19th-Century Serbian History

Abstract: The paper analyses the developmental cycle of a family household in a chronological perspective, on the example of the village of Gostilje in western part of Serbia. The analysis draws on population censuses of 1849, 1857 and 1863. We identified the majority of families registered in 1849 in the following two censuses and compared their structures.

Abstract: Paper deals with the development of census policy in Serbia from the end of The Second Uprising against the Ottoman Empire till the gain of political autonomy and abolition of feudal system. By the analyses of the census policy we have shown the development of the state administration and the process of taking control over the human and material resources by the emerging Serbian state.

This paper deals with plans on Serbia’s policy towards Old Serbia and
Macedonia during the period between the Congress of Berlin 1878 and
outbreak of Serbian-Bulgarian war in 1885. Due to the wars against Ottoman Empire 1876-1878, Serbia’s activities among Serb population in Kosovo, Bitolj and Thessaloniki vilayets came to a halt. Several plans on their reactivation were made and presented to Government’s officials during the period 1878- 1885. These plans were mostly written by prominent participants in previous cross border activities, like Despot Badžović, Sava Dečanac, Miloš Milojević and others. Following measures were mainly proposed: 1) obtaining some sort of ecclesiastical autonomy for Serbs in the Ottoman Empire; 2) signing a consular convention between Serbia and Ottoman Empire and appointing Serbia’s consuls in Prizren, Priština, Mitrovica, Skoplje, Bitolj and Thessaloniki; 3) providing material aid to Serb ecclesiastical communities, schools, churches and monasteries in Turkey; 4) funding education of Serb youth from Old Serbia and Macedonia in Serbia. However, only archimandrite Sava Dečanac in 1882 and Milutin Garašanin in 1885 expressed an opinion that it was Serbian Government who should conduct these measures. This feature was an important novelty, since policy towards Old Serbia and Macedonia had been previously attended by informal committees. Significance of ideas stated in these plans lies in fact that they were mostly implemented in period between 1886 and 1912.

Abstract: Paper deals with the average number of members of the village household in Serbia 1834-1910. The published census data were the main source of information for this analyses. We have shown also the structure of the village households at the level of married couples they comprised of. The results of analyses were examined in the geographical, demographic and economic context, as well as in the context of ethnographic descriptions of family and household.

The article presents a report written by Serbia’s consul in Priština Branislav Nušić, a famous writer, on his official journey from Priština to Skadar in August 1894. The report was written and sent to Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Belgrade in October the same year. Nušić traveled through western part of Kosovo Vilayet (Sanjak of Prizren) and Skadar Vilayet. His report contains important observations about problems concerning Serbia’s interests in the region, as well as suggestions on further steps that, in his opinion, Serbia should take in order to improve impact of Her foreign policy in Turkey. He proposed opening of three new consulates, in Prizren, Skadar and Serez and transferring consulate from Priština to Mitrovica. Furthermore, Nušić emphasized importance of establishing some kind of cooperation between Serbia and Albanian chieftains, predicting that the Albanians will become an important Balkan nation under protection of major European Powers in not so distant future, who will then change political map of the peninsula.

Циљ рада је да укратко представи настанак и организацију државне управе у пиротском крају и Начелства Округа пиротског после припајања Србији 1878, те подизање зграде Начелства и њено место у визуелној култури Пирота друге половине 19. века. Акценат је на примени државне идеологије која је била
у служби европеизације, у Кнежевини и Краљевини Србији, на примеру државне
администрације и у архитектури објеката државне управе града Пирота, после његовог припајања Кнежевини Србији 1878. године. Примена наведене идеологије
преклапа се како у развоју и функционисању институције начелства, тако и у архитектонском концепту саме грађевине у којој је начелство било смештено. У том
смислу, није посвећена већа пажња другим аспектима историје округа 1878-1915,
уз позивање на контекст и референце, где је то било неопходно.

In the first decades of the 19 th century, along with the formation of the national state, a national church organization was constituted. Public health, control of infectious diseases and sanitation were also in their infancy, and since the 1830s, a legal framework for vaccinating the population against smallpox has been in place. The various then existing healing practices between the magical and the religious are gradually giving way to modern medicine. Suspicion of vaccination, which was an already known practice in the Balkans in the 18 th century, has affected epidemics and their scale. In the first half of the 19 th century, the Serbian church organization played a very active role in popularizing vaccination, but also in its implementation. For the first time in recent history, along with the role in religious life, the church became a mobilizing social force that modernized the attitude of the contemporary society towards health, leading it to accept immunization against infectious diseases. Numerous sanitary regulations established at this time radically changed old habits and religious customs, such as funerals as a complex religious and social ceremony. Circulars of Serbian metropolitans precisely determined and ordered the clergy to encourage vaccination. These means are fully incorporated into church life from sermons as old moral-didactic forms of communication to penance or excommunication from the Holy Sacrament of Marriage for those who have not been vaccinated. Knowing the role of the Serbian church in the early 19 th century affirming the immunization of the population, emancipating it in accordance with modern health science, can be useful as an existing and historically tested model of socially beneficial action. Vaccination of almost the entire population against this vicious disease before the end of the 19 th century produced sporadic, smallscale epidemics, during the First World War and the 1970s.

Смисао заветне заједнице код Срба, култура сећања на устанке и Први светски рат, идеологија југословенства и комунизма и легенде о благу четника и партизана, А5 формат, тврд повез, 260 страна

Митови новије српске историје
Тимотијевић, Милош, 1969
Београд : Catena mundi, 2022

Th is paper shows and analyses preparations for Serb uprising against Ottoman rule in 1840 and 1841. It explains Niš rebellion of 1841 was just a part of uprising planned for much wider area, but accomplished only in Th e sancak of Niš. Th e role of prince Nikola Vasojević in uprising preparations was indicated. How the uprising was fi nanced and what was the role of prince Miloš Obrenović remain unanswered questions. Th e paper is mostly based on Serbian, Russian, British, French and Austrian sources.

После неколико неуспелих покушаја да своје бродарство подигне на ниво паробродарства, Кнежевина Србија је 1862. године купила свој први пароброд. Од Друштва за паробродску пловидбу „Аустријски Лојд“, у Галацу купљен је девет година стари парни тегљач Пјаћенца (Piacenza) који је преименован у Делиград.

Slobodan Jovanovic, prominent and influential early 20th century historian, was the first researcher who used Nikola Krstic’s Diary as a source for his books about Serbia’s history. Since they were written mostly without bibliographical references, the aim of this paper is to establish exactly what did he write about Mihailo, Milan and Alexandra Obrenovic based upon Krstic’s Diary in books Second Reign of Milos and Mihailo, Reign of Milan Obrenovic and Reign of Alexandra Obrenovic.
Detailed comparative analysis has shown that Jovanovic used characteristic features about Serbia’s rulers’ personalities from Krstic’s Diary. Therefore they have become well known in Serbian history long before their original source was published. Majority of data that Jovanovic took from the Diary are about Milan Obrenovic; on the other hand, Krstic’s Diary was the least useful to the author for description of Alexandra Obrenovic. Jovanovic’s interpretations do not differ from the original source. Although usually indirect, pieces of information provided by Nikola Krstic are reliable, since they originate from primary sources. Therefore, Jovanovic’s writings about Obrenovic dynasty monarchs personalities based upon Krstic’s Diary remain trustworthy.

This paper deals with the Albanian incursions in south Serb borderline
regions in 1879. It explains their causes and different modalities
of performance. Exact data about damages inflicted by the incursions on
state and private property are given. However, the main issue analyzed in
this paper is diplomatic repercussion, which occurred as the result of Albanian
incursions. It is described in detail how the Ottoman Porte has,
under the influence of Great Britain, requested from the Serb government
to allow repatriation of all Albanian refugees, who emigrated from the
Toplica and Vranje regions during the 1877/78 war. It is stated that the
Serb authorities had been eventually compelled to accept such request,
but the repatriation did not take place after all. The paper is based on mainly unused documents from Archive of Serbia.

The article presents nine letters written by Micko Krstević, a famous Serb chetnik voivoda, to Serbia’s consul in Bitolj, Milojko Veselinović. They contain important data about Micko’s life before imprisonment in 1882 and about his misfortunes within prison walls. The letters are particularly significant for studying relations between Christian nationalities in Southern Old Serbia and Macedonia at the end of 19th century.

Апстракт: У раду су представљена два критички приређена извештаја Арутура Еванса о Старој Србији из 1883, упућена Министарству спољних послова Велике Британије. У њима су, на основу непосредног увида, описане политичке, друштвене и привредне прилике у Скопском санџаку и делу Старе Србије северно од Шар планине. Посебно су значајни као извор за познавање постојећих односа између различитих верских и националних заједница на том простору.

Тhe First Royal Serbian Privileged Shipping Company was founded in Belgrade, on August 25, 1891. The first steamship of the Company was Mačva, built in Italy, in the machine shop of Nicolò Odero in Sestri Ponente near Genova. Mačva arrived at the Sava port in Belgrade on July 20, 1893.

Апстракт: Рад, у виду детаљног табеларног прегледа по селима, доноси податке о броју становника седам пограничних округа Кнежевине Србије који су претрпели штету за време српско-турског рата 1876, као и о броју спаљених кућа и зграда. Оснива се на до сада непознатом извештају владине Комисије за помоћ ратним страдалницима из марта 1881.

The oldest photograph in the Collection of River Shipping of the Museum of Science and Technology was taken on April 3, 1867. It recorded the moment of ceremonious reception of Prince Mihailo Obrenović in Turnu Severin, a city that the Prince had visited on his return fromConstantinople. It was the second subsequent journey by Prince Mihailo to the Ottoman capital, which was extremely important because on that occasion the Prince received an edict from the Sultan by which the fortified cities were to be handed over to the Serbs and the Ottomans were finally to leave Serbia. This was a huge step for the Principality in obtaining the independence from the Ottoman Empire.

Presentation and discussion of an unpublished manuscript by Piedmontese historian and politician Cesare Balbo about the Principality of Serbia around the middle of 19th century and its relations with Tsarist Russia. This contribution deals also with the work of Cesare Balbo as analyst of international politics of his time such as the Eastern Question

Апстракт: Рад описује настојања српске дипломатије да од османских власти издејствује званично признање српске нације у Турској. У њему су изложе-не све фазе преговора који су о овом, тзв. нуфуском питању вођени у периоду од 1894. до 1910. године. Написан је претежно на основу необјављене архивске грађе српске провинијенције. Становништво Османског царства се званично није делило по на-ционалности него по вери, тј. по милетима. Православни хришћани у европским вилајетима Турске су крајем 19. века били сврставани у два ми-лета: Бугар-милет (верници бугарске Егзархије) и Урум милет (верници Цариградске патријаршије). Српски милет није постојао, јер Срби нису имали своју националну цркву. Отуда српски народ у турским пописима није био евидентиран као посебан ентитет, што је отварало могућност за злонамерне интерпретације да Срба у Турској није ни било. Из тог разлога је дипломатија Краљевине Србије настојала да се у Цариграду избори за званично признавање српског милета. Циљ ове расправе је да покаже како су ти напори текли и како су се завршили. У Турској је 1881. године започет попис становништва, први по модерним правилима државне статистике. Приликом пописивања, власти су издавале својим поданицима једну врсту идентификационог документа – нуфус тескеру. У њему су стајали лични подаци о свакој особи, између осталог и припадност одређеном милету. Без нуфус тескере никоме није било могуће да обави било какав посао са властима, на пример да наследи, * Рад настао као резултат истраживања на пројекту Министарства за науку и тех-нолошки развој Друштвене институције српског народа од 16. до 20. века: континуитет и дисконтинуитет (Ев. бр. 147015).

У раду је представљена демографска анализа пописа становништва Војне крајине за 1831. годину, који се чува у Аустријском државном архиву. Приказани су детаљна верска структура, стопе наталитета, морталитета и нупцијалитета домицилног становништва према вероисповести у свим региментама и војним комунитетима Војне крајине. Представљени су и подаци о узроцима смрти преминулих лица. / The analysis of the 1831 census of the Military Frontier shows that in the western and eastern parts of the region, the main civilian population by religion was the orthodox one. According to statistical data, the whole Military Frontier show different patterns in natality, mortality and nuptiality. The Transylvanian frontier was the only area with population growth. The Slavonian frontier lost 4,079 people alone (1.6% of the whole population). According to official data, no real epidemic occurred in this particular region (at the same time cholera was spreading over civilian Hungary). It is an interesting fact, that in the Varazdin and Slavonian frontier, the natality and mortality rates were not distributed among the different religious groups evenly. The mortality rates of the orthodox population were much higher (with natality rates lower at the same time). To some sources, it may be due to certain habits of the orthodox population that caused easier spreading of diseases, and resulted in high mortality.

Due to vital statistics for the period 1842–1914, reconstruction of basic demographic
trends in the Principality/Kingdom of Serbia is presented. The enormous population
growth (336 %) was mainly a result of natural population increase. The basis for the development
is identified in extremely high and even growing birth rates during the pre-transition
phase and at the beginning of demographic transition. Immigration seems to have some
influence on rising birth rates /

After several failed attempts to raise the level of its shipping and acquire a steamship, in 1862, the Principality of Serbia bought its first steamship. From the Steamship Shipping Company “Austrian Lloyd”, a nine-year-old steam tugboat Piacenza, built in 1853 in Frаncе, was purchased in Galatz and renamed Deligrad.

This paper deals with the number of Serbs from 1880 to 1910. It is mostly based on official statistical data. There were 1693337 Serbs in Kingdom of Serbia in 1884, or 89 % of its total population; that number increased to 2778706 in 1910, or 95. 4 % of country’s population. Yearly geometrical population growth rate of Serbs in Serbia 1884-1910 was 1. 92 %. In Hungary proper (i. e. excluding Croatia and Slavonia) there were 380707 Orthodox Serbs in 1880 (2.8 % of total population), and 454431 (2.5 %) in 1910. Their yearly geometrical population growth rate 1880-1910 was 0.59 %. Due to some inconsistencies in registering population according to mother language in Hungarian censuses of 1880, 1890, 1900 and 1910, described in detail in the paper, several thousands of other then orthodox Serbs are excluded from above stated figures. There were 497746 Serbs in Croatia and Slavonia in 1880 (26.3 % of total population) and 649453 in 1910 (24.9 % of total population). Their yearly geometrical population growth rate 1880-1910 was 0.89 %. In Dalmatia, there were 79584 Serbs in 1880 (16.7 % of total population) and 105335 in 1910 (16.3 % of total population). Their yearly geometrical population growth rate 1880-1910 was 0.94 %. In Bosnia and Herzegovina lived 496761 Serbs in 1879 (42.9 % of total population); their number increased to 825418 in 1910, comprising 43.5 % of total population. Yearly geometrical population growth rate of Serbs 1879-1910 in Bosnia and Herzegovina was 1.65 %. According to official Ottoman state census of 1881, there were 152944 Serbs in parts of Old Serbia north of Shar Mountain (sancaks Pljevlja, Novi Pazar/Sjenica, Prishtina, Prizren, Pech) or 30.5 % of total population; in regions south of Shar Mountain (sancak Skoplje, kazas Veles, Prilep, Kichevo, Debar) there were 18513 Serbs or 3.7 % of total population. Aggregate number of Serbs in Old Serbia in 1881 was 171457 or 17.7 % of total population. Since there are no other reliable state census data for whole Old Serbia after 1881, church censuses had to be used in order to estimate the number of Serbs; however, they lack data on other population. According to these sources, there were 208870 Serbs in parts of Old Serbia north of Shar Mountain in 1910, 71161 Serbs in regions south of Shar Mountain, i.e. 280031 Serbs in total. Yearly geometrical population growth rate of Serbs north of Shar Mountain 1881-1910 was 1.8 %; the same rate was 4.75 % in regions South of Shar Mountain. Such discrepancy can be explained by the fact that in regions south of Shar Mountain changes in numbers of one Christian nationality (Serb, Bulgar, Greek etc.) depended mainly on successes of respective national propagandas. For the general counting of population was not conducted in Montenegro before 1910, an estimate of its population given by a German traveler, Bernhard Schwarz, in approximately 1880 had to be used. According to that source, there were around 160000 inhabitants in Montenegro, and 93% of them (148800) were Serbs, as we have calculated. State census of 1910 showed that there were 206445 Serbs in Montenegro (93 % of total population). Yearly geometrical population growth rate of Serbs in Montenegro 1880-1910 was 1.1 %. Immigration of Serbs into USA and Canada became, so to speak, significant and thus officially recorded in the first decade of 20th century. However, official United States and Canada records do not contain exact figures of Serb immigrants, for they were registered together with other Balkan peoples (Croats, Slovenes or Bulgars). Number of Serbs in USA in 1910 can be estimated between 30075 and 60000; it is impossible to give any estimation for Canada, for the only reliable sources for that country are ship lists of immigrants, which show that 17809 Yugoslavs came in Canada 1900-1915. How many stayed in Canada or how many of them were Serbs cannot be said.
Having estimated the number of Serbs in referent years 1880, 1890, and 1900 in countries or provinces where censuses were not taken in these years, we were able to give estimates about total number of Serbs 1880-1910 and their distribution in all previously mentioned countries or regions, apart from USA and Canada. Total number of Serbs was estimated to 3323035 (46.3 % in Kingdom of Serbia) in 1880 and 5299819 (52.4 % in Kingdom of Serbia) in 1910. Yearly geometrical population growth rate of Serbs 1880-1910 was 1.57 %.
Paper also contains number and distribution of Serbs in major administrative districts in all countries or provinces in years 1880, 1890, 1900 and 1910.

Радом је обухваћено време од оснивања Друштва српске словесности 1841. године до данашњих дана. Посебна пажња посвећена је односима, покушајима за сарадњу и сарадњи Друштва српске словесности, Српског ученог друштва, Српске краљевске академије и Српске академије наука и уметности с појединим хрватским научницима и с Југославенском академијом знаности и умјетности. Аутори су навели све личности са хрватске стране које су биле изабране за чланове српских научних установа, као и српске које су постале чланови Југославенске академије. Објаснили су када су односи између српских и хрватских научника и њихових научних установа били добри, а када су из политичких разлога били прекидани. Наведени су и конкретни заједнички пројекти двеју академија, као и они на којима је сарадња планирана, али из истих разлога није остварена. Посебна пажња посвећена је прекиду сарадње приликом распада Југославије, као и досадашњим неуспешним покушајима да се сарадња обнови. На крају рада су као прилози објављени документи о прекиду сарадње САНУ и ХАЗУ 1991. године.
                                                                    *
Based on unpublished sources, mainly from the Archives of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SASA) in Belgrade, the funds of the Society of Serbian Letters, Serbian Learned Society and Serbian Royal Academy, and based on published material and relevant literature, the authors have elucidated all the most important aspects of the relations and cooperation between Serbian and Croatian scientists since the establishment of the Society of Serbian Letters in 1841 to date. The paper contains information about Croatian scientists who were elected honorary and corresponding members of Serbian scientific societies, and about the Serbs who became members of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts (YASA). It has been pointed out that scientific relations between the Serbs and Croats and their respective scientific institutions have often been strained due to tense political circumstances. In such times, rivalry came in place of cooperation and the question was raised as to the leading role in national-political actions between Belgrade and Zagreb, i.e. between the Serbs and Croats. Due to strained political relations, interesting projects did not materialise. For instance, the project launched by the Serbian Learned Society to prepare Opšti naučni rečnik na srpsko-hrvatskom i bugarskom jeziku (General Scientific Dictionary in the Serbian-Croatian and Bulgarian Language) with a joint effort (of the Serbs, Croats, Slovenes and Bulgarians) failed. For the same reasons, the proposal initiated by the Yugoslav Academy that the Croatian, Serbian, Slovenian and Bulgarian scientific and literary societies should occasionally meet and discuss literary, educational and scientific issues of joint interest also failed. Most progress was achieved in cooperation on Jugoslovenska
Enciklopedija (Yugoslav Encyclopaedia), whose preparation began in 1910. The job was, however, halted first with the outbreak of the Balkan Wars and later the First World War. After the war, cooperation continued in the joint state of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. New joint projects emerged, the most important of which was the establishment of the Institute of Oceanography in Split. In the light of the Yugoslav ideology of the Sixth January Regime, the two academies devoted a part of their cooperation to marking the anniversaries of eminent persons who advocated the Yugoslav idea (Daničić, Rački, Strossmayer). With the same aim, the idea of creation of a single, joint Yugoslav academy was put forward, but it never came to fruition. The links between the two academies, which were severed during the Second World War, were restored in socialist Yugoslavia in entirely different social and political circumstances. The Council of the Academies of Sciences and Arts of Yugoslavia was established, where, apart from the academies of other republics and provinces, the SASA and YASA yielded the strongest influence. The social-political crisis in Yugoslavia during the ’80s and the SASA Memorandum were a prelude to the final termination of long-lasting relations between the two academies, which took place in autumn 1991. Since then, the relations have not been restored, and all the attempts to make this happen have been made futile in the face of numerous contentious issues and due to inappropriate conditioning of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, which the SASA has adamantly refused
to accept.

„Ђердап је далека прошлост и ретка природна лепота. То је симфонија дивљине, стихије, природних екстрема, стрмих литица, бучних водених вртлога, непрегледног врта мирисних јоргована и снага људског ума и неизбрисивих трагова далеке историје“ (Маринко Пауновић).
Ђердапским сектором назива се део средњег тока Дунава на коме је река пробила свој пут кроз планински систем јужних Карпата. Он обухвата ток Дунава од Старе Молдаве до Турну Северина на левој обали и од села Винци до Костола на десној обали, у укупној дужини од 117 километара. При ниском водостају у Ђердапу се на неким местима могло прећи из Србије у Румунију прескачући са једне стене на другу. За време мале воде пловидба преко Гвоздених врата морала је да буде потпуно обустављена, док је за време нормалног водостаја била врло отежана због неправилног струјања воде које је изазивало подводно камење. Обимни хидрограђевински радови у самом кориту Дунава, извршени у последњој деценији 19. века, представљали су један од највећих инвестиционих подухвата у Европи у 19. веку.

Прво краљевско српско повлашћено бродарско друштвo основано je у Београду 25. августа 1891. године. Први брод Друштвa био је пароброд Мачва, изграђен у Италији, у машинској радионици Николе Одера, у месту Сестри Поненте (Sestri Ponente) код Ђенове. У савско пристаниште у Београду Мачва је упловила 20. јула 1893. године.

The article shows and analyzes activities of the Serbian secret organization in eastern Bosnia from 1849 to 1855. It is demonstrated that the goals of the organization by 1851 included the preparation of an uprising against the Turkish rule, but from that point on it served as an intelligence agency with a task to gather information on the circumstances in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The most important features of the organization structure are underlined and certain activities as well as its weaknesses are pointed out. The article is based mostly upon the unpublished archival material of Serbian origin. n 1844 the Serbian Principality Minister of Interior, Ilija Garašanin, along with his associates made a strategic plan regarding the national and foreign policy called the Načertanije. The aim was the restoration of the Serbian Empire based on the historical law which would, as a balancing element between the European countries, replace Turkey in Europe as its fall was deemed inevitable. 1 The implementation of the Načertanije meant the collaboration of Serbia with Christians in the Balkans. Therefore, in 1849 a Serbian secret organization was formed and its network of agents covered several European provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Historiography holds texts about the organization, but more as a general overview than in detail. 2 The aim of this article is to show and analyze the organization activities in eastern Bosnia based on reports of an agent stationed in Užice. Dušan Berić used the same reports, but mostly as sources about the background of an

Фотографија је као медиј у нашим крајевима у другој половини деветнаестог века још била права реткост. Ипак, домаћи и страни путници су након ослобођења од турске владавине посетили ове такозване “нове крајеве” и са њиховим фотоапаратима забележили разне знаменитости као и свакодневни живот у јужној Србији.

Њихове слике приказују изгубљени трагови живота из минулих времена, али и први кораци ка модернизацији земље, попут изградње железничке пруге од Ниша до Врања.

У ”Новој Нашој Речи” представљамо избор раних фотографија из периода од ослободилачких ратова 1876-1878 до преласка у двадесети век. Све овде представљене фотографије сачуване су у дигитализованом архиву Националне библиотеке Француске у Паризу.

Summary: The forms of entering into the first marriage and habitation of a young married couple are usually observed as the key factors in defining the prevalent system of formation and structure of a family household. The principle of patrilocality implied joint habitation and earning of a young married couple and the groom’s primary family, at least at the start of the marriage, which led to the appearance of extended and complex family households. However, a change in the household structure was influenced also by relatively high mortality of the population in the fertile and working age, and remarrying of widowed persons. In the early 1880s, a fifth of marriages were those where one or both partners had previously been widowed. High mortality rates indirectly led to higher nuptiality, while remarriages contributed to higher natality. Widowed persons thus accelerated the dynamics of structural changes of family households, while their remarriages served the functions of maintenance and reproduction of biological and economic functions of the family. A large number of remarriages also made the family network more complex. Affinal kinship, established through remarriages between members of two families, was not always respected in practice in the extent to which other forms of kinship were respected, which complicated mutual relations in village communities.

Апстракт: У раду је анализирано становништво Крагујевца у дру-гој половини 19. века према броју, полу, писмености и занимању. Приказа-не су цене основних пољопривредних производа и промет на панађурима. Написан је на основу званичних статистика.

This paper deals with Serbian chetas (small paramilitary companies) which have operated in Macedonia, contrary to current belief, since 1897 and not since 1903. They were composed of up to ten persons, originating mainly from Northwest parts of Bitolj (Monastir) Vilayet, i. e. from Kičevo kaza and Poreče nahya. Organized and sent to Macedonia by Belgrade’s city chief of police Rista Bademlić, they had material and other support from the highest Serbia’s officials, like Vladan Djordjević, prime minister 1897-1900. Aim of the chetas was to protect inhabitants of Serbian villages mostly in regions around Kičevo and Debar in Bitolj Vilayet from Albanian bands and pro-bulgarian Macedonian revolutionary organization (VOMRO). Names and origin of almost all of the chentniks involved are stated in the paper and their action in the field is described in detail. Government change in Serbia in 1901 caused a brief pause in chetas activities; they were resumed in 1903, although with different organization.

The paper deals with life and education of several students from Serbia in Paris in mid 1860's. Most of them had state scholarships (Jovan Avakumović, Grgur Milovanović, Milan Damjanović, Jovan Maksimović, Milan Kujundžić, Milan Bogićević, Dragomir Rajović, Dimitrije Jovanović), while two students, Milutin Garašanin and Djordje Simić, funded schooling by themselves. Everyday life, entertainment and education of these students are described in detail, as well as their liberal ideas. Some of them played prominent role in Serbia's political history later on, while the others made successful careers in the judiciary.