Open Government Data

En plena revolución del conocimiento, ante el auge y madurez de la transformación digital en las instituciones, el gobierno de datos como programa tiene un desafío común, sin importar el tipo de organización que se analice: el ciclo de vida de los datos y la lógica de negocio no siempre están alineados y siguen la estructura operativa que accione el conseguir aportar el mayor valor. La discrepancia entre la estructura organizacional y el uso de datos puede fácilmente resultar en silos de datos, duplicaciones, responsabilidades poco claras y falta de control de los datos e información durante todas sus etapas. Este libro ofrece una descripción sencilla y general del por qué se necesita un gobierno de datos, cómo planearlo, diseñarlo, iniciarlo, ejecutarlo y mantenerlo operativo. Está enfocado para que cualquier ejecutivo, gerente, profesional de negocios y tecnología, académico o funcionario que necesite comprender o implementar un programa de gobierno de datos lo pueda ejecutar.

De burger staat de komende jaren centraal in de volgende fase van de informatiesamenleving. ‘Maatschappelijke informatievoorziening’ identificeert de ontwikkeling van een digitale burger en schetst de contouren van een integrale visie die het ondersteunen van een goed geordende nationale digitale infrastructuur voor burgers mogelijk maakt.

This article describes trends of open data development and a new discipline, which was formed largely due to the fact that the data have become available and open on the Internet. The authors provide a brief overview of the main directions in the development of open data and data journalism: educational projects, interaction with the community of developers using data management platforms, development of business community on open data basis. The article also discusses Russian educational projects dealing with open data and data journalism.

Hablar de Gobierno Abierto hace 7 u 8 años probablemente estuviera reservado para ciertos ámbitos académicos, siendo un término desconocido por la mayoría. En la actualidad, y especialmente a partir del impacto de la campaña de Obama, el término comenzó a expandirse y cobraron vigor palabras como “Participativo”, “Transparente”, etc., aunque aún resta un largo camino por recorrer.

This is a pre-print of the article:
Maximilian Heimstädt, Fredric Saunderson, and Tom Heath (2014) Conceptualizing Open Data Ecosystems: A timeline analysis of Open Data development in the UK. In Proceedings of the International Conference for E-Democracy and Open Government (CeDEM2014), Krems, Austria.

Government Open Data (DAG) is free, open and available data by public organizations and can be used in projects or integrated with new products, applications or services. Research in the OGD area has grown substantially in recent years, addressing several different conceptual approaches and dimensions. It is important to understand the concept over time as a way to better conceive researches based on contemporary approaches. Therefore, the present study aims to review and categorize existing researches about OGD, identifying which approaches are being adopted, which are the research strategies used, how the concept evolves and which are the most referenced articles. This study analyzed and categorized researches about OGD through a systematic literature review covering 193 publications presented in the main databases. Papers were analyzed through content analysis, through the steps of reduction, display, conclusion and double blind verification. The researches were classified into seven dimensions and under ten different approaches. Concurrently with the development of OGD global initiatives, new scientific papers tend to direct their focus to issues such as data quality and accountability. Through the results of this research it is possible to identify widely discussed approaches and those that can be further explored, as well as the development of the OGD concept over time and its dimensions.

Among the commitments undertaken by the governments participating in the OGP, there is a growing number of commitments to improve the provision of justice services. Successfully implementing these commitments can entail a reform opportunity that the justice sector needs so as to improve its legitimacy vis-à-vis society, as well as its internal functioning.

Public participation in the use of Open Government Data (OGD) in the United Kingdom remains limited, specialised, and low. Four foundational issues contribute to this: definitional conflation between data and information, targeting of OGD at “everyone” without identification of specific actor groups, dependence on intermediaries, and government’s disproportionate focus on data supply. The digital ecosystem metaphor can reconceptualise these issues, clarifying the distinctions between entities and agents and how these interact. Application of this metaphorical framework provides a way of moving from the current client-server approach to a more cyclical and interrelated environment that enables broader participation. The English Indices of Deprivation 2010 data and the Open Data Communities linked data portal from the Department for Communities and Local Government exemplify much of this ecosystem thinking and provide useful empirical case studies.

Actively promoted by a broad spectrum of stakeholders, the Open Government Data movement is gaining considerable traction, illustrated by the rapid proliferation of initiatives worldwide. While the preponderance of early experiments emerged in advanced economies, developing countries are increasingly optimistic about proactively releasing public sector information to achieve a multitude of policy goals. However, to what extent is Open Government Data replicable in developing countries, and what factors must be addressed if it is to be a catalytic change agent rather than mere development fad? Structured in four sections, this paper provides a literature review of the Open Government Data movement to date, critically assessing its transferability to developing countries and identifying challenges and limitations that will determine its relative social impact. The first section examines the philosophy, drivers and history of Open Government Data. The second section analyzes the modes of public sector information release featured in developed countries, assessing the validity of underlying assumptions regarding supply and demand when applied to developing countries. The third and fourth sections illuminate factors contributing to the success or failure of public sector information initiatives, drawing upon the cumulative experience of e-government, ICT penetration, institutional reform as well as Open Government Data initiatives to inform future efforts.

There is scarcely any aspect of government activity that does not involve the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs). The EU has supported the building of digital infrastructures and the sharing of best practices on efficient delivery of e-government services for the last 15 years. One of the goals of the EU Digital Action Plan was to increase the take-up of e-government services by 50% of citizens and 80% of businesses by 2015.

The introduction of digitalised procedures also affects the budgetary field. Scholars address ICT applications used for budgetary functions, procedures, or services across the budgetary cycle (planning, programming, budgeting, appropriations, control, and evaluation of financial resources), using the term 'e-budgeting'.

e-budgeting refers to the digitalisation of budgetary procedures, the diffusion of Open Data (i.e. the diffusion of budgetary information to the public in an open format) and Big Data (i.e. the use of complex databases of budgetary information to inform policy-making).

One of the most distinctive features of e-budgeting (and e-government in general) is that it promotes an active role for citizens and civil society organisations. A diffuse movement of activists and civil society organisations champions the use of digital technologies within public decision-making procedures to enhance citizens' participation and to control governmental activities.

The modeling of dengue fever cases is an important task to help public health officers to plan and prepare their resources to prevent dengue fever outbreak. In this paper, we present the time-series modeling of accumulated dengue fever cases acquired from the Malaysian Open Data Government Portal. Evaluation of the forecast for future dengue fever outbreak shows promising results, as evidence is presented for the trend and seasonal nature of dengue fever outbreaks in Malaysia.

Being a poster child of digital state, Estonia is a truly right place to find answers to the question on how it should be done first when it comes to achieving a real progress in modernizing governance through the use of information and communication technologies. It seems interesting to research how this nation promotes one of the latest trends in the development of the e-government concept—open data. In this regard, the chapter aims to understand what kind of political and socioeconomic drivers and challenges Estonia faces today in the diffusion of the open data concept among various stakeholders, namely government officials, developers, businesses, journalists, academia, and non-governmental organizations and how overcomes them, especially in areas that are related to the publication and, more importantly, to the reuse of datasets by third parties in various collaborative projects and civic engagement platforms.

The purpose of the study is to compare the available regional open data resources and regional projects by using them. Based on existing researches of the open data situation in Russia, it is concluded that, despite the current problems Russia have got the necessary conditions for the widespread implementation of data journalism in practice of media. There are numerous examples of successful cases of this kind of journalism. But in general, opportunities haven’t completely materialized. This gap is investigated by the example of Tyumen region. The Tyumen region has sufficiently high position in the transparency rankings of regional authorities. The online platform for publishing open data in Tyumen region is identified and described. Using data published on this platform has been examined by monitoring of rеgional media. A few examples of published media content with the use of datasets published on the government open data platforms were identified. A search of Hyperlinks to the platforms in the project Yandex. News gave zero results. The survey of the Tyumen journalists shows the level of awareness about data journalism and available platforms for publication open data. The most of participants of survey know a few platforms of open data, but they are not aware of the method and tools of data journalism and prefer using data from press-releases, official reports and other products of the data analysis performed by organizations and experts to raw materials. However particular journalists aware about data driven journalism and its tools and use the open data for their articles. We can conclude the underexploitation of resources of open data in Tyumen media. Whereas some particular journalists are capable of using open data, regional media haven’t started implementation of data journalism into regular practice yet. All have been due to the short term since the beginning of publication open data on regional platforms. So we can say that regional media has great potential for innovation.

This article presents a case study of the open data project in the Chicago area. The main purpose of the research is to explore empowering potential of an open data phenomenon at local levels as a platform useful for the promotion of various civic engagement projects and provide a framework for future research and hypothesis testing. Today the main challenge in  implementing any e-government projects is a traditional highly top-down administrative mechanism of the implementation itself practically without any input from members of civil society. In this respect, the author of the article argues that the open data concept promoted at local levels may provide a really effective platform to advance proactive civic engagement. By harnessing collective wisdom of local communities, their knowledge and visions of local challenges, governments could react and meet citizens' needs in a more productive and cost-efficient manner. Open data-driven projects that focused on visualizing environmental issues, mapping utility management, evaluating political lobbying, distributing social benefits, closing digital divide, etc. are only some examples of such perspectives. These projects are perhaps harbingers of a new political reality where interactions among citizens at local levels will play a more important role than communication between civil society and government due to the empowering potential of the open data concept.

В лекції  будуть розглянути питання:
1. Що таке відкриті данні та де їх шукати?
2. Яка ситуація  з відкритими даними в Україні?
3. Хто є користувачем відкритих даних?
4. Як застосовують відкриті дані на практиці?
5. Які проблеми ставлять перед суспільством  відкриті дані?

Investment in the release of open data has become increasingly central to the implementation of smart city programs by governments around the world. Though originally arising out of a push towards “open government” and the pursuit of more transparent decision-making by public authorities at multiple scales, open data programs have more recently been adopted by municipal governments to support entrepreneurial goals of enhanced competitive positioning and attracting investment. As urban scholars now subject the smart city project to critical scrutiny for its role in advancing urban entrepreneurialism, this article considers the relevance of the open data agenda as it shapes wider understandings of the smart city. In particular, I address the collection of policy practices, aspirations, stakeholders and entrepreneurs active in framing the opportunities and values of open data for urban governments. Both the momentum of support for open data, along with a recent shift in the rhetorical aspirations of the open data movement away from the values of openness and transparency and towards a more confined focus on value generation, raise important critical questions for urban geographers concerned with the nature of urban governance in an age of big data.

—This paper describes an overview about the devolopment of Open Data and the realtionship with Open Government through the review and analysis of both concepts; starting from the contextualization of Open Data and Open Government, to the progress and achievements in the proposed strategies and policies for open government data implementation in Ecuador, as a process; resulting in the current state of the country in the South American context and the progress in local public initiatives deployments. Among the conclusions is stated that the purpose of open government data does not end at promoting transparency, but also in open processes, supporting the actions of Open Government and even promoting social innovation.

Resumen—
Este artículo describe una visión general acerca del desarrollo de Datos Abiertos y su relación con el Gobierno Abierto a través de la revisión y análisis de ambos conceptos; desde la contextualización de Datos Abiertos y Gobierno Abierto, a los avances y logros en las estrategias y políticas propuestas para la implementación de datos abiertos gubernamentales en Ecuador como proceso, resultando en el estado actual del país en el contexto de América del Sur y los avances en iniciativas locales. Entre las conclusiones se establece que el propósito de los datos abiertos gubernamentales no terminan con la promoción de transparencia, sino también con procesos abiertos, apoyando las acciones de Gobierno Abierto e incluso promoviendo innovación social.

The aim of this paper is the analysis of the European and national Open Data policies, in the light of the major changes in legislation. The article will highlight the peculiarities of the Italian model, peculiarities that occur in particular in relation to the purposes underlying the national rules on administrative transparency. In order to reveal the features of the italian model, a comparison will be carried out with the Open Data model of the UK. Afterwards we shall consider the evolution that began with the right to access, continued with the introduction of the institute of civic access and today has come to the proclamation of a general right of access.  Will close this article a reflection on the European and national legal framework in the light of the recent approval of the new Data Protection set of rules.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa-2. Dagli obblighi di pubblicazione alla li-bertà di informazione?-3. Gli obblighi di pubblicazione dopo il d.lgs. 97/2016-4. L'importanza delle forme di dissemination nei sistemi FOIA-4.1. Il modello statunitense, tra FOIA e "dissemi-nation"-4.2. Il modello britannico, tra FOIA e schemi di pubblica-zione-4.3. La trasparenza proattiva in Spagna e Francia-5. La "forma più moderna" di trasparenza 1 1. Premessa Nel definire la trasparenza, il Memorandum per l'Open government e la trasparenza 2 del Presidente Obama fa ri-ferimento ad una attività di diffusione di informazioni al pubblico attraverso la rete («put information about their operations and decisions online and readily available to the public»); d'altronde, secondo la legge spagnola sulla tra-sparenza questa «se articula a través de obligaciones de publicidad activa para todas las Administraciones» 3 : que-sti riferimenti bastano ad inquadrare, sia pure con prima 1 Il saggio è frutto di un lavoro comune; sono in ogni caso da at-tribuire a. Carloni E. i paragrafi 1, 2, 3 e 5, a Pettinari G. i paragrafi 4, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3. 2 Cfr. President B. Obama, Memorandum for the heads of executive departments and agencies

Esta investigación presenta un primer intento de medición de las estrategias de gobierno abierto que utilizan los gobiernos locales en México, ya que hasta el momento la mayoría de los trabajos se habían enfocado a la dimensión de transparencia.

El contenido, los hallazgos y las propuestas que se desprenden de la investigación se pueden resumir en los siguientes puntos:

Contenido:

Se analizaron las estrategias de los 200 municipios y delegaciones más poblados del país. Adicionalmente se agregaron cuatro municipios con el objetivo de contar con al menos dos casos de estudio por entidad federativa.
Como definición de gobierno abierto nos basamos en la presentada en la Directiva para el Gobierno Abierto presentada por la oficina de la Casa Blanca en enero del 2009, la cual se forma a partir de la interacción de tres pilares: transparencia proactiva, participación ciudadana y colaboración a partir del uso intensivo de tecnologías de información.
Estos tres pilares se desagregaron en 25 indicadores, los cuales sirvieron para llevar a cabo un análisis estructurado del contenido de los portales de internet de los municipios. Con ello, se construyó un ranking con todos los municipios que encontrarán adjunto al presente correo.

Hallazgos:

El rango posible de calificaciones va de 0 a 100, la nota más alta la obtuvo Tlajomulco de Zúñiga con 91 puntos e Hidalgo del Parral, Fresnillo, Tantoyuca y Apizaco comparten el último lugar con 0 puntos.
La calificación promedio de los municipios evaluados fue de 25 puntos.
Sólo 15 municipios sobrepasaron los 50 puntos y mientras que 164 tuvieron 30 puntos o menos.
La delegación de la Ciudad de México mejor evaluada fue Milpa Alta con 62 puntos. Mientras que las delegaciones de Cuauhtémoc, Venustiano Carranza, Magdalena Contreras y Coyoacán, están por debajo de los 25 puntos.
Los bajos resultados en la medición, dejan entrever problemas graves en la comunicación e interacción de los gobiernos municipales con la ciudadanía.
En general, los municipios presentan carencias significativas en la puesta en marcha de secciones de datos abiertos y transparencia focalizada.

Recomendaciones de política pública:

En la construcción de apartados de datos abiertos, se debe atender a las demandas de información de los ciudadanos y no sólo a lo que los gobiernos desean transmitir.
Es importante que los órganos garantes de la transparencia presten asistencia técnica a los sujetos obligados en el desarrollo de estrategias de gobierno abierto.
Es relevante que se desarrollen mediciones de gobierno abierto desde el Sistema Nacional de Transparencia.
Para facilitar la búsqueda de información, se puede pensar en un repositorio nacional de datos abiertos disponible en la Plataforma Nacional de Transparencia.
En el uso de las tecnologías de información se debe optar por modelos que fomenten la interacción constante con los ciudadanos en el proceso de toma de decisiones públicas.

Carta Iberoamericana en la que me correspondió ser su redactor y ponente por encargo del Centro Latinoamericano de Administración para el Desarrollo (CLAD), y aprobada por la XVII Conferencia Iberoamericana de Ministras y Ministros de Administración Pública y Reforma del Estado Bogotá, Colombia, 7 y 8 de julio de 2016.
Adoptada por la XXV Cumbre Iberoamericana de Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, 28 y 29 de octubre de 2016

A obra coletiva é resultado do evento “Open Data Day”, realizado pelo terceiro ano consecutivo na cidade de Natal/RN, com o objetivo de promover um debate democrático sobre o uso de dados abertos a partir de uma perspectiva multidisciplinar. As pesquisas propostas estão alinhadas com o princípio da governança democrática e colaborativa para o uso da internet, de modo que a obra condensa trabalhos científicos de membros da comunidade acadêmica, da sociedade civil e do Governo, incentivados a aplicarem a Ciência Aberta em suas iniciativas.
https://clubedeautores.com.br/livro/open-data-day

En los últimos años hemos visto la expansión de políticas de transparencia y datos abiertos en diversos gobiernos de la región, bajo la corriente de Gobierno Abierto. Gobiernos de todo el mundo han elevado sus niveles de transparencia, en gran parte gracias a la presión impuesta por la sociedad civil, el periodismo y la ciudadanía en general. Sin embargo, la transparencia de los datos no es lo mismo que la transparencia en los procesos de gobierno. Un gobierno puede abrir información sobre sus gastos o contrataciones, pero eso nada nos dice sobre cómo se llevó a cabo ese proceso o si se cumplieron las partes del “contrato”. Generar mayores niveles de transparencia en los procesos de un gobierno (asignación de subvenciones, contrataciones, licitaciones, etc.) significa elevarnos un escalón más en el camino hacia una mayor accountability. En el siguiente trabajo se analizan las implicancias del blockchain sobre las actividades de gobierno, en especial para la transparencia y el Gobierno Abierto. Para ello, analizaremos la experiencia llevada a cabo en la ciudad de Bahía Blanca (Argentina), en la cual se ha utilizado esta tecnología para dar mayor transparencia y confianza a la entrega de subsidios culturales del municipio. El paper realiza un análisis conceptual sobre blockchain y sus implicancias, para luego describir las características de la prueba piloto, sus impactos y aprendizajes. Este trabajo ha sido llevado a cabo en el marco del Fellowship OEA en Gobierno Abierto para las Américas, del año 2017.

In recent years we have seen the expansion of transparency and open data policies in various governments of the region, under the Open Government trend. Governments around the world have raised their levels of transparency, largely thanks to the pressure imposed by civil society, journalism and citizens. However, the transparency of data is not the same as transparency in government processes. A government can open information about its expenses or contracts, but that tells us nothing about how this process was carried out or whether the clauses of the "contract" were fulfilled. Generating greater levels of transparency in the processes of government (allocation of subsidies, contracts, tenders, etc.) means raising one step further on the road towards greater accountability. In the following paper we analyze the implications of the blockchain technology on government activities, especially for transparency and open government. We will analyze the experience carried out in the city of Bahía Blanca (Argentina), in which this technology has been used to give greater transparency and confidence to the delivery of cultural subsidies from the municipality. The paper makes a conceptual analysis about blockchain and its implications, to then describe the characteristics of the pilot test, its impacts and learning. This work has been carried out within the framework of the OAS Fellowship in Open Government in the Americas, 2017.

How do rates of COVID19 infection increase? How do populations
respond to lockdown measures? How is the pandemic affecting the
economic and social activity of communities beyond health? What
can we do to mitigate risks and support families in this context?
The answer to these and other key questions is part of the intense
global public debate on the management of the health crisis and
how appropriate public policy measures have been taken in order
to combat the impact and effects of COVID19 around the world.
The common ground to all of them? The availability and use of
public data and information.

This chapter reflects on the relevance of public information and
the availability, processing and use of open data as the primary hub
and key ingredient in the responsiveness of governments and public
institutions to the COVID19 pandemic and its multiple impacts on society. Discussions are underway concerning the scope, paradoxes,
lessons learned, and visible challenges with respect to the available
evidence and comparative analysis of government strategies in the
region, incorporating the urgent need to shift towards a more robust,
sustainable data infrastructure anchored in a logic of strengthening
the ecosystem of actors (public and private sectors, civil society and
the scientific community) to shape a framework of governance, and
a strong, emerging institutional architecture based on data management
for sustainable development on a human scale.

En la actualidad, distintos países en todo el mundo han iniciado un proceso progresivo para promover e impulsar estrategias ligadas al concepto de “gobierno abierto”.
Basado en los principios de la transparencia y apertura, participación y colaboración, el gobierno abierto se ha posicionado como un paradigma emergente que intenta responder al agotamiento de los modelos tradicionales de gobernanza en un mundo que esta cambiando radical y vertiginosamente. El artículo realiza una rigurosa aproximación al debate sobre el origen, alcances y perspectivas del concepto, y da cuenta de sus principales elementos constitutivos. Por otro lado, discute la idea de entenderlo como una plataforma para la participación y la colaboración a través de ecosistemas abiertos de datos que favorezcan la co-creación, el co-diseño y la co-gestión de servicios, en un contexto donde la confianza, la co-responsabilidad y el compromiso son elementos clave para el proceso de cambio que experimentan los gobiernos y las
administraciones públicas.

This research, conducted by the author when a Senior Researcher at Newcastle University, UK, was funded by a UK governance organisation to help them assess, integrate and improve their understanding of the governed population.

ABSTRACT: Governance organisations have been urged to develop more holistic evidence-based approaches with partners to better deal with issues affecting the governed population. This presupposes an understanding of the population, yet there has been little research work addressing how governance organisations come to understand their governed population, nor how this understanding can be improved upon within such organisations.

This case study examined in-depth how understanding of a governed population was developed within one UK local governance organisation and it explored how such understanding might be developed and improved through more holistic and evidence-based organisational learning within the organisation and its governance partnerships.

The research methodology involved placement within the governance organisation, participant observations on several projects and innovative initiatives, observations within, across, and outside the organisation, and also interviews with varied key stakeholders.

The study examined:

- stakeholder engagement and networks
- current and varied understandings of the population
- mechanisms actually used for developing understandings
- the influence of context on organisational learning

and analysed these to arrive at a recommendations to improve organisational understanding of the governed population.

In the case studied, significant strengths were found: including innovative past learning trials for development, extensive ongoing networking activities, and many varied and accumulating quantitative datasets available across partnerships.

However, entrenched organisational approaches and practices constrained the development of holistic evidence-based understanding, for instance: the absence of systematic maintained collective learning processes; weak recording and forgetting of understandings; methodological exclusion of stakeholders from the development of understanding; the relative neglect of qualitative data, explanations, investigations, interpretations, and reflexivity; and also implicit organisational acceptance of such limitations and low aspirations.

Nonetheless, untapped opportunities existed to enable change including: latent practitioner knowledge and innovative management champions, the desire for improvement and raised aspirations within learning networks, and the development potential of alterative learning approaches.

It was concluded that more holistic evidence-based understanding was possible, but required new learning approaches beyond those then in use in both local government or academia.   

Recommendations are made to utilise and develop improved organisational learning approaches trialed and reported in the case study.

It is argued that the case study findings, conclusions, and recommendations may be applicable to other similar local governance organisations and partnerships that seek to better understand local populations, services and interventions.

The work was also submitted for, and awarded, an MPhil (at Newcastle University, supervised by Prof. Patsy Healy)

Los laboratorios o equipos de innovación pública constituyen un fenómeno emergente y novedoso en el territorio de las políticas públicas en la región. En este contexto, la innovación ya no es un tema ajeno a los gobiernos y servicios públicos sino que se ha transformado en un imperativo para responder a los complejos desafíos que enfrentan nuestras sociedades en el siglo XXI. Gran parte de las capacidades necesarias para innovar dicen relación con cultivar y aprovechar el enorme potencial existente fuera de las fronteras y paredes del sector público, y aunque parezca contradictorio, la innovación pública requiere, como nunca antes, del talento e inteligencia colectiva que, justamente habita fuera de ella.

Los laboratorios son una excusa institucional que siembra las semillas de un nuevo tipo de vínculo entre los gobiernos, los servicios de interés público (bienes públicos/bienes comunes) y la sociedad, desde una co-inspiración que redunda en ampliar los espacios de posibilidades y de acción desde el entender que la confianza, la complicidad, la participación activa y la corresponsabilidad son elementos fundamentales para promover y desarrollar espacios de colaboración para resolver problemas públicos complejos.

Resumen: El término Gobierno abierto no es nuevo. a fines de los años 70 del siglo XX se usó por primera vez en el espacio político británico y en su concepción original, trataba diversas cuestiones relacionadas con el secreto de Gobierno e iniciativas para “abrir las ventanas” del sector público hacia el escrutinio ciudadano, con el objeto de reducir la opacidad burocrática. en la actualidad, se ha posicionado como un nuevo eje articulador de los esfuerzos por mejorar las capacidades del Gobierno y modernizar las administraciones públicas bajo los principios de la transparencia y apertura, la participación y la colaboración. por ello y dada la escasez relativa de trabajos de investigación y estudios aplicados sobre el tema, este artículo presenta una síntesis y un análisis histórico de la evolución del concepto, clave política y tecnológica, para luego contextualizarlo en su vinculación a los componentes que le han servido de plataforma para transformarse en el nuevo paradigma (o modelo), que promete fortalecer los sistemas democráticos y mejorar la gestión pública.
Palabras clave: Gobierno abierto, gestión pública, estado red, transparencia, participación, colaboración.

Abstract: The concept of open Government is not a new one. it was used for the first time in british politics in the late 1970’s and at its inception it was related with a number of issues about government secrecy and efforts to “open windows” for the public sector to be under public scrutiny in order to reduce bureaucratic opacity. in present politics, it has emerged as a new linchpin in efforts to improve government capacity and modernize public administration based on the principles of transparency and openness, participation and collaboration. therefore, and given the relative scarcity of research and applied studies on the subject, this article presents a summary and a historical analysis of the evolution of the concept in its political and technological dimensions, and then contextualizes their links to the components that have served as a platform to become a new paradigm (or model) that promises to strengthen democratic systems and improve governance.
Keywords: open government, public management, network state, transparency, participation, collaboration.

Uno de los principales desafíos de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible consiste en configurar un nuevo marco de gobernanza pública y una renovada arquitectura estatal que permitan promover sociedades pacíficas e inclusivas para el desarrollo sostenible, facilitar el acceso a la justicia para todos y construir a todos los niveles instituciones eficaces, responsables e inclusivas que rindan cuentas (Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 16). En este contexto, el paradigma del gobierno abierto constituye un medio de referencia y un eje fundamental para cumplir los Objetivos de la Agenda 2030.

El propósito de esta obra pionera es contribuir al debate emergente sobre el tránsito hacia un Estado abierto por medio de múltiples miradas provenientes de la propia CEPAL y de representantes de organismos multilaterales, autoridades y responsables de gobierno, expertos de reconocida trayectoria, académicos y representantes de organizaciones de la sociedad civil de la región, así como de plataformas de innovación y activismo cívico.

This research is dedicated to the study of the critical institutional factors for the adoption of open government data as a reference to the treatment of public information in the Digital Age. Open government data (OGD) are public data published on the Web in an open format, structured and logically understandable, so that anyone can freely access, re-use, modify and redistribute them, for any purpose, subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and sharealike. OGD carry the premise of affecting democracy positively by promoting transparency, since they simplify the access to the information necessary for participation and social control. OGD also affect the state capacity by enabling integration and interoperability, which allow the opportune access to critical data for governance and decision-making, and the collaboration between government and society through data re-use, in order to create new services and applications. Despite the benefits publicized by the proponents of OGD, institutional variables modulate the efforts of opening public organizations data. Therefore, they limit the democratic gains and government effectiveness associated with OGD. Based on the historical institutionalism and on the concept of digitally mediated public policy (DMPP), proposed by Jane Fountain, we argue that variables associated with the regulation of the access to public information, and with the implementation framework of the policy, as well as variables resultant from the path dependence of technological choices, affect the embeddedness of OGD. Due to these institutional factors, an open government data policy will present an incremental development pattern, despite the disruptive feature of Digital Age technologies. The investigation employs a qualitative methodology and the method of exploratory case study of the Brazilian federal government open data policy, launched in 2012 and conducted by the National Infrastructure of Open Data (INDA, in portuguese). Brazil was the first country to state the publication of data in open format through its Access to Information Act (Law nº 12.527/2011), gathering in the same context the democratic and technical perspectives of open data. The analysis of the data ranges from 1988, when the right of access to public information was recognized by the Federal Constitution, to the publication of the first open data plans following the Decree nº 8.777/2016, which regulated the opening of Federal Government public data. The research techniques employed include analysis of documents, activity reports, interviews notes and news, in order to rebuild the trajectories of public transparency and interoperability institutionalizations in the Federal Government, both fields in which OGD work as PPDM. The investigation identified an incremental development pattern of the Open Data Policy, as part of the extensive process of agenda building of both transparency (under the Office of the Comptroller General of the Union) and digital governance (by the Ministry of Planning, Budget, and Management). Regardless of the incrementalism, it was identified some moments of greater advance, particularly with the official adoption of the Policy by the Decree nº 8.777/2016 and the following publication of open data plans by several federal agencies. By problematizing OGD and identifying the critical factors to its implementation, this investigation accomplishes its overall objective of contributing with theoretical and practical arguments for more realistic learning and planning processes of data opening strategies, considering the incentives and available resources.

This is a report prepared on the open data landscape in Ethiopia in support of the development of a national open data policy for the country. The broad purpose of the report was to conduct an assessment of the state of open government data in Ethiopia in order to identify achievements since the launch of its Open Data Initiative, as well as bottlenecks and challenges identified by the various stakeholders in the Ethiopian national data ecosystem.

The Open Government Partnership has been the leading multilateral platform for promoting transparency, public participation and accountability around the world since 2011. A decade after its foundation, this article reviews the chief progress made within the context of Ibero-America, associated with the processes of the co-creation and implementation of action plans and open government commitments, on the way towards consolidating its position as one of the most innovative and significant approaches to the governance of public affairs currently in existence.

El objetivo de este trabajo es explorar y analizar en profundidad, el avance de las estrategias de apertura gubernamental en el nivel local a partir del modelo que ha liderado la Alianza para el Gobierno Abierto (Open Government Partnership, OGP) desde fines del año 2016 al 2020, a través del Programa de Gobierno Abierto Subnacional (OGP Local) y sus 20 miembros activos. La metodología utilizada ha sido trabajar sobre el análisis de contenidos de la base de datos de planes de acción de OGP Local (32 planes) y la totalidad de compromisos de gobierno abierto subnacional a la fecha (152 iniciativas), lo que ha permitido identificar ejes prioritarios, implicancias y alcances de la estrategia, generando una mirada panorámica integral del proceso, lecciones y aprendizajes para este periodo, y esbozar desafíos y espacios de posibilidad, en el presente y futuro de esta hoja de ruta, prestando atención al contexto latinoamericano.

A nivel de contenidos y foco de los compromisos, se evidencian positivos avances en materia de mejoramiento en la provisión de servicios públicos, apertura presupuestaria y participación ciudadana, más el uso inteligente y focalizado de datos abiertos para el bien común, lo que ha tenido un efecto significativo en la comunidad. Pero también se identifican brechas, como son la falta de ambición en los compromisos y superar las tasas de finalización de los mismos; mejorar los procesos de co-creación de planes e incluir a una mayor diversidad de actores y temáticas en el nivel local. Lo anterior, supone flexibilizar el modelo de trabajo, y adaptar el esquema original de OGP, a la realidad y peculiaridades del nivel subnacional, teniendo en cuenta los diversos contextos institucionales, estructuras y dinámicas del gobierno local en cada caso, y el rol protagónico de los actores de estos procesos en el ámbito territorial.

Finalmente, el futuro de la gobernanza pública es abierto y sin lugar a dudas, será local, pero ello depende de la madurez e integralidad de las estrategias, y de la voluntad y capacidades para darle curso efectivo en los próximos años, incluso más allá del esquema de OGP.

Recientemente, distintos gobiernos en todo el mundo han iniciado un proceso progresivo para impulsar y llevar a cabo estrategias ligadas al concepto de “Gobierno Abierto” (Open Government), cuyos principios son: a) la transparencia y apertura; b) la participación; y c) la colaboración (Obama, 2009). En este contexto, se ha acuñado el concepto de Servicios Públicos 2.0 como una nueva forma interactiva de creación de valor público y traslado hacia un nuevo tipo de colaboración ciudadana e innovación abierta mediante la integración sistemática de los actores en el proceso de gobernar y administrar los asuntos públicos (Hilgers y Piller, 2011; Bommert, 2010; Nambisan, 2008). El trabajo, analiza los conceptos clave que subyacen a la aplicación de las herramientas Web 2.0 y redes sociales en una visión transformadora del Estado y los servicios públicos, y la posibilidad de configurar una agenda específica orientada a la modernización de la gestión pública en Iberoamérica en respuesta a las diversos diagnósticos que han aflorado en el último tiempo sobre estas cuestiones (CLAD, 2010; Ciudadanía 2.0, 2011; WEF, 2011; OECD, 2011; y The Economist, 2011; entre otros) y basado en: la producción entre iguales y la riqueza de las redes (Benkler, 2006), la sabiduría de las multitudes (Surowiecki, 2004), el crowdsourcing (Howe, 2006) y citizensourcing/wikigovernment (Noveck, 2009), la innovación de servicios centrado en el usuario y de carácter abierto (E. Von Hippel, 2005; Chesbrough, 2009), el gobierno como una plataforma (O'Reilly, 2010) y el enfoque de un gobierno abierto (Lathrop y Ruma, 2010).

Este artículo discute las implicaciones de las reformas de gobierno electrónico (ego -bierno) en la gestión y las políticas públicas, provee datos recientes sobre América La-tina e incluye una breve introducción a cada uno de los artículos de este volumen te-mático. El documento se pregunta por qué es importante el conocimiento sobre e-gobierno para las administraciones públicas, teniendo en cuenta las potencialidades para mejorar la gestión gubernamental y las políticas públicas. Para ello, aborda el nivel de desarrollo actual del e-gobierno dentro de los países latinoamericanos, así como las principales estrategias puestas en marcha hasta ahora por las administraciones públicas de la región. Además, se plantea la contribución de cada uno de los trabajos que for-man parte del volumen temático a los avances experimentados por el e-gobierno. Des-pués, se sugieren otras líneas de interés que se espera formen parte de la agenda guber-namental, así como de investigación, en torno al ámbito del e-gobierno en la próxima década. Esto se lleva a cabo a través de una aproximación a las dinámicas presentes y perspectivas de futuro de este fenómeno, sobre todo dentro del ámbito de los países de América Latina. El artículo concluye enfatizando la importancia de la conectividad y las redes para concretar las innovaciones en las administraciones públicas del presente y del futuro. Palabras clave: tecnologías de la información y comunicación, gobierno electrónico, administración pública, metodología, teoría, práctica, conocimiento, América Latina.