Nino Delić

This paper deals with the census of the Metropolitanate of Karlovci of 1821, analysing the demographic data for the Arad, Timişoara and Vršac Eparchies in particular. Research in the former Archives of the Metropolitanate reveals that the count was actually taken in 1821 (Arad and Vršac) and 1822 (Timişoara). The Orthodox population in these eparchies consisted of Serbs and Romanians. The importance of the census lies in the fact that it included the ethnic (linguistic) composition of the population, which is a rare case. In the Arad Eparchy and the eastern parts of the other eparchies, a Romanian majority was registered (classified as Vlachs). The calculated data reveal that there were also some differences in household structure and size between Serbs and Romanians. On average, Romanian households seem to have been smaller than the Serbian ones, especially in northern parts of the area. Spatial differences are shown, with household size and the number of married couples per house ...

O revolúcií počas rokov 1848 – 1849 v Uhorsku bolo napísane množstvo monografií a článkov a nie je potrebné túto dobre známu tému detailne predstavovať. Srbi v južnom Uhorsku boli súčasťou revolučného hnutia, ktoré sa rozšírilo v celej habsburskej monarchii. Hlavným cieľom srbských politických predákov, pravoslávnych cirkevných hodnostárov a meštianskej elity sa stalo vydobytie práv, ktoré boli stanovené ešte cisárskymi privilégiami zo 17. a 18. storočia. V podstate šlo o aktiváciu stanov národnej samosprávy, ktorá zahŕňala vlastný národný snem, voľby vlastného „vojvodu“ ako hlavy národa, a taktiež mnohé iné práva v oblasti školstva, financií atď. Otázka územnej autonómie takisto predstavovala jeden z najdôležitejších bodov srbského národného programu, ktorý bol jasnejšie artikulovaný na veľkom národnom sneme v Temešvári v roku 1790 a na revolučnom sneme v Sriemskych Karloviciach roku 1848. Mimoriadne významnú úlohu v srbskom politickom živote tej doby hral Nový Sad. Mesto predstavovalo kultúrne a politické centrum Srbov v Uhorsku. Najvýznamnejšie srbské národné inštitúcie sa nachádzali v samotnom meste alebo v jeho blízkosti. Všetko nasvedčovalo tomu, že sa mesto stane aj hlavným strediskom revolučného hnutia, ale objektívne okolnosti tomu zabránili. Nový Sad prežíval počas revolučných rokov ťažkú krízu, ktorá svedčí o špecifikách vplyvu urbánneho prostredia na koncept fungovania spoločnosti a riešenia problémov

Аустријско дунавско паробродарско друштво (ДДСГ), основано 1829. године на приватну иницијативу, убрзо је постало државни пројекат од изузетне важности. У процесу обезбеђивања права на експлоатацију, као и неопходног капитала за развој компаније, учествовале су личности из самог врха власти. У свега двадесет година, друштво је ширењем мреже линија и повећањем транспортних капацитета, успело да се наметне као доминанта у аустријском делу Дунава, али и да прошири своје активности низводно од ђердапског сектора, настојећи да тиме обезбеди домаћој индустрији пролаз према истоку. Упркос великим напорима да обезбеди несметани пролаз кроз ђердапски сектор, компанија је у суштини морала да одржава одвојене линије на горњем и доњем Дунаву. Финансијск ирезултати нису увек оправдавали уложени труд и новац, али државни интереси су увек имали предност. //
The Austrian First Danube Steam Navigation Company (DDSG) was established in 1829 in Vienna as a private enterprise by English ship-builders John Andrews and Joseph Pritchard. It was the intention of the Government of the Habsburg Empire to establish steam-shipping on the Danube that has led to the issuing of shipping privileges to various enthusiasts and investors from all over the world starting from the early 19th century. The DDSG seemed to be the first really successful initiative and the government officials paid a lot of attention to the development of the Company and prepared the ground for a covert take-over by the State. The business was transformed into a joint-stock company in 1830. Influential individuals belonging to the Habsburg aristocracy, political elite and financial dynasties, became the major shareholders. In the mid-1830s the Hungarian magnate and statesman István Széchenyi initiated a wide range operation to regulate the Danube. Special attention was given to the most complicated sector of the river, the Iron Gates, where obstacles hindered the steamers from passing up- or downstream. In 1848, engineers managed to regulate the sector in a way that allowed the ships to go through the Iron Gates smoothly for approximately 80–100 days a year. Because of the limitations, the DDSG had to divide its network into Upper and Lower Danube lines. The state authorities pushed the Company to expand further southward and eastward, to the Ottoman sector of the Danube. The objective was to establish a cheap andcontinuous trade route from central Europe to Istanbul and the cities in Asia Minor. The financial results of the Lower Danube lines were constantly bad, but it was not possible to abolish them due to the obligations to the imperial administration. Despite significant loses, the Company invested huge efforts and money into the network development in the East. Fares had to be lowered in respect of the demands of the Emperor. In 1845, the government officially became the “supervisor” of the DDSG and state officials took control over the management. A special audit revealed that the Company’s financial position was much worse than it has been publicly admitted by the Company`s administration since the bookkeepers were not calculating the amortisation of the vessels as operative expenses. Almost the entire amount of accumulated profits (projected for reparations, accident and non-predictable expenses etc.) had to be used to clear the costs of amortisation from the past in 1846. Despite the fact that no real profit has been achieved until 1847, the DDSG paid dividends and super dividends on a regular basis. The Company has been growing for more than a decade thanks to fresh money, collected by issuing new shares and approved bank loans. The plans and requests of the Government, which demanded the expansion of the network to the Lower Danube and a policy of non-sustainable low fares (favouring Austria`s industrial exports and cheap agricultural imports from the East), damaged the DDSG financially, but they did not hinder the development of the network, passenger and cargo transportation or the Company`s resources. The number of steamships increased from four in 1835 to 52 in 1851. In the same period, the number of transported passengers improved from around 14.000 to more than 1.4 million. The results of cargo shipping were even more impressive. The Company possessed a large number of auxiliary vessels, agencies, shipyards, warehouses etc. By the second half of the 19th century, the DDSG had already become a transportation giant on the Danube.

Summary data in the statistical examination of births and deaths in the district of Smederevo in the period from 1846–1866, collected by the Serbian Orthodox Church and submitted to government institutions, reveal a typical model of a late pre–transition phase, or a very early demographic transition. Calculated birth and death rates are very high, with repeated significant oscillations. The “Malthusian scissors” seem to appear between 1854 and 1859, and after 1862. The overall population growth of nearly 50% between 1846 and 1866 seems to be mostly the result of natural growth. Still, comparing the total number of births and deaths with overall population growth, an estimated 9% of the district`s total population in 1866 appears not to have been originally born there.

Due to vital statistics for the period 1842–1914, reconstruction of basic demographic
trends in the Principality/Kingdom of Serbia is presented. The enormous population
growth (336 %) was mainly a result of natural population increase. The basis for the development
is identified in extremely high and even growing birth rates during the pre-transition
phase and at the beginning of demographic transition. Immigration seems to have some
influence on rising birth rates /

Рад је посвећен компаративној анализи успомена петорице аустроугарских
војника чешке националности које је током Првог светског рата заробила
српска војска. Рудолф Прохаска, Јарослав Јанда, Карел Боуше, Јозеф Мажик и Јозеф Шрамек саставили су мемоарска дела у којима описују живот у српском
заробљеништву од краја 1914. па све до децембра 1915. године, када су их преузели Италијани. Њихова искуства и перцепције догађаја увелико се преклапају, али су уочљиве и одређене разлике. Анализа сличности и различитости у перцепцији појединих феномена указује на постојање доста неуједначених услова живота за заробљенике у Србији. Фактори попут војног чина, конкретног места смештаја, поседовања занатских или лекарских вештина, као и могућност помоћи из отаџбине увелико су одређивали судбину војних заробљеника у Србији /
Serbia kept tens of thousands of AustroHungarian soldiers as prisoners of war (POWs) in various camps or forced labor corps across the country during World War I. The AustroHungarian propaganda accused Serbia of treating the POWs in an inappropriate way, but international inspections stated the opposite. Five former POWs of Czech origin wrote some kind of memoirs after their return home. In the parts concerning their stay in Serbian captivity, they all indicated that the Serbian POW system suffered from serious problems in the organization and the deficiency of accommodation capacities and supplies. The typhus epidemic in winter 1914/15 spread quickly among the prisoners due to bad hygiene conditions and caused high mortality rates. Nevertheless, the conditions did not differ too much from the situation of the domestic population. POWs in Serbia suffered from the lack of food and clothing, but so did the Serbian soldiers too. Officers prisoners were treated considerably better than ordinary serviceman, including the domestic
ones. The POWs were given a unique freedom of movement and action.
Forced labor was hard, but paid. Money could significantly improve the
conditions of life, but not all POWs had the opportunity to obtain it. Serbian
guards and soldiers were presented as harsh, sometimes even fierce, but
without any sign of institutionalized violent behavior or deadly intentions.
The conditions of life during the war were tough, and survival depended often
on the personal abilities and talents of the prisoners, and a bit of luck as well.

Rad je posvećen komparativnoj analizi novinskih članaka o Srbiji u periodu od Drugog srpskog ustanka 1815. do dobijanja trećeg hatišerifa 1833. godine u dnevnim listovima koji su izlazili u austrijskom delu Habzburške monarhije. Poređenjem sadržaja najvećih listova iz Beča, Graca, Praga, Ljubljane i Lavova, uočen je dosta neujednačen kontinuitet izveštavanja o Srbiji. Broj izveštaja o događanjima sa prostora nove srpske države iznenađujuće je skroman. Prosečan redovni čitalac ovih listova mogao je sebi stvoriti samo šturu, nejasnu a ponekad i pogrešnu sliku o prilikama u Srbiji. / The analysis of articles in the main daily newspapers from Vienna, Prague, Graz, Ljubljana and Lviv, from the 1815-1833 period, shows that little attention wasgiven to Serbia. The newspapers mentioned the Serbian country and people
sporadically and mostly in the context of international Issues of greater importance. With time  the use of the term "Serbia" stabilized to describe not just a geographic area any longer but a political entity as well. lt is obvious that the media from Prague and Lviv tried to collect more information and gave much more space to Serbian matters  than
the dominant papers from the Austrian capital. still, regular readers could hardly generate more comprehensive perceptions of the country. In general the newspapers described Serbia as an ottoman province of special status ihabited by christians who were trying to oppose  the Turks. Internal matters remained mostly unrevealed to readers and the only widely mentioned personality was Serbian Prince Miloš Obrenović

У раду су представљени сумарни пописи за војне комунитете Панчево и Бела Црква за 1812. и 1813. годину. Пописи, који се чувају
у Ратном архиву у Бечу, садрже податке о структури становништва и привреде (верска припадност становништва, занати, привредни објекти, земљишни и сточни фонд) као и о финансијским приликама комунитета. Документа омогућују бољи увид у унутрашње прилике поменутих урбаних целина и праћење њиховог развоја током прве половине 19. века. / Two census documents containing summarydata
for the former military communities Pančevo and Bela Crkva in the Banat region of the Military frontier are hold at the Austrian state archives in Vienna. Both documents contain data for the years 1812 and 1813, and thus a year to year comparison is possible. In the case of Pančevo, certain changes in population indicate a noteworthy immigration to the city occurred. Important information about demographic (population by status, religion etc.) and economic (number of livestock, land usage specifications, tax revenue etc.) structures are available for further scientific research.

У раду је представљена анализа делом некоришћених статистичких података о наталитету и морталитету у Смедеревском округу за период од 1846. до 1866. године. Утврђено је да су стопе природног прираштаја становништва биле изузетно високе. Структура наталитета и морталитета одговара моделима касне предтранзиционе фазе или веома ране демографске транзиције, с приметним осцилацијама основних индекса. Подаци указују да је у посматраном периоду било значајног насељавања. Према процени, од укупног броја становника у 1866. години, готово једна десетина је била родом ван округа. / Summary data in statistical examination about births and deaths in the district of Smederevo in the period from 1846–1866, collected by the Serbian Orthodox Church and submitted to government institutions, revealed a typical model of late pre-transition phase, or a very early demographic transition. Calculated birth and death rates are very high, with repeated significant oscillations. The “Malthusian scissors” seem to appear between 1854 and 1859, and after 1862. The overall population growth of nearby 50% between 1846 and 1866 seems to be mostly the result of natural growth. Still, comparing the total number of births and deaths with the overall population growth, an estimated 9% of the district’s total population in 1866 appears not to be originally born there.

У раду је приказан и анализиран текст инструкције за полицијске службенике у војним комунитетима из 1833. године, који се чува у Аустријском државном архиву. Текст садржи драгоцене податке о приоритетима и методама рада полицијских службеника и пружа бољи увид у свакодневну рутину истих. Документ садржи и сугестије Магистрата Сремских Карловаца на поједине одредбе, што открива одређене специфичности у животу овог сремског комунитета. / The meaning of the term „police matters“ in the early 19th century, differed quite a lot from the modern understanding. The police were not just a force established to maintain peace, order and the rule of law. It was an authority which had to supervise a much wider range of government branches. In the former Austrian Military Frontier, a small network of cities, the military communities, was established to satisfy the needs for craft and other more advanced production in the dominantly agrarian society. The self-government of the towns was largely limited by higher authorities, and the internal life subordinated to the needs and wishes of the military. According to regulations, police officers of the military communities had to take care about everyday
order, sanitary and health management, market and trade inspections, fireman’s equipment and coordination etc. The Instruction to police officers of the military communities of 1833 shows that the priority attention had to be given to the control of movement of foreigners. All persons, except for the town’s own citizens, had to report immediately after arrival to local police authorities for a passport check and regulation of their permission to stay. Suspicious individuals had to be monitored and even spied. It is interesting that the Instruction insists on the expulsion of non-domestic pregnant women, with the aim to avoid expenses for the care of their newborns. Lower-rank police workers had to know all households and their inhabitants in the town personally. Police authorities had to pay special attention to local pubs and not
allow them to stay open after-hours. Huge efforts had to be undertaken to secure, not just the quality but the quantity and satisfactory provision of basic food (such as bread) necessary for nutrition of the population.

У раду је приказано кретање православног становништва Далмације и Војне
крајине у периоду 1828–1848. Коришћењем претежно аустријских статистичких извора,
приказани су главни демографски показатељи: број, наталитет, морталитет, нупцијалитет,
природни и механички прираштај укупног, православног и неправославног становништва
у обе аустријске круновине. Анализом су утврђене велике структуралне разлике измећу
две области и различити узроци опадања удела православног становништва / According to the population data, published in the official Austrian statistical
yearbooks in the 19th century, the share of the Serbian Orthodox population in Dalmatia
and the Military Frontier decreased during the 1828–1848 period. Historians tried
to understand this phenomenon, and found various possible causes for this process.
Analysing data about the number of births, deaths and new marriages, the demographic
structures and natural population increase in the different religious communities in
both of the former Austrian provinces could be estimated. The results show different
patterns in Dalmatia and the Military Frontier. With rates around 45‰ (natality)
and 35–40‰ (mortality), and huge oscillations from year to year, the results for the
Military Frontier indicate a much more basic economic and demographic structure.
The population of this province seems to be highly vulnerable to short term economic
woes (droughts) or epidemics (cholera). In Dalmatia, the rates (around 30‰ natality
and 20–25‰ mortality) show a much more stable structure with a constant population
growth. Due to data analysis, the population growth of the Serbian Orthodox population
in both provinces and of the non-Orthodox population in the Military Frontier (shown
by population censuses) is fully compatible with the known birth and death rates.
Regarding those facts, immigration or emigration did not have much influence on the
population change in the Military Frontier. Still, the population growth of the non-
Orthodox population in Dalmatia shows much higher figures than natural increase
would indicate. It seems that only the immigration of a significant number of non-
Orthodox believers to this province could explain the difference. The decrease of the
Orthodox share in the total population in Dalmatia is obviously caused by settlement
of non-Orthodox believers. Meanwhile the cause for the same process in the Military
Frontier is identified in the structure of birth and death rates.

У раду је представљена демографска анализа пописа становништва Војне крајине за 1831. годину, који се чува у Аустријском државном архиву. Приказани су детаљна верска структура, стопе наталитета, морталитета и нупцијалитета домицилног становништва према вероисповести у свим региментама и војним комунитетима Војне крајине. Представљени су и подаци о узроцима смрти преминулих лица. / The analysis of the 1831 census of the Military Frontier shows that in the western and eastern parts of the region, the main civilian population by religion was the orthodox one. According to statistical data, the whole Military Frontier show different patterns in natality, mortality and nuptiality. The Transylvanian frontier was the only area with population growth. The Slavonian frontier lost 4,079 people alone (1.6% of the whole population). According to official data, no real epidemic occurred in this particular region (at the same time cholera was spreading over civilian Hungary). It is an interesting fact, that in the Varazdin and Slavonian frontier, the natality and mortality rates were not distributed among the different religious groups evenly. The mortality rates of the orthodox population were much higher (with natality rates lower at the same time). To some sources, it may be due to certain habits of the orthodox population that caused easier spreading of diseases, and resulted in high mortality.

У раду је представљен попис Банатске војне границе за 1819. годину који се чува у Ратном архиву у Бечу. Попис садржи податке о структури становништва, земљишног и сточног фонда по региментама и војним комунитетима. Од посебног је значаја због могућности укрштања података о верској и језичко-националној разноликости, чиме се добија представа о прецизнијој етничкој структури области. Попис садржи и сумарне податке за поједине категорије за 1818. годину. /
The Austrian state archives in Vienna, keep a huge number of historical sources concerning the territories of the former Military Frontier. One of it, The Census of the BanatMilitary frontier for the year 1819, provides important information about demographic and economic structures for the frontier as a whole and for minor administrative units as well. Summary data for the whole Banat frontier for the year 1818 are included too. According to available data, the entire Banat frontier had a population of 191.038 (consisting of 166.666 orthodox believers; 82.372 Slavs) in 1818. and 196.687 (172.159 orthodox believers; 85.069 Slavs) in 1819. The estimate number of orthodox Serbs can be determined with 77.000 in 1818 and 80.000 in 1819, which makes 40-41% of the total population. Data about specific land usage, number of livestock, artisans etc. can be used for further scientific research.

Рад је посвећен презентацији и анализи статистичких
података о броју и размештају православног становништва Далмације у периоду
1834–1850. према до сада углавном некоришћеним пописима/шематизмима
Српске православне цркве. Подаци су доступни за 12 година (1835, 1840–
1850) и информишу о броју православних житеља у читавој покрајини и према
нижим црквеним управним областима (дистрикти, парохије). На темељу
извора могуће је и реконструисати управни систем Српске православне цркве,
јурисдикциона подручја појединих парохија и њихове промене. / Historical population data are of significant importance for the reconstruction
of life conditions, family patterns and behaviour of entire populations in the
past. The several preserved church censuses of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Dalmatia
province from the first half of the XIX century inform about the total number and geographical
distribution of the orthodox population of the province (consisting almost entirely
of ethnic Serbs). The data provide better understanding of demographic changes during
the 1835–1850 period. The results indicate a constant increase in number of orthodox
believers until 1848 when a drastic decline occurred. The increase in number of orthodox
inhabitants, as the analysis shows, was not equally distributed all over the province, since
population growth rates do vary immensely from area to area.