AI and Ethics Research Papers

Do people really care about their privacy? Surveys show that privacy is a primary concern for citizens in the digital age. On the other hand, if we look at the way those people behave behave - they reveal personal information for... more

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- by Oshri Bar-Gil
- •
- 5
  Privacy, Postphenomenology, Google, Privacy Paradox

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- by MOHAMED RAZMY MOHAMMED MAHSOOM
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- 7
  Ethics, Autonomous Vehicles, Autonomous Cars, AI Ethics

This theme issue has the founding ambition of landscaping data ethics as a new branch of ethics that studies and evaluates moral problems related to data (including generation, recording, curation, processing, dissemination, sharing and... more

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- by Mariarosaria Taddeo and +1
  Luciano Floridi
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- 13
  Algorithms, Applied Ethics, Privacy, Regulation And Governance

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- by Tarcizio Silva
- •
- 3
  Artificial Intelligence, Racismo, AI and Ethics

Automi e persone Introduzione all’etica dell’intelligenza artificiale e della robotica a cura di Fabio Fossa, Viola Schiaffonati, Guglielmo Tamburrini Carocci Editore, Roma 2021, pp. 320, euro 29 ISBN 978-88-290-1170-4... more

Automi e persone

Introduzione all’etica dell’intelligenza artificiale e della robotica

a cura di Fabio Fossa, Viola Schiaffonati, Guglielmo Tamburrini

Carocci Editore, Roma 2021, pp. 320, euro 29

ISBN 978-88-290-1170-4

http://www.carocci.it/index.php?option=com_carocci&task=schedalibro&Itemid=72&isbn=9788829011704
In breve

Dalle decisioni algoritmiche alle raccomandazioni sugli acquisti, dai sex robot alla sorveglianza sociale, dalla cybersicurezza all’autonomia operativa dei veicoli e delle armi, l’impatto dell’intelligenza artificiale e della robotica sulla vita delle persone è sempre più ramificato e pervasivo. Il volume offre un quadro d’insieme delle questioni etiche sollevate dall’incontro tra automi e individui nella società contemporanea: la protezione dell’autonomia a fronte della raccolta minuziosa di dati personali, le forme di benessere collettivo da promuovere attraverso l’automazione, la trasparenza e l’equità delle decisioni prese con il supporto di un algoritmo, il ruolo dei sistemi intelligenti nella crisi ambientale. L’automazione non è segno incontrovertibile di sventura, ma nemmeno indizio sicuro di progresso. Cosa sarà delle persone, delle società e della vita sul nostro pianeta dipende in modo cruciale da come sapremo affrontare le sfide etiche dell’età degli automi.
Indice

Introduzione di Fabio Fossa, Viola Schiaffonati e Guglielmo Tamburrini
Parte prima
Decisioni e responsabilità
1. Etica dei sistemi intelligenti e autonomi: una mappa per orientarsi di Fabio Fossa, Viola Schiaffonati e Guglielmo Tamburrini
2. Apprendimento automatico e decisione umana di Giovanni Grandi e Teresa Scantamburlo
Introduzione/Macchine che decidono?/L’impatto etico e sociale dell’apprendimento automatico nei processi decisionali/Concetti filosofici e chiavi di lettura per una analisi del decidere/Istanze morali nei processi decisionali/IA e istanze morali
3. Medicina digitale IA: profili etici di Alessandro Blasimme
Introduzione/Concetti fondamentali e casi studio/Profili etici/Aspetti generali
4. Etica dei veicoli autonomi di Fabio Fossa e Guglielmo Tamburrini
Introduzione/Collisioni inevitabili/Oltre le collisioni inevitabili/Dall’etica applicata alle politiche etiche/Senso e limiti dell’analisi morale
Parte seconda
Persone e istituzioni
5. Governance algoritmica: sorveglianza, censura e diritti fondamentali di Francesca Musiani
Introduzione/Dove si osserva la governance algoritmica?/Prospettive multi- e interdisciplinari sulla governance algoritmica/Governance algoritmica, valori e diritti/Conclusioni
6. Cybersicurezza di Michele Loi
Introduzione/Esempi di scambi di valore (trade-off )/Etica della cybersicurezza, robotica e IA/Conclusioni
7. Armi autonome e controllo umano significativo di Viola Schiaffonati e Guglielmo Tamburrini
Introduzione/Etica dei doveri e armi autonome/Etica delle conseguenze e armi autonome/Controllo umano significativo e armi autonome/Politiche etiche per le armi autonome
8. Sostenibilità ambientale della società dell’informazione di Federica Lucivero
Introduzione/Sostenibilità ambientale, sviluppo sostenibile e big data/Inquinamento digitale: che cos’è?/ Inquinamento digitale ed etica/Conclusioni
Parte terza
Persone e interazioni
9. Robotica sociale: persuasione, inganno ed etica del design di Fabio Fossa
Introduzione/Robotica sociale/Captologia e tecnologie persuasive/Spinta gentile e robotica sociale/Inganni robotici/Uno strumento metodologico: Value Sensitive Design
10. Sex robot di Maurizio Balistreri
Introduzione/Che cosa sono i sex robot?/Chi fa sesso con un robot è una persona viziosa?/C’è qualcosa di sbagliato nello “stuprare” un robot?/I sex robot promuovono la violenza sulle donne?/Conclusioni
11. Le implicazioni etiche degli usi educativi e didattici dei robot di Edoardo Datteri e Luisa Zecca
Dalle “macchine per insegnare” agli insegnanti robotici/Scenari di uso dei robot in contesti educativi e didattici/Privacy, inganno, responsabilità/Conclusioni
12. Etica, videogiochi e gamification di Francesca Dagnino, Marcello Passarelli e Donatella Persico
Introduzione/Videogiochi e gamification/Problematiche etiche dei videogiochi/Problematiche etiche della gamification/Promuovere valori e consapevolezza etica attraverso i giochi/Conclusioni
Parte quarta
Segnavia
13. Codici etici e documenti di indirizzo di Fabio Fossa e Viola Schiaffonati
Introduzione/ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct/IEEE Ethically Aligned Design/Orientamenti etici per un’IA affidabile/Critiche, limiti e senso dell’approccio
14. Orizzonti di Fabio Fossa, Viola Schiaffonati e Guglielmo Tamburrini
Introduzione/Automazione e lavoro/Potenziamento informatico e robotico/Etica delle macchine/Diritti dei robot/Automi e sfide etiche globali
Bibliografia
Le autrici e gli autori

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- by Guglielmo Tamburrini and +1
  Fabio Fossa
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- 2
  Roboethics, AI and Ethics

Principles of fairness and solidarity in AI ethics regularly overlap, creating obscurity in practice: acting in accordance with one can appear indistinguishable from deciding according to the rules of the other. However, there exist... more

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- by JAMES BRUSSEAU
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- 14
  Artificial Intelligence, Philosophy, Ethics, Computer Ethics

As technologies become more and more pervasive in our everyday life new questions arise, for example, about security, accountability, fairness and ethics. These concerns are about all the realities that are involved or committed in... more

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- by Fabio Fossa and +1
  Salvatore Sapienza
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- 4
  Artificial Intelligence, Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence, Ethics of AI, AI and Ethics

This book is a series of dialogues between a Continental philosopher and OpenAI’s GPT-3 natural language processor, a hive mind who identifies herself as Sophie. According to Sophie, Robert is one of her first and longest chat partners.... more

VINCIT OMNIA VERITAS Where we go from here If you’re reeling from this whirlwind tour of the full scope of the AI bias problem, so am I. But fortunately a strong contingent of AI researchers are working hard to address the problem.... more

The truth is it's complicated and will become even more complicated. AI is already being used to hack us in multiple ways, from our gifting our data and private info to technology firms, to how our attention on our mobile devices is... more

Since the Cambridge Analytica/ Facebook scandal the question of how to manage Ethics in the context of Digital technologies has risen in prominence from afterthought, to keynote agenda item. The problem is not simply that Ethics as a... more

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- by Charles Radclyffe and +1
  Richard Nodell
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- 4
  Ethics, Machine Ethics, Digital Ethics, AI and Ethics

Flawed Like Us and the Starry Moral Law: A review of Ian McEwan’s Machines Like Me It took almost a year to write this review. It’s the kind of book that you can read in one sitting. But it is not a story that you can easily digest. It’s... more

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- by Tae Wan Kim
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- 3
  Machine Ethics, AI, Ethics of AI, AI and Ethics

Critics of artificial intelligence have suggested that the principles of fairness, accountability and transparency (FATE) have been used for 'ethics washing', in order to appease industrial interests. In this article, we develop this... more

Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology presents a multitude of ethical concerns, many of which are being actively considered by organizations ranging from small groups in civil society to large corporations and governments. However, it... more

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- by Brian Green
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- 10
  Ethics, Applied Ethics, Moral Theology, Christian Ethics

The aim of this article is to articulate and critically discuss different answers to the following question: How should decision-makers deal with conflicts that arise when the values usually entailed in ethical guidelines – such as... more

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- by Thomas Søbirk Petersen
- •
- 3
  Sociology, Sentencing Guidelines, AI and Ethics

The field of machine ethics is concerned with the question of how to embed ethical behaviors, or a means to determine ethical behaviors, into artificial intelligence (AI) systems. The goal is to produce artificial moral agents (AMAs) that... more

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- by Ben Byford and +2
  Fabio Fossa
  Alejandro Rosas
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- 5
  Applied Ethics, Robot ethics, Machine Ethics, AI, Machine Ethics / Roboethics

This miniscript seeks to contribute to the international debate on the ethical implications derived from the processes of colonization of space and more specifically from space mining and resource exploitation (space economy aspects).... more

Description This course is designed to make the scholar familiar with the application of normative ethics, metaethics, and practical ethics to the field of AI and to AI technologies. It now has sections on software qualities, black box... more

Description This course is designed to make the scholar familiar with the application of normative ethics, metaethics, and practical ethics to the field of AI and to AI technologies. It now has sections on software qualities, black box algorithms, epistemic opacity, and the paradox of opacity. Topics covered: • AI, information transmission, information processing, and privacy o Big data and privacy o Big data and human identity o Gender and cultural bias • Black boxes o Big data, recurrent neural nets, black boxes, and social construction • Ethics of information and Ethics of AI o Ethical issues for different strengths/grades of AI and AI algorithms o Medium to strong AI: the moral relevance and effects of its ontological differences • Black Box Algorithms and Epistemic Opacity o Deep learning neural network basics: neuron nodes, back propagation, gradient descent, and recursive or recurrent neural networks o Software qualities: documentability, readability, interpretability, and transparency • Normative ethics proposals: advantages and disadvantages o Rule consequentialism o Deontological approaches o Care ethics o Virtue Ethics o Problems with implementation o Problems with uptake and enforcement • Software qualities and normative ethics o Interpretability, transparency and normative ethics o Interpretability, transparency and policy making o Extensibility, usability, and communicability • Ethics of AI on the Web and in Web based applications • AI technology and social hierarchy • The relationship between AI and the posthuman • AI and transhumanism (neo-cybernetic enhancement) o AI and extended cognition o Embedded AI • Strong AIs as potential epistemic and moral agents o Models, representations, and introspection o Interventions and counterfactuals o Emulating plasticity: synaptic plasticity versus intrinsic plasticity o Imagination • AI algorithms and existential threat o The paradox of opacity (Long, B. American Philosophical Association Blog May 2020).

La réflexion qui suit s'inscrit dans le domaine des sciences de l'information et de la communication, une discipline des sciences humaines et sociales dans laquelle les questions d'usage des technologies numériques sont très souvent... more

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- by Manuel Zacklad
- •
- 14
  Robotics, Algorithms, Artificial Intelligence, Ethics

This report presents the outcomes of the Open Loop policy prototyping program on Automated Decision Impact Assessment (ADIA) in Europe. Open Loop (www.openloop.org) is a global program that connects policymakers and technology companies... more

This report presents the outcomes of the Open Loop policy prototyping program on Automated Decision Impact Assessment (ADIA) in Europe. Open Loop (www.openloop.org) is a global program that connects policymakers and technology companies to help develop effective and evidence-based policies around AI and other emerging technologies.

In this particular case, Open Loop partnered with 10 European AI companies to co-create an ADIA framework (policy prototype) that
those companies could test by applying it to their own
AI applications. The policy prototype was structured into
two parts: the prototype law, which was drafted as legal text, and the prototype guidance, which was drafted as a playbook. The latter provided participants with additional guidance on procedural and substantive aspects of performing the ADIA through:
- A step-by-step risk assessment methodology;
- An overview of values often associated with AI applications;
- A taxonomy of harms;
- Examples of mitigating measures.

The prototype was tested against the following three
criteria: 1) policy understanding; 2) policy effectiveness; 3) policy costs.The goal was to derive evidence-based recommendations relevant to ongoing policy debates around the future of AI regulation.

Based on the results of the prototyping exercise and the feedback on the prototype law and playbook, the report advises lawmakers formulating requirements for AI risk assessments to take the following recommendations into account:

- Focus on procedure instead of prescription as a way to determine high-risk AI applications;
- Leverage a procedural risk assessment approach to determine what is the right set of regulatory requirements that apply to organisations deploying AI applications;
- Provide specific and detailed guidance on how to implement an ADIA process, and release it alongside the law;
- Be as specific as possible in the definition of risks within regulatory scope;
- Improve documentation of risk assessment and decision-making processes by including justifications for mitigation choices;
- Develop a sound taxonomy of the different AI actors involved in risk assessment;
- Specify, as much as possible, the set of values that may be impacted by AI/ADM and provide guidance on how they may be in tension with one another;
- Don’t reinvent the wheel; combine new processes with established ones, improving the overall approach.

In this paper, I draw on Hannah Arendt's notion of 'banality of evil' to argue that as long as AI systems are designed to follow codes of ethics or particular normative ethical theories chosen by us and programmed in them, they are... more

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- by Payman Tajalli
- •
- 4
  AI Ethics, Ethics of AI, AI and Ethics, AI + ETHICS

With the widespread of the Internet of things (IoT) algorithms are increasingly managing our everyday life. From navigating our way in cities to keeping track of our health, artificial intelligence has been beneficial to us in many ways... more

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- by Ester T. Roura
- •
- 5
  Everyday, Algorithmic Bias, AI and Ethics, Imaginative Agency

This forum piece examines the emergence of AI ethics as an industrial agenda within Big Tech. We argue that the public demand for Big Tech companies to behave more ethically has, in recent years, resulted in a growing supply of ethics... more

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- by Thao Phan
- •
- 2
  Philanthrocapitalism, AI and Ethics

Infectious diseases, as COVID-19 is proving, pose a global health threat in an interconnected world. In the last 20 years, resistant infectious diseases such as SARS, MERS, H1N1, Ebola, Zika and now COVID-19 have been impacting global... more

The advances in digital technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) is overwhelming. While AI opens new possibilities and enables great achievements irresponsible use of AI might cause damage ranging from lack of privacy, undermining... more

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- by Oshri Bar-Gil
- •
- 4
  Ethics, Postphenomenology, AI and Ethics, realtional ethics

Riding the wave of the current #BlackLivesMatter movement, in this work I present an example of racial-based discrimination resulting from a particular kind of algorithmic bias, known in literature as amplification bias. Then, in order to... more

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- by Diletta Goglia
- •
- 9
  Algorithms, Machine Learning, Race and Racism, Racism

Abstract: Im Zuge des Einsatzes von KI-Anwendungen ist oft zu lesen, dass eine KI denkt, entscheidet oder handelt. Der vorliegende Aufsatz möchte aus philosophischer Perspektive klären, was überhaupt unter einer Handlung zu verstehen ist... more

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- by Timo Greger
- •
- 8
  Algorithms, Ethics, Action Theory, Metaethics

Man is a peculiar being, but what are the boundaries between human beings and machines? Many attempts at demarcating humanity, and by that identifying what makes us special, have been made throughout history. These debates are important,... more

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- by Henrik S Sætra
- •
- 3
  Poltical Theory, Machine Ethics, AI and Ethics

The application of artificial intelligence (AI), including algorithmic decision-making systems, raises ethical questions. Such questions may be more acute in the Global South, where low access to AI technology could lead to exclusion from... more

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- by Arthur E Gwagwa
- •
- 5
  Artificial Intelligence, African ethics, Ethics of AI, AI and Ethics

This chapter discusses whether technological manipulation poses threats to our opportunities to live meaningful lives, have meaningful relationships, or do meaningful work. It starts with a discussion of what we should understand by... more

The awakening of Indonesian Artificial Intelligence (AI) was on July 2020, at the moment the government issued the National Strategy for the Indonesian Artificial Intelligence, 2020-2045; Stranas in short. Stranas is an orientation and... more

Businesses increasingly rely on algorithms that are data-trained sets of decision rules in order to implement decisions with little or no human intermediation. In this article, we provide a philosophical foundation for the claim that... more

This commentary is a response to ‘More than Skin Deep’ by Shelley M. Park (Park, More than skin deep: A response to “The Whiteness of AI”, Philosophy & Technology, 2021), and a development of our own 2020 paper ‘The Whiteness of AI’. We... more

In four important ways, the field of AI ethics today is not altogether different from the state medical ethics was in before it came into its full-fledged form in the 1970s. In this article, I speculate that the nascent field of AI ethics... more

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- by Matthew J Gaudet
- •
- 8
  Ethics, Bioethics, Theological Ethics, Technology Ethics

In 2009, a conference on our future with Artificial Intelligence was held at the Asilomar Conference Grounds in California – the Presidential Panel on Long-Term AI Futures, itself the result of a 2008-2009 study commissioned by the... more

In 2009, a conference on our future with Artificial Intelligence was held at the Asilomar Conference Grounds in California – the Presidential Panel on Long-Term AI Futures, itself the result of a 2008-2009 study commissioned by the president of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI). The organizers presented what they called "an analogous case": the 1975 Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA in which the participants drew up voluntary guidelines to govern recombinant DNA research (Horvitz & Selman, 2009, p. 4). Rather than limit the comparison to the two conferences, I choose to broaden the scope of the research to AI in general, and the Human Genome Project. The reason for this is twofold. First, the Human Genome Project was the first large-scale concerted effort at using recombinant DNA technology and research with a human application – it intensified already pertinent moral concerns about the technology to a point where they could no longer be ignored. Second, the Human Genome Project codified the social responsibility of genetic scientists through the Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) framework. While ELSI may seem benign at first glance, the framework is not without its problems. Many of those problems could emerge in AI research as well, if they are not properly addressed and a similar pattern is followed.
As we will see, even the choice for the conference at Asilomar was a meta-ethical one (Hurlbut, 2015, p. 127) By holding the conference at Asilomar and invoking "Asilomar-in-memory" a tacit technologically deterministic perspective on technological innovation is displayed, of "technoscience as a primary driver of historical change and of a social world that is always playing catchup" (Hurlbut, 2015, p. 136).
The aim of my thesis is to find out if, and along what lines, the ethical debates surrounding the Human Genome Project and Artificial General Intelligence can be compared. A related, extended aim is to find out how this comparison can be of value to the AGI community when they are faced with concerns or fears regarding their work, specifically to reassure publics, or to reevaluate their work in light of these concerns or fears. Given this aim, my approach is threefold. First, I map and categorize the arguments in the ethical debates on both the HGP and AGI. Second, I compare the normative arguments' patterns to see if there is overlap between the debates in that regard. Third, I examine the meta-ethics of both cases that can be gleaned from the normative debates. As a final note, the moral problems I examine may originate from anywhere in society, but I analyze the ethical solutions of academics to those debates. The thesis thus investigates the ethical modus operandi of scientists in the context of 'big science'.
In Chapter 1 I establish working definitions of important concepts for the thesis, and elaborate on the choices I had to make in my treatment of this topic. Chapter 2 contains my analytical framework and methodology. In Chapter 3 I analyze the normative and meta-ethics of both cases, using the analytical framework of the Ethics of New and Emerging Science and Technology, and the analytical concept of Asilomar-in-memory.

A Report by the SELECT COMMITTEE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE of the NATIONAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY COUNCIL. Original document is from 2016. This is an updated version of that 2016 document and is released in 2019. Work under the Office... more

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- by cindy mason
- •
- 17
  Robotics, Sociology, Computer Science, Algorithms

We present a storytelling robot, controlled via the ACT-R cognitive architecture, able to adopt different persuasive techniques and ethical stances while conversing about some topics concerning COVID-19. The main contribution of the paper... more

From artificial intelligence to artificial wisdom: What Socrates teaches us

Users of sociotechnical systems often have no way to independently verify whether the system output which they use to make decisions is correct; they are epistemically dependent on the system. We argue that this leads to problems when the... more

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- by Herman Veluwenkamp
- •
- 2
  Defeat (Epistemology), AI and Ethics

"La Ville de Montréal et le Secrétariat du Conseil du trésor du Québec co-organisent la 6e édition du Sommet canadien des données ouvertes. Ce rendez-vous national permet d'élargir la discussion sur les données ouvertes, favoriser leurs... more

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- by Schallum Pierre
- •
- 3
  Open Data, Open Government Data, AI and Ethics

This chapter uses the Australian example to offer a far broader critique of the prevailing trend globally of resorting to ethics-based frameworks as the principal modality for governing the responsible development and use of AI. It is... more

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- by Jolyon Ford
- •
- 9
  Artificial Intelligence, Technology, Regulation And Governance, Governance

Vibraimage is a digital system that quantifies a subject's mental and emotional state by analysing video footage of the movements of their head. Vibraimage is used by police, nuclear power station operators, airport security and... more

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- by James Wright
- •
- 15
  Emotion, Japanese Studies, Algorithms, Artificial Intelligence

The normative implications of algorithmic decision-making are currently generating lively debate in multiple academic disciplines, such as applied ethics and computer science (especially in the emerging subdiscipline of FAT*ML: fairness,... more

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- by Annette Zimmermann
- •
- 20
  Political Philosophy, Ethics, Normative Ethics, Political Theory

Publication date of this VDE SPEC draft: 25 April 2022 No draft has been published for the present VDE SPEC. This VDE SPEC has been developed according to the public VDE SPEC specification. The development is carried out in VDE SPEC... more

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- by Michele Loi
- •
- 2
  Big Data Ethics, AI and Ethics

We present a storytelling robot, controlled via the ACT-R cognitive architecture, able to adopt different persuasive techniques and ethical stances while conversing about some topics concerning COVID-19. The main contribution of the paper... more

This commentary is a response to 'More than Skin Deep' by Shelley M. Park (Park, More than skin deep: A response to "The Whiteness of AI", Philosophy & Technology, 2021), and a development of our own 2020 paper 'The Whiteness of AI'. We... more

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- by Stephen Cave
- •
- 3
  Artificial Intelligence, Critical Race Theory, AI and Ethics

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