construction of modern polyclinics, authentic cities within cities, experienced an unprecedented acceleration, just as the historical structures were modified and expanded with the construction of isolated pavilions, to the point that they assumed a decisive role in the definition of entire sectors urban, as in the case of the Ospedale Maggiore in Milan which extended with the many pavilions beyond the naviglio [16], [17], or the Policlinico of Pavia [18]. The layout in pavilions implied the occupation of large areas, which for small-medium-sized cities (as happened for example in Broni, Legnano, Novara, Forlì, Cremona, Udine, Padua) meant rethinking the strategic role of these hospitals (civil, military, or psychiatric), in relation both to the consolidated historical contexts and to the future development that they wanted to give to general urban planning. During Fascism, the places of healthcare, like the other public buildings that were redesigning the face of entire urban parts, began to be built with the most up-to-date provisions, the most effective materials, the most functional distribution schemes, and in specific case with the fruitful and effective collaborations between architects and doctors. Within the consolidated urban meshes, the pavilion hospital system had proved to be the best up to that time. Even if it had soon revealed all the defects related to the large areas occupied and the costs of operation, transport and surveillance. In the requests of the many competitions (Ravenna, Padua, Pescara, etc.) launched between the two wars, the type of hospital with pavilions gave way to that of the monobloc, more rational and better suited to modern needs, as emerged in the reports presented in the crowded congresses of hospital architecture. The theories of functionalism and hygiene of the early twentieth century introduced new paradigms of space. Natural light, air, the sun become fundamental factors. 231 Fig. 3: A. Gardella, L. Martini, Policlinico di Pavia, 1913-1932 (postcard). The new block type also responded to the hygienic requirements of exploiting the orientations of the buildings according to the heliothermic axes. For this reason, the theme of the modern hospital continually stimulated the experiments of many architects, who collaborated more and more with medical directors. Numerous medical conferences were organized, and the international association of hospitals was founded to discuss the new architectural typology. The principles of clarity, economy, ordering of space, communications, use of the surface had convinced everyone to abandon the model of the pavilions. For the new construction of buildings, as well as for the extensions of existing hospitals, the solution of the mono-block type was preferred. The rationalization of the distribution elements in a single building and the centralization of general services were the cause and consequence of the improved efficiency of the services and a low operating cost. The abandonment of the pavilion type was also motivated by the desire to no longer consider the pleasant aspects of tree-lined avenues and flower beds, because the belief spread that the sicks were interested only in timely, wise and caring assistance from doctors and nurses. 2. The permanence of health clusters within urban morphology In Italy, during the 1930s, therefore, the type of monobloc was established as a hospital building. But nevertheless, the citadels for care continued to be imagined, conceived, built, modifying the face of entire urban sectors, or often leading the way for the urbanization of areas that had hitherto been isolated, also marking the start of vast programs of public utility, carried out even after the Second World War. The cases of the Niguarda area with the new Maggiore hospital in Milan, or of the hill between Arenella and the Camaldoli in Naples with the new modern hospital “XIII Marzo” later dedicated to Antonio Cardarelli in 1943, as well as the Policlinico of Pavia are significant. The construction of the Pavia hospital determines a moment of great growth in the city, both from an urban, social and economic point of view. Promoted since 1902 by Camillo Golgi (Nobel Prize in 1906) [19], an illustrious professor and scientist of international standing, the hospital complex of Pavia was conceived in 1913 by the engineers Arnaldo Gardella and Luigi Martini and completed in 1932. Already at its appearance it presented the most advanced technological solutions, with a typology now well proven of the blocks. In the following years, other pavilions were built, whose construction was allowed by the layout of the entire complex. The hospital was the result of a synthesis. In the initial discussions, the possibility of creating two hospitals side by side was discussed, one for research entrusted to the university, the other for the clinic, dependent on the Consiglio ospitaliero per la cura. The general clinical hospital was thus created, with a comb scheme. The original project was revised by the engineers Giuseppe Mariani and Leonardo Sala of Genio Civile. 232 The Policlinico gradually expands to the north, in accordance with the same initial forecasts, with a series of successive buildings that follow one another after the war and in the following years. In particular, it should be noted that a series of buildings immediately external to the original boundary of the area are built by the University, with a substantial morphological and typological consistency with respect to the pre-existing ones, but – by virtue of the different implementing body – triggering some constraints on the mutual traversability of the area. The building structure of the complex changes again at the beginning of the new century, with the provision of a new building, developed according to the typological “plate and towers” scheme. A sort of typological hybridization then happens, due to the inclusion a new building, morphologically and typologically very different within a pavilion hospital. Since then, it was definitely unchanged, although had progressively welcomed new architectures, each referable by compositional lexicon to specific construction seasons, but intimately coherent, as far as the planovolumetric profile is concerned. With its outline of 80 by 160 meters in plan and with a height of about 50 meters and a "W" shape, the new building stands out as a new landmark in the context not only of the hospital complex, but more generally in the city skyline. It is worth underlining here that the rationale of the new project was to concentrate in a new high-tech building a huge amount of the beds distributed in the historic pavilions, now inadequate in terms of systems, services and accommodation standards, leaving these volumes free for further refunctionalization. This medium-term perspective has then been implemented over time, so much so that the conversion of one of the first two pavilions, that of medicine, into the new headquarters of the University’s medical faculty is currently underway, with the creation of classrooms, departmental spaces and library. The complex of the New modern hospital of Naples was begun in 1928 on a project by the architect Alessandro Rimini and ended in 1934. To create the citadel of care, the architect did not arrange the many pavilions on the slope of the hill but had the area (over 300,000 square meters) transformed into an esplanade [20]. As in Pavia, several specialist pavilions were later built. Articulated with more than twenty pavilions, connected to each other by a road network and underground paths, the Neapolitan hospital was a colossal work, extending over about 28 hectares [21]. The hospital was conceived to carry out the tasks of health care for the sick, but also those of disease prevention and post-hospital care. For this reason, the pavilions were intended for specialties (for the chronic, for maternity, for the infectious, etc.). The new hospital of Perdono, later Niguarda, was born instead to replace the old Ospedale Maggiore [22]. It was designed by the engineer Giulio Marcovigi, assisted by Enrico Ronzani for the medical part, and by the architect Giulio Ulisse Arata, for the architectural part. The works began in 1933 and ended in 1939. The type of hospital pavilion still seemed the only feasible one, but following some American models, it was thought that vertical hospitals were the most responsive to modern solutions. The events that led to the construction of the hospital have been extensively reconstructed [23], [24]. In the course of the discussions there was no turning towards the monobloc type, but rather the application of a mixed solution. Beyond the final outcome, the story demonstrated the non-current nature of the pavilion type. The cost of the areas within the cities, the advancement of construction techniques and hospital technologies, as well as the need to rationalize everything and above all the conviction of being able to “control” the contagion of diseases, have gradually led to abandoning the choice of typology of the pavilions. Many pavilion hospitals were enlarged and renovated, such as in the case of the Umberto I hospital in Monza. Built in 1896, in 1943 the hospital underwent a radical rethinking, with the elimination of the pavilions, in favor of the construction of a single building block [25]. With the tragedy of the Second World War and the post-war reconstruction, the relationship between city and care measured itself against the theme of social well-being as an inclusive sphere, and not linked only to assistance to the sick. Strongly marked by the bombings, the cities were rethought, as well as rebuilt, by the technicians as a whole. However, with few exceptions, the relationship of the city with the places of care crystallized on architectural models of the past. No longer charitable but secular and scientific, care in the city in the second half of the twentieth century was increasingly based on a system of services based on the principle, called by the Anglo-Saxons patient-centered care, the one for which assistance was focused on the person and no longer exclusively on an old-style hospital and care facility network. The end of the twentieth century marked the heyday of modern hospital architecture, so much so that it saw the definitive upheaval of numerous hospitals built in the nineteenth century. So much so that in some cases it was necessary to safeguard the value of some hospital complexes. As Cor Wagenaar argued, it is also necessary to keep in mind the changing ideas of health and care when evaluating the historical value of pavilion hospitals, considered obsolete everywhere [26]. The lesson from typological history of the pavilion hospital can help us understand whether the typological choice of the pavilions is still valid today, especially if analyzed with the needs and paradigms of our contemporaneity. The pavilions system still allows to give optimal answers, both for a small or a large hospital. Each pavilion can be considered autonomous, and at the same time connected with the other departments. As in the past, the isolation of the building – especially for general hospitals – becomes essential in the event of epidemics, which are expected to increase in the future. 233 Fig. 6: G. Marcovigi, E. Ronzani, G. U. Arata, Nuovo Ospedale Maggiore Milano, 1933-39 (postcard). 3. Conclusions: does the pavillion-based typology belong to cultural heritage or may suggest possible strategies for the future? As Hans-Bertram Lewicki wrote in 1964, even for an expert the task of establishing a hospital program is always difficult, also, because the conception of a hospital starts from the situation of the moment and from the forecast of the near future needs [27]. The issues concerning emergency interventions, diagnostic medicine, rehabilitation and convalescence, since the 1960s, have been questioned, perfecting and adapting the hospital to the medical needs, depending by the geographical context. This is not the place to discuss the choices on the usefulness of one type or another, on the destination or on the functioning of the pavilions. Rather, we are interested in understanding how the pavilion system pluri-block can be taken into consideration again, given its heterogeneity. During the second half of the twentieth century, up to the present day, a hospital is increasingly used for outpatient care. For this it requires a dimensioning, a set of different structures, which can interact with the research institutes and with the buildings where the therapies take place. The prospect therefore arises of reopening an articulated debate on the prevailing hospital settlement strategies. As is well known, the paradigm of the verticality of the hospital structure has already been refuted by the affirmation of structures with horizontal development. It is a question of re-discussing the guidelines in the organization of hospitals. The crowding of the sick and the staff is no longer conceivable. One of the problems of the pavilion system were the connections, which were replaced by vertical ones – with lifts, stretcher lifts, dumbwaiters, hoists – considered at time cheaper, more effective, faster [28]. Into a mono-block, each floor was a closed unit in itself, which could connect to the others if necessary. This typological organization showed its limits when the same problems due to the epidemics of the past occurred. The disadvantages of the pavilion scheme encountered at the time are now overcome. The questions posed by contemporaneity about our microbiome are broad. The human being can be understood as a mobile ecology, which forms an infinite flow of different species of germs, bacteria, viruses. Columina and Wigley questioned the role of architecture – hospital or otherwise – which must host the human organism [29]. The social and health impact of the pandemic, which is still underway, will prompt a significant rethinking of approach, including in the health sector. Even regardless of the individual emergency solutions, which the various hospitals have resorted to in emergency conditions, it is believed that it may be appropriate to develop a reflection on newly built, modular, streamlined, highly prefabricated and industrialized structures to be set up in relatively short times, characterized by high degrees of internal distributive flexibility, which can be dedicated to hosting specific and potentially infectious categories of patients. 234 Fig. 7: 3d model of the new building of the San Matteo hospital, emergency department, surgical plate and recovery towers 2012. This is not the place to discuss in detail the peculiarities of these structures from a specific distribution and technological point of view, but it remains clear that they will be pavilions, of variable dimensions depending on the degree of specific functional complexity (eg. hospitalization only, or only intensive or sub-intensive care units, or all of these). With the aim also of reviewing the man-made rules to protect the community health during unexpected disease outbreaks or epidemics [30], the generating principle of the type of hospital with pavilions, based precisely on the paradigm of physical separation and monofunctionality of the building, will therefore return to affirm itself in the debate, obviously reinterpreted in a hybrid perspective and made consistent with its cohabitation with structures existing hospital and exercise. Beyond some theoretical and philosophical considerations, the attention to a typology of the past – such as the pavilion type – also makes us reflect on the theme of health citadels that still exist and that can be considered, not only as a cultural heritage to be safeguarded but also as a still optimal solution against the spread of viruses. Bibliographical References [1] CHEYMOL, Jean, CESAR René-Jean. Hotel-Dieu de Paris: Treize siècles d’histoire... panégyrique ou réquisitoire. Histoire des sciences medicale. 11, 7, 1977; Web Page: https://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/hsm/HSMx1977x011x004/HSMx1977x011x004x0263.pdf [2] Bonastra, Quim. Los origenes del lazareto pabellonario. La arquitectura cuarantenaria en el cambio del setecientos al ochocientos. In Asclepio. Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia, vol. LX, 2008, p. 237-266. [3] SCOTTI, Aurora. Malati e strutture ospedaliere dall’età dei Lumi all’Unità. In DELLA Peruta, Franco (ed. by). 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In VOGLER, Paul, HASSENPFLUG, Gustav (ed. by). Ospedali moderni. Costruzione, attrezzatura, funzionamento. Rome: Editrice Internazionale “Arti e scienze”, 1964, p. 64. [28] ROISECCO, Giulio. Tecnica dell’organismo ospitaliero. In Architettura, XIX, May, 1940, p. 229-240. [29] COLOMINA, Beatriz, WIGLEY, Mark. Are We Human? Notes on the Archeology of Design. Zurich: Lars Müller, 2016. [30] SAMPLE, Hilary. Emergency urbanism and preventive architecture. In BORASI, Giovanna, ZARDINI, Mirko (ed. By). Imperfect Health. The Medicalization of Architecture. Montréal-Zurich: Canadian Centre for Architecture-Lars Müller, 2021, p. 231-247. 236 TABLE OF CONTENTS ID 001_Rosa DE MARTINO. Education for a culture of peace … p. 17 ID 003_Takeyuki OKUBO, Yurika TANIGUCHI, Dowon KIM. Capacity estimation of historical temples and shrines around Kiyomizu World Cultural Heritage site for supporting evacuation lives of visitors during disaster… p. 25 ID 004_Caterina GATTUSO, Domenico GATTUSO. Main architectonic structures in the Grecanic Area. A tourist-cultural route … p. 35 ID 005_Anna Lisa PECORA. Virtual environments for an inclusive heritage … p. 46 ID 006_Marco CALABRO’, Laura PERGOLIZZI.Tthe promotion of energy transition in view of urban regeneration: towards a perspective of sustainability… p. 54 ID 007_Tiziana CAMPISI, Manfredi SAELI. Institute of the Holy Heart in Palermo. Architectural and technological proposal of rehabilitation intervention for postpandemic social housin … p. 64 ID 008_Alexandra AI QUINTAS, Mário SALEIRO FILHO. Serra da Estrela: Sanatoria on the Portuguese Magic Mountain? … p. 74 ID 009_Laura GRECO, Francesco SPADA. The case albergo built in northern Italy in the 1950s1960s: An example of resilient housing … p. 83 ID 010_Maria MARTONE. The Roman road “per colles” between Puteoli and Neapolis. The drawing of some testimonies … p. 92 ID 013_Giuseppe ANTUONO, Maria Rosaria CUNDARI, Gian Carlo CUNDARI, Cesare CUNDARI. Virtual fruition models of the geometric and chromatic space of Villa Farnesina … p. 102 ID 014_Martina D’ALESSANDRO. A new way of dwelling … p. 111 ID 015_Anudeep MADURI, Shyam Sundar CHAMARTI, Rossana MANCINI. The church of San Primitivo in Gabii: From the Origin to the Ruins … p. 121 ID 016_Giorgia CECCONI, Giulia LOPES FERREIRA. Methods and Strategies for Recognition, Enhancement and Fruition of Theatrical Architecture in Rome Historic Center … p. 131 ID 017_Pablo Manuel MILLÁN-MILLÁN, Simona BELMONDO, Javier MUÑOZ GODINO. Searching for the Human scale: transformations and “cultural heritage metabolisms” in the Monastery of Santa Clara de la Columna in Belalcázar (Cordova, Spain) … p. 140 ID 019_Domenico D’UVA, Federico EUGENI. Multiscalar analysis of a fragile territory. Innovative methods for sustainably-conscious design… p. 148 ID 020_Cristina BOIDO, Anuradha CHATURVEDI, Gianluca D’AGOSTINO. Cultural heritage and its enjoyment in pandemic times: comparison of cultural approaches in India and Italy … p. 153 ID 021_Salvatore PIRRO, Stefania QUILICI GIGLI. Extensive geophysical surveys to integrate excavations data for the enhancement of the archaeological heritage: experiences in Norba … p. 161 1002 ID 022_Efisio PITZALIS, Geneviève HANSSEN, Marco RUSSO. Form and role of the market in the contemporary city … p. 165 ID 023_Maria GELVI. Dooroom: living in the city of rooms … p. 175 ID 025_Gigliola AUSIELLO, Manuela COMPAGNONE, Francesco SOMMESE. Urban spaces’ health: green and dry technologies for conservation of historic paving stones … p. 183 ID 026_Francesca TOSI, Claudia BECCHIMANZI, Mattia PISTOLESI. The role of Design for Health and of the Human-Centered Design approach for an ethical and conscious development of innovative Quality of Life Technologies … p. 193 ID 027_Brunella CANONACO. What future for disused villages after the pandemic? Some examples of distributed hospitality in southern Italy … p. 203 ID 028_ Caterina MORGANTI, Cristiana BARTOLOMEI, Cecilia MAZZOLI. Architecture as a care to Health: the case of Paimio Sanatorium … p. 212 ID 029_Laura FARRONI, Giulia TAREI. Culture of the digital project as the culture of others: the digitization of the Pompeo Hall at Palazzo Spada in Rome … p. 220 ID 030_Marco MORANDOTTI, Massimiliano SAVORA. Pavilion’s Hospital typology: an outdated solution or an opportunity for tomorrow? … p. 229 ID 031_Lucrezia LONGHITANO. The importance of an interdisciplinary approach for the study and conservation of the architectural heritage and its cultural construction … p. 237 ID 032_Claudia CENNAMO, Bernardino CHIAIA. Structural design criteria for safety by monitoring of the architectural heritage damage: state of the art reviews … p. 247 ID 034_Concetta TAVOLETTA. Post Covid19 city. New ideal scenario … p. 258 ID 037_Giada PAOLUCCI, Giovanni SANTI. Earth as a building material, the challenge of a traditional material in the 21st century. Case study: Farewell room for the Serrenti cemetery in Sardinia … p. 265 ID 038_Maria Carola MOROZZO DELLA ROCCA, Chiara OLIVASTRI, Giulia ZAPPIA. Cultural Inland Design. Products and services for territorial and people enhancement … p. 274 ID 039_Chiara BENEDETTI. The Sanatorium of Bucaille in Aincourt (1929-1933): the analysis of the site, between modern architecture and landscape, from the political project to the current need for conservation … p. 283 ID 041_Arturo AZPEITIA. Verónica BENEDET. New urban development after the covid-19 pandemic. an inclusive view from the cultural sphere … p. 293 ID 042_Pedro António JANEIRO. The Drawing and the “Cocoon-House” or The Drawing and the “Cocoon-Home”: The blue and the other colors of the sky, and the greens under it … p. 298 ID 044_Federica ARCANGELI, Asia BARNOCCHI, Angelica MOCCI. Redesigning living spaces following covid-19. A multidisciplinary study … p. 306 ID 047_Alessandro GRECO, Valentina GIACOMETTI, Francesko MECOJ. Approaches and solutions for inclusive parks in the “new normal”. The case study of the Vernavola Park in Pavia, Italy … p. 314 1003 ID 048_Miguel BAPTISTA-BASTOS. Lisbon today: Heritage and Design for the Health of a city … p. 322 ID 050_Emanuela SORBO, Gianluca SPIRONELLI. Digitalization strategies as a methodology for knowledge and management of cultural heritage. The “Unfinished” church of Brendola as a reference case study.… p. 328 ID 051_Clelia CIRILLO, Loredana MARCOLONGO, Barbara BERTOLI. Smart Cartography to know the Cultural Heritage of the Historical Center of Naples … p. 338 ID 052_ Patrizia BURLANDO, Sara GRILLO. Climate design: a resource for the post-pandemic world … p. 348 ID 053_ Piero BARLOZZINI. A sacred structure in pre-Roman Samnium … p. 358 ID 054_Davide MEZZINO, Tatiana KIROVA. Documenting the intangible aspects of built heritage: the compared results of international field experiences in Mexico and Bahrain … p. 366 ID 055_Natalina CARRÀ. Landscape and cultural heritage as wellbeing builders. New vision and resemantization processes for Precacore ... p. 377 ID 056_ Roberta Maria DAL MAS. The design activity of Orazio Torriani in the Lazio possessions of the Orsini family … p. 385 ID 060_Tiziana FERRANTE, Teresa VILLANI, Luigi BIOCCA. Prefiguring the reuse of historic hospitals: an approach methodology to design in the digital age … p. 393 ID 061_ Laura RICCI, Francesco CRUPI, Irene POLI. Urban regeneration and new welfare. For a reconfiguration of the Network of public services for health … p. 403 ID 062_ Roberta ZARCONE. Built environment for hygienic and energy performances: comparative analysis between studies at the turn of the 20th century and current literature … p. 411 ID 063_Fernanda CANTONE. Enhancing the consolidated public space for social well-being. Interventions on the historic centre of Trecastagni, Sicily … p. 421 ID 064_Giovanni MONGIELLO, Cesare VERDOSCIA, Ermolina CELAMI. Octagonal architectures between religious and power symbols … p. 431 ID 065_Francesca MUZZILLO, Fosca TORTORELLI. Agro-food Museums. A Knowledge Resource for Environmental and Social Wellness … p. 441 ID 067_Nunzia BORRELLI, Lisa Nadia Roberta PIGOZZI, Raul DAL SANTO. The Ecoheritage Project: how Ecomusems can reinforce the relationship between Culture and Nature … p. 448 ID 068_Massimo MALAGUGINI. Heritage between identity, memory and evolution … p. 457 ID 069_Domenico PASSARELLI, Ivana CARBONE, Ferdinando VERARDI. Living in comfortable, identity and evolving spaces … p. 467 ID 070_ Cristian BARBIERI, Sofia CELLI, Federica OTTONI. The case of the Oratory of San Rocco in Soragna (Parma): from abandonment to health facility. An integrated restoration process … p. 474 ID 071_Silvia PARENTINI, Anna VERONESE. Reading a territory through the recovery of ancient routes: the case of Matera … p. 484 1004 ID 072_Dominik LENGYEL, Catherine TOULOUSE. Learning from Pompeian Baths … p. 494 ID 073_Maria Carolina CAMPONE. De morbo epidemiali nolano: an epidemic of the past and a warning for the future … p. 502 ID 074_Mariacarla PANARIELLO. Redesign the present … p. 512 ID 075_Gianluca CIOFFI. Centuria Medicaland Wellness Park … p. 518 ID 077_Michela BENENTE, Cristina BOIDO. Multimedia experiences for inclusive communication of archeological heritage … p. 528 ID 078_Ferdinando VERARDI. The environment resource and public intervention: Ecological networks and local development. Case study Calabria Region … p. 536 ID 079_Ferdinando VERARDI, Silvia PALDINO, Vincenzo Alfonso COSIMO. In the postpandemic phase: do we need urban planning? … p. 546 ID 080_Saverio CARILLO. The Neapolitan Riggiola as design for health … p. 553 ID 081_Alessandro SCANDIFFIO. Mapping green spaces and slow mobility connections in the city of Turin. Analysis and design strategies in the field of proximity tourism … p. 563 ID 082_Domenico PASSARELLI, Ferdinando VERARDI, Ivana CARBONE. The regeneration of peripheral spaces. The case of Borgo La Martella in Matera … p. 569 ID 084_ Angelita BITONTI, Nicolò PERSIANI. Reform of healthcare organizational models in Italy: study and evaluation of development processes. The strategic role of training … p. 575 ID 085_Ana VASCONCELOS. The home as world heritage between nature and culture, privacy and relationality. The house is a small city, and the city a large house: the N house by Sou Fugimoto … p. 579 ID 087_Andrea ROLANDO, Alessandro SCANDIFFIO. The circle line “AbbracciaTO”: an infrastructure in Turin for active proximity tourism as a driver of territorial transformation for a healthy city … p. 587 ID 089_Chiara INGROSSO. The post-war industrial reconstruction of Naples: the contribution of the Studio Architetti Mendia Carile-Maione … p. 593 ID 090_Riccardo RENZI. Bamiyan Unesco Heritage Site. Memory of places. The new Museum of local traditions … p. 602 ID 091_Alessandro BIANCHI. Corridor landscapes along Po river: Cremona’s case … p. 605 ID 092_Antonio BOSCO. Landscape Perception … p. 613 ID 093_Natasa ZIVALJEVIC-LUXOR, Hartmut PASTERNAK. Healthy living in heritage buildings and resilience by design … p. 620 ID 094_Giorgio DOMENICI. Knowledge and Conservation: The recovery of an underground path … p. 633 ID 095_Colomba LA RAGIONE, Adriana ESPOSITO. The impact of COVID-19 on Food sociocultural meanings … p. 643 1005 ID 096_Cesare VERDOSCIA, Antonella MUSICCO, Riccardo TAVOLARE. Evaluation of the geometric reliability in the Scan to BIM process, the case study of Santa Croce monastery … p. 650 ID 097_ Luigi PELLEGRINO, Laura LA ROSA, Matteo PENNISI. Catania upside-down … p. 658 ID 098_ Luigi PELLEGRINO, Marialaura CALOGERO, Graziano TESTA. Catania: Progetti minimi … p. 668 ID 099_Bahar ELAGÖZ TİMUR, Burak ASİLİSKENDER. Heritage Resilience as a New Perspective of Sustainable Conservation … p. 678 ID 100_Piero BARLOZZINI, Laura CARNEVALI, Fabio LANFRANCHI. The Fresco of Saint Leonard in the Episcopio of Ventaroli in Carinola … p. 687 ID 101_Gianfranco GIANFRIDDO, Luigi PELLEGRINO, Matteo PENNISI. The Countryside: a big House … p. 697 ID 102_Nicola LA VITOLA. COASTAL ARCHITECTURE. Characteristics of specificity and expression of local identities … p. 707 ID 104_Amalia GIOIA. Protection and development of Real Sites: two experiences compared … p. 716 ID 106_Michele D’OSTUNI, Leonardo ZAFFI. Nurturing cities: pathways towards a circular urban agriculture … p. 726 ID 107_Laura ALECRIM. The rise and obsolescence of Brazilian Leper Colonies … p. 736 ID 110_Michela BAROSIO, Andrea TOMALINI, Rebecca CAGNOTTO. HEAL – Housing for Emergency and Affordable Living … p. 746 ID 111_Maria Paola GATTI, Giorgio CACCIAGUERRA, Deanna DALLASERRA. From a hydroelectric power centre to an arts centre: the regeneration of the Fies hydroelectric power station in the Sarca valley … p. 752 ID 113_Marco L. TRANI, Maria RUSCHI, Andrea CANTELMO. Automated BIM information flow for internal comfort conditions in an historic building … p. 759 ID 115_Maria Rita PINTO, Serena VIOLA, Stefania DE MEDICI. Empowering younger generation through cultural heritage. Adaptive reuse strategies for the Sanità district in Naples. … p. 768 ID 117_Tiziana CAMPISI, Simona COLAJANNI. Design for all, a strategic chance for the Arab and Norman UNESCO itinerary in Palermo … p. 778 ID 118_Daniele DABBENE. Distretto Sociale Barolo in Turin: Permanence and Transformation of a Complex for Health and Social Inclusion … p. 788 ID 119_Teresa CILONA. The Cultural and landscapes heritages: mobility, fruitioin and accessibility by all … p. 798 ID 120_Antonio BIXIO, Giuseppe D’ANGIULLI. Green Projects: architectural design tools for nature. Planning and recovery opportunities for our cities … p. 808 ID 122_Liala BAIARDI, Marzia MORENA. From a disused industrial area to an innovative sustainable campus in Milan … p. 816 1006 ID 123_Claudia de BIASE, Salvatore LOSCO, Irene D’AGOSTINO. A resilient and sustainable urban space: the Siemens factory in Santa Maria Capua Vetere (Ce) … p. 824 ID 125_Massimiliano AGOVINO, Maria Carmela GAROFALO, Sabina MARTUSCIELLO. Cultural access of people with disabilities. The Italian case … p. 836 ID 126_Massimiliano CERCIELLO, Antonio GAROFALO, Maria Carmela GAROFALO. Does culture tear down barriers? The effect of cultural consumption on mental disability in Italy. An empirical investigation … p. 842 ID 128_Danila JACAZZI. Forgotten architecture: the Real Casino della Lanciolla … p. 850 ID 131_ Pasquale MIANO, Adriana BERNIERI. Urban care and architectural heritage: the case study of the Sanità district in Naples between micro-mobility and emergencies … p. 859 ID 132_ Barbara MESSINA, Stefano CHIARENZA, Andrea DI FILIPPO. Digital for sustainable use of cultural heritage: the Baptistery of Nocera Superiorer … p. 869 ID 135_ Janet HETMAN, Federica APPENDINO. Healthcare architecture and sustainable reuse. The case study of the ancient hospital Saint- Vincent-de-Paul in Paris… p. 878 ID 137_Chiara CORAZZIERE, Vincenzo GIOFFRÈ. Design for health in the landscapes of Southern Italy: the Widespread Park of Knowledge and Wellbeing … p. 888 ID 138_ Alessandra BADAMI. Health as an Institutional Commitment. The conversion of Nordkraft from a Power Station to a Cultural and Health Centre … p. 896 ID139_Concetta CUSANO, Alberto SAPORA. Structural design criteria for safety by monitoring of the architectural heritage damage: new proposal … p. 906 ID140_Giuseppe D’ANGELO, Rosaria SAVASTANO. Medieval buildings: from defence systems to social aggregation centres … p. 914 ID141_Mariarosaria ANGRISANO, Francesco FABBROCINO. The relation between Life Cycle Assessment and the historic buildings energy retrofit projects … p. 921 ID142_Andrey V. VASILYEV. Research, Mapping and Reduction of Infrasound Radiation in Conditions of Urban Territories on the Example of Samara Region of Russia … p. 928 ID143_Andrey V. VASILYEV. Experimental Research and Modeling of Automobile Transport Noise (Russian Experience) … p 936 ID144_Enrico PIETROGRANDE, Andreina MILAN. MUSME, Museum of the History of Medicine, Padua (Italy). A tool for the dissemination of medical-scientific culture … p. 943 ID145_Michela LERNA, Maria Francesca SABBA, Dora FOTI. Fortified complexes in Puglia: macroelements structural analysis and consolidation proposals for the restoration of the Ginosa Castle … p. 951 ID146_Paolo MELLANO. The architecture design at different scales: a question of landscape … P. 960 ID147_Paolo ROSSI, Martina GIANNINI, Francesco MANCINI. UAV photogrammetry, a feasible methodology for the documentation of shallow water geoarchaeosites … p. 965 1007 ID 150_Rosaria PARENTE. Drawing the time through HBIM: the case study of San Lorenzo ad Septimum in Aversa ... p. 973 ID152_Paolo PISCITELLI. The evolution of the sacred hill … p. 982 ID 160_Alessandro CIAMBRONE. Design of landscapes out of context ... p. 992 Table of contents … p. 1002 1008