Accessible Tourism

The project, which is still under construction in Turkey, has been designed for the access of the existing hiking trail to the Çatak canyon in the Kure Mountains of Kastamonu province, Azdavay district, accessible to everyone with the disadvantaged people in the society.
The project area is located in Kure Mountains. Kure Mountains National Park, north of Turkey, the Black Sea's western section of the Black Sea Region, on Kure Mountains, Bartin and Kastamonu is located within the city limits. Funded by the European Union and the Republic of Turkey and "Development of Social Integration of the Disabled (IDP)" it was supported by the grant program. In this article, it is aimed to explain the design and construction phases of the “Disabled Friendly National Park: Kure Mountains” project and to show its positive and negative effects.
The overall objective of the project is “to provide full accessibility for the disabled in nature conservation and protected areas in Turkey” has been identified as to be fully ensured. The outcomes of the project, the results obtained and the design criteria will contribute to this goal. The project aimed to provide the basis for future studies.

Artykuł przybliża koncepcję dostępności muzeów, jako atrakcji turystycznych, z punktu widzenia potrzeb kilku grup społecznych: osób z niepełnosprawnościami, osób starszych oraz odwiedzających z dziećmi. Zdefiniowana dostępność jest efektem synergii trzech podstawowych uwarunkowań (tzw. filarów dostępności): przygotowania fizycznego/technicznego, systemu informacji turystycznej oraz umiejętności i kompetencji personelu obsługującego gości. Artykuł w pierwszej części ma charakter przeglądowy, obejmuje ona dyskusję na temat pojęcia dostępności, jak również barier i ograniczeń, jakie mogą mieć miejsce w obiektach muzealnych z perspektywy rozpatrywanych grup odwiedzających. Część druga skoncentrowana jest na kryteriach dostępności obiektów opracowanych w ramach projektu pt. „Kryteria oceny dostępności Szlaku Piastowskiego” (2018) . Kryteria te były testowane i weryfikowane w oparciu o opinie przedstawicieli grup docelowych w wybranych muzeach w Wielkopolsce, a następnie przyjęte za podstawę przeprowadzenia „Analizy dostępności obiektów Szlaku Piastowskiego” (2019) . Treści zawarte w artykule stanowią bazę wiedzy użytecznej w procesie wyrównywania szans w dostępie do dziedzictwa historycznego i kulturowego. Służą także jako wytyczne do podnoszenia jakości usług w obiektach turystycznych.

Leisure activities of hearing-impaired people 
Summary 
Leisure time, the budget allocated for it and making use of it perceived as one of indicators of quality of life is still an up-to-date research issue for representatives of various fields (e.g. sociology, economics, the area of tourism and recreation). However, in publications tackling this theme, there is still too little attention paid to problems of people with special needs. The authors of the present paper attempt to pinpoint present ways of spending free time in a chosen group of the disabled, i.e. in the environment of hearing-impaired people.  The major purpose of the research is to define (1) a budget and the way of spending spare time on weekdays, (2) the way of spending spare time at weekends and on public holidays and (3) when having a day off or holidays. The analysis is based on the results of surveys supervised by A. Zajadacz from March to September 2007 in most branches of the Polish Association of the Deaf (PZG, Polski Związek Głuchych). The surveys were carried out among 191 hearing-impaired people. The questionnaires were sent by post and respondents were asked to fill them in with the assistance of a sign language interpreter. While analysing the results, the information obtained in the course of interviews and observation carried out among the hearing-impaired was taken into account as well.  The results confirmed the recognised peculiarity of members of the social group in question, their tendency to ‘shut themselves off’ in their own environment called culturally deaf or linguistic minority (communicating in a sign language). The feedback of informants simultaneously denies the stereotype that all hearing-impaired people ‘are the same’ as it shows a great diversity of leisure time activities performed on weekdays, at weekends and on public holidays as well as on days off and during holidays. Typical weekday leisure activities include: PZG meetings, meetings with families and hearing-impaired friends, walks, reading newspapers, watching TV (with the assistance of a sign language interpreter). On Saturdays, Sundays and on public holidays, walks and meetings with friends are the most popular way of relaxation (both in the place of living and beyond it). Moreover, frequent watching TV, both with the support of the sign language and without it, and reading newspapers are characteristic activities in the place of living. During weekend outings, tourist trips are organized. While having days off or holidays, walks are most popular (they are equally popular at weekends and on public holidays) and leisure time is definitely dominated by outdoor and active ways of spending spare time, for example: sight-seeing, swimming, sun bathing, nature observation, riding a bicycle, walking in the mountains although one third of the surveyed people indicated watching TV and reading. The presented findings should be used while preparing tourist offer aimed at hearing-impaired people. Making them popular may enhance perceiving the peculiarity of problems of this group of people in the society.

Abstract: Th main aim of the article is to present the conclusions of a series of studies performed over a period of twelve years, dedicated to the tourism of Deaf people who are users of sign language. Th synthesis of the research results (including, amongst others, a comparative analysis of the demand for tourism of Deaf people [n=292] and hearing people [n=1780] ) became the basis for the development of a “system of action stimulating the growth of tourism for Deaf people”. Such action requires a consistent long-term process on numerous levels which will lead to an increase an accessible tourism for sign language users in the future. Th proposed system of action includes elements of “external support” and “internal action” which are necessary for the
development of an “accessible tourism subsystem”. Th fist of these elements includes proposals for action directed at providing “equal opportunities” through the realisation of principles from
the “Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities” (PwD), amongst others. Th second element on the same level in the “hierarchy” of the internal action subsystem, focuses on encouraging deaf people to improve their own life situation, to make their expectations in regards
to the available tourism opportunities known and to participate in their creation (according to the assumptions of universal design). Both subsystems create the basis for the development of an additional, central “accessible tourism subsystem” for deaf people, the essence of which should be the appropriately structured transfer of tourism information.

Drawing on the last 15 years of research, policy and industry engagement, a way forward for accessible tourism is presented. The approach is based on the development of strategic knowledge management to provide a reliable foundation on which to make informed choices for accessible destination experiences and create a relationship of trust between consumers and suppliers. First, demand research is examined to understand what consumers with disabilities seek when planning their trips and the experiences they desire when travelling. Second, the plenary connects the demand requirements of consumers with disabilities to that of the supply-side approaches of the industry and suggests that government coordination roles at national and regional levels have very important roles to play in developing a triple bottom line approach to accessible tourism. Lastly, an argument is presented that suggests that only by understanding accessible tourism as part of social and environmental sustainability can a sound foundation be put in place to develop the economic potential of this group.

Keywords: accessible tourism; strategic knowledge management; triple bottom line sustainability; trust;

The European Union is a major tourist destination. Taking into account the total number of tourists, five EU member states are among the world's top ten destinations. The population of Europe is ageing. This phenomenon is a major challenge for the society, but at the same time, it also represents a great opportunity for local businesses and for the whole European economy. The Silver economy project of the EU aims to develop new strategies related to population ageing, mainly focusing on special technology services. Nowadays, the most important sectors of innovative development are working on solutions for elderly people even in the tourism industry. Senior people often have special accessibility needs, either related to their physical condition or for other reasons. For the less mobile elderly people, the lack of suitable accessibility can become a huge obstacle when going on holiday. Tourists with special accessibility needs are not one homogeneous group. However, despite the many differences within the group, travelling can be a real challenge for these people, especially when they are older. Accessible tourism should be able to make it easy for everyone to enjoy tourism. Accessible senior tourism-both for business and leisure purposes-represents a niche but growing market segment in the European Union. During decision making, tourism experts and urban planners must take into account the aspect of tourists with special needs, and design special tourism spaces for them so that they can travel, enjoy tourism destinations and take part in leisure and recreational activities just like any other tourist. The successful inclusion of people with special needs will serve the benefit of local people, too. My research aims to explore the effects of the successful inclusion of people with special needs, which will serve the benefit of local people, too.

– The aim of this paper is to outline some of the key-features characterising accessible tourism discourse and its translational practices, through the description of the preliminary results of a corpus-based analysis carried out on a selection of tourist texts dedicated to the promotion of destinations, services and attractions addressing tourists with disabilities. Notwithstanding the ethical and commercial importance of accessible tourism, research on the linguistic and translational aspects of this sector is largely missing: the relevant literature on accessible tourism is mainly focused on issues of physical accessibility and barriers and on the economic implications concerning the practical organisation of business activities, services and facilities addressing disabled tourists. Nonetheless, language itself can become a barrier in the context of accessible tourism, particularly if its promotional texts are not 'fully accessible' due to their insufficient distribution and limited availability or the lack of accuracy in their layout and linguistic features, including the scarce number of relating translations. The following analysis will try to propose considerations that may enhance linguistic accuracy in and awareness on the production of accessible tourism promotional texts, to demonstrate how language and translation can become effective tools to overcome those barriers that actually make accessible tourism still 'not very accessible'.

Despite the fact that accessibility to places of culture (art. 30; museums, cinemas, theatres, cultural institutions
and libraries) is explicitly stated in the UN Convention, it is not yet a right which is fully enforceable for deaf
people.
Best practices and experimental projects set up by important cultural institutions are not lacking but the issue
has not yet been tackled sufficiently in order to provide cultural operators with guidelines promoting the inclusion
of all kinds of audiences among the end-users of their events. It would therefore be appropriate to raise the
awareness of museum curators and event organisers so that they can design their events to be accessible right
from the beginning, instead of «adapting» them later on. In fact, deaf people have very different, multimodal
communicative requirements and «delegating» accessibility to the availability of an interpreter when needed
or to dubious technologies is not enough.
Planning accessible events should also see them actively involved, as key players of innovation and not just
the end-users of a service, with a view to a wider democratisation of culture.

Özet Turizm, bireylerin seyahat etme özgürlüklerini kullanarak bir yeri, bölgeyi veya ülkeyi dinlenme, görme, tanıma amacıyla belirli bir süre ziyaret etmesidir. Ancak kalıcı veya geçici engeli olan bireyler ve yaşlılar bu özgürlüklerini karşılaştıkları bariyerler nedeniyle yaşayamamaktadırlar. Öte yandan, fiziksel veya zihinsel farklılıkları nedeniyle hayatları boyunca sosyal olarak dışlanma ile karşı karşıya kalmış engelliler ve yaşlılar için erişilebilir turizm, rehabilitasyon ve sosyalleşme gibi ek faydaları sağlaması açısından oldukça önemlidir. Ayrıca dünya genelinde ortalama yaşam süresinin artması ile artan yaşlı nüfus ve hamilelik, hastalıklar neticesinde ortaya çıkan geçici engellilik durumları da dahil edildiğinde turizm sektörü için yeni bir pazar ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışma ile erişilebilir turizmin Türkiye için gerekliliği değerlendirilmiş ve niş bir alan olan erişilebilir turizm alanında söz sahibi olabilmek için yapılması gereken uygulamalara ve fikirlere yer verilmiştir. Abstract Tourism is an activity that individuals freely visit a place or country for a certain period of time to rest, see, or recognize, but individuals with permanent or temporary disability and the elders cannot enjoy this freedom because of barriers they meet. In other respects, accessible tourism is very important for the disabled individuals who have been facing social exclusion throughout their lives due to their physical or mental differences and the elders in terms of providing additional benefits such as rehabilitation and socialization. Also, accessible tourism emerges as a new tourism sector because of the rising elders' population with the increase of life span around the world and the arising temporary disability situations as a result of pregnancy and illness. In this study, the importance of accessible tourism for Turkey is evaluated and the applications and ideas to be carried out are discussed to be able to dominate the accessible tourism market.

Persons with disabilities (PWDs) or disabled persons are often regarded as unemployable — mostly due to the negative connotation that any PWD presents himself as more of a liability than an asset — and  is usually dismissed as either less productive or unproductive as compared to the abled or non-disabled employees.
This study focused on the deaf / hearing-impaired group of PWDs and aimed to measure their performance in reference to their non-disabled counterparts using the descriptive-correlational design to to show the present situation and characteristics of the disabled employees, and to prove that they are as capable as their non-disabled counterparts, based on the results of their job performance evaluations.
Paired data samples which included the respondents’ performance evaluations and demographic profiles (age, gender, length of service and marital status) were gathered and evaluated using the Friedman test and thru the Statistic Frontiers Regression Analysis. Findings of the study indicated that the disabled respondents were able to perform at par with their non-disabled counterparts. Further comparison of the respondents showed that the perceived job performances of the disabled employees were higher than that of the non-disabled group. However, results of the SFR analysis regarding efficiency showed that both groups efficient in their jobs, with the non-disabled employees’ efficiency score being much higher than the disabled. Demographic data of the respondents were also found to significantly affect their job performance in this study, as the final results revealed that among all respondents, it was those who were married, female, and non-disabled who were more efficient in their performance, regardless of their age and the length of service that they have in the establishment.

Negli ultimi tempi si sente molto parlare di accessibilità e se questo da un lato può ridursi a un mero esercizio retorico, dall'altro inizia a produrre risultati tangibili che hanno un impatto sulla vita delle persone con disabilità. Le Istituzioni, i musei, i luoghi d'arte e cultura sono divenuti più sensibili e accoglienti sul tema dell'accessibilità e l'idea di turismo sociale, sostenibile, per tutti si sta progressivamente affermando. L'Ente Nazionale Sordi Onlus ha voluto accompagnare i propri progetti "sul campo" dedicati al patrimonio culturale (MAPS. Musei Accessibili per le Persone Sorde e AccessibItaly. Itinerari culturali per persone sorde e sordocieche) con questa raccolta di contributi. Un testo che attraverso l'apporto di esperti del settore e la riflessione su temi di carattere generale, nonché la descrizione di specifiche esperienze e modelli sperimentali, buone prassi, criticità e proposte, intende favorire una sempre maggiore diffusione e standardizzazione di servizi ideati e realizzati da e per le persone sorde.

Özet

Seyahat olanaklarının gelişmesi ve engelli bireylerin turizm faaliyetlerinde önemli bir niş pazar haline gelmesi ile birlikte, otel ortak kullanım alanlarına ilişkin erişim olanaklarının iyileştirilmesi gerekliliği güncel tasarım paradigmalarında yerini almıştır. Bu bağlamda, engellilerin tüm insani haklardan ve temel özgürlüklerden eşit bir şekilde yararlanmasını desteklemek üzere oluşturulan uluslararası konvansiyonların otel yapıları için de hedefine ulaşmasına katkı sağlanması ihtiyacı araştırmanın birincil kaygısını oluşturmuştur. Aynı kuramsal anlayış içerisinde, otel yapılarının organizasyon şemasında büyük önemi olan ortak kullanım alanlarının mekân kurgusundaki tanımsızlıkların ya da çözümsüzlüklerin kullanıcıların sirkülasyon kabiliyetini doğrudan kısıtladığı gerçeği referans kabul edilmiş ve otel yapılarındaki ortak alanların engelli ziyaretçiler başta olmak üzere; tüm kullanıcı grupları için görsel ve fiziksel açıdan erişilebilir kılınmasına yönelik tasarım eğilimlerinin benimsetilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında, konunun kuramsal sınırlılıklarını ortadan kaldırabilmek maksadıyla literatür taraması yapılmış ve yanıt bulamayan tasarım sorunlarının belirlenmesi ile araştırmanın bibliyografik künyesi oluşturulmuştur. Tasarım olgusu ile otel ortak kullanım alanları arasında erişilebilirlik bağlamında iletişim kurmayı amaçlayan araştırmanın sonucunda, yapıların bütünlüğüne müdahale etmeden erişilebilir çevrelerin kurgulanabileceğine ilişkin üretilen düzgüsel tasarım pratiklerinin tümü teknik anlatımlar ile tanımlı hale getirilmiş ve mekân tüketiminin demokratikleştirilmesine otel ölçeğinde katkı sağlanmıştır.

Abstract

With the development of travel opportunities and with the disabled people who has become an important niche market in the tourism activities, necessity of enhancing the access opportunities regarding hotel shared spaces took its place in the current design paradigms. In this context, the need for international conventions, which are created to support disabled people to equally take advantage of all human rights and fundamental freedoms, to meet the objective for the hotel structures too is created the primary concern of the research. In the same theoretic approach, the fact of ineffability and insolubility in the space setup of common use areas which have a great importance in the organization schemes of hotel structures, does directly restrict the circulation ability of the users is accepted as reference and it is aimed to adopt design tendencies which are oriented to make shared spaces in the hotel structures accessible in terms of visual and physical for whole user groups, especially for disabled visitors. Within the research, a literature scan has been done to abolish the theoretical limitedness of the topic and the bibliographic tag of the research has been created with the identification of design problems which remain unanswered. At the end of the research that aims to communicate within the context of accessibility between design feature and hotel shared spaces, whole normative design practices created regarding accessible spaces can be fictionalized without interfering the integrity of the structures has been described with technical presentation and has been contributed to the democratizing of space consumption in the hotel scale.

"Summary
This book brings together global expertise in planning, design and management to inform and stimulate providers of travel, transport, accommodation, leisure and tourism services to serve guests with disabilities, seniors and the wider markets that require good accessibility. Selected country reports, detailed case studies and technical guidance from leading experts provide an essential resource for academics and practitioners.

Key features
- Provides Best Practice in Accessible Tourism from a global pespective - Explores a range of approaches to delivering accessible tourism from the perspectives of policy-making, professional and stakeholder networking, market diversity, destination management and the experience economy; - Contains chapters by leading experts with state-of-the-art guidance for the development of accessible tourism infrastructure, transport and services; - Draws together examples of best practice encompassing policies, projects and partnerships in and between the public, private and NGO sewctors , demonstrating the added value of holistic, evidence-based solutions.

Review:
In 25 chapters, Best Practice in Accessible Tourism provides a ‘state-of-the-art” assessment of both theory and practice. This book establishes a new field of study and provides the benchmark against which other contributions will be judged. It integrates the work of all the key players and should be read by academics, managers and government policy makers.
Noel Scott, University of Queensland, Australia

The editors have assembled an excellent compilation of thought provoking, cutting edge international chapters on "Best Practice in Accessible Tourism". The text provides important insights into current practices and policies, but also critically reflects on what more needs to be done. This timely work is a must read for practitioners, policy makers and academics.
David J. Telfer, Brock University, Canada

Author Biography:
Professor Dimitrios Buhalis is a Strategic Management and Marketing expert with specialisation in Technology and Tourism at Bournemouth University. Professor Buhalis is leading eTourism research and he is a Fellow of the International Academy for the Study of Tourism and the President of the International Federation for Information Technologies in Travel and Tourism (IFITT).; Dr

Simon Darcy is an Associate Professor in Events, Sport and Tourism at the UTS Business School - University of Technology, Sydney. Simon’s research and teaching expertise is in sport, tourism and diversity management. He currently holds research grants investigating organisational responses to accessible tourism, sports management practices and protected area visitor management systems.;

Ivor Ambrose is the Managing Director and co-founder of ENAT, the European Network for Accessible Tourism. He has worked for over 30 years as a researcher, project manager, development and policy advisor in the fields of building design and evaluation, public housing, accessibility and assistive technologies for disabled and elderly people, accessible tourism and information systems.

Readership Level:
Postgraduate, Research / Professional, Undergraduate
"

One of the first country reports in Asian region; widely reviewed commented by the scholars, activists and civil society including European Accessibility Network. Dwelt in to the complexities issues when it came to the participation of disabled people in leisure and tourism activities.

This thesis reports the findings of a qualitative study, which investigated the cultural heritage
experience of visually impaired people. The study explored the juxtaposing and coinciding nature of
heritage and accessible tourism in pursuance of ensuring “tourism for all” in cultural heritage sites. The
grounded theory method was applied, which analysed virtual documents, open interviews and
participant observation. The findings indicate that accessible information, the implementation of
experience enhancers, the knowledge and attitude of employees, and the simplicity of orientation and
navigation influence the quality of the cultural heritage experience of visually impaired people. In
furtherance of guaranteeing the execution of these implications heritage managers are required to
enforce inter-organisational collaborations with the tourism industry and blind associations alike. The
thesis concludes that curators ought to employ both awareness training as well as disability etiquette
and should apply a multisensory experiential design if quality cultural heritage experiences are to be
available for visually impaired tourists.
Keywords: visual impairment, tourist experience, cultural heritage tourism, accessible tourism, tourism
for all, sensory

On 12 July 2005, an STCRC Research Workshop was held at the NSW Department of State and Regional Development titled, Setting a Research Agenda for Disability and Tourism. The Australia wide Workshop involved key academic researchers, industry partners, community organisations and government authorities interested in disability and tourism, and was attended by 45 invited participants. While broadly looking at dimensions, approaches and issues surrounding disability and tourism, the Workshop recognised the broad context of accessible tourism initiatives recently commissioned by Tourism Australia, the incorporation of universal design principles in new buildings and the development of Easy Access Markets. The Workshop looked at the state of the field from the perspectives of supply, demand and regulation/coordination research and accessible tourism industry practice. The Workshop invoked a participative action research process where three information sessions were held during the day (state of research, current Australian practice and developing a research agenda) followed by small group breakout sessions where each small group (4 in all) was selected by the Workshop organisers based on having a mix of demand, supply and regulation/coordination stakeholders. Each small group was led by a facilitator with a note taker external to the group on hand to assist in reporting and documenting the small group discussions. The final session sought to bring together the work of the day by, first, generating a list of research activities and second, providing time and space for individuals to prioritise the list through designation of their three main research priorities. The first outcome of the process is this report, which outlines the background to disability and tourism in both the Australian and overseas settings, details the process used for the Workshop, which has led, in turn, to the prioritised research agenda that forms an integral part of this report. It is expected that from this collective effort a more focused approach to research with respect to the issue of accessible tourism in Australia

[English abstract follows]
Negli ultimi decenni, l’accessibilità è stata motore di una rivoluzione profonda che ha modificato radicalmente, e continua a modificare, la società. È una rivoluzione che attraversa discipline e ambiti diversi, portando un cambio di paradigma nella concezione dell’essere umano e dei rapporti con gli altri. Una rivoluzione che ha permesso di progettare un nuovo senso di società. Su questo sfondo, il testo argomenta in favore dell’accessibilità come strumento necessario per l’attuazione dei diritti umani di tutti, non solo delle persone con disabilità, e applica questa tesi all’ambito culturale.

Abstract.
In the past decades, accessibility has been the engine of a deep revolution that has radically modified and still modifies society. It is a revolution that intersects different topics and disciplines, producing a paradigm shift in the very idea of human being and of our relationships with others. A revolution that allows to design a new sense of society. Within this background, the text argues in favour of accessibility as a necessary instrument for the human rights of all, not only of persons with disabilities, and it applies this thesis to the cultural field.

Gli autori presentano COME-IN! (Cooperazione per una piena accessibilità ai musei – verso una maggiore inclusione), un progetto che ha preso avvio il 1° luglio 2016 nell’ambito del programma Interreg CENTRAL EUROPE. Il Segretariato Esecutivo dell’Iniziativa Centro Europea, capofila, coordina una rete di musei, associazioni di disabili, accademici, istituti di formazione e decisori politici, provenienti dall’Europa centrale, che si impegnano a individuare standard transnazionali e a trasferire competenze tecniche per assicurare l’accessibilità ai musei coinvolti nel progetto. Più precisamente, il progetto si occuperà di stabilire e mettere a disposizione delle linee guida per riorganizzare in modo accessibile collezioni e mostre, assieme a un manuale di formazione per gli operatori museali. Infine, verrà realizzata un’etichetta COME-IN! che fungerà da strumento promozionale, che potrà essere assegnata ai musei che applicheranno gli standard di accessibilità stabiliti nell’ambito del progetto. L’etichetta sarà promossa a livello transnazionale, nazionale e locale al fine di garantire la visibilità dei musei aderenti e la sostenibilità e trasferibilità del progetto.
The authors present the project COME-IN! (Cooperating for Open access to Museums – towards a widEr INclusion), which is funded under the Interreg CENTRAL EUROPE Programme. The Central Europe an Initiative–Executive Secretariat, in its capacity as Lead Partner, coordinates a multifaceted network of Museums, Disability associations, Academic representatives, training institutions and Policy makers from Central Europe area, that will contribute to define transnational high level standards and ensure know–how transfer to guarantee accessibility to museums involved in the project. More precisely, guidelines will be develop to help organizing accessible collections and exhibitions and a training handbook for museum operators will be made available. An innovative promotional tool, the COME-IN! label, will be developed to award museums complying with the established accessibility standards. The label will be promoted on transnational, national and local level to ensure its sustainability and transferability

É uma honra prefaciar esta obra que tem como temática as condições de acessibilidade para pessoas da terceira idade, assunto que é de extrema relevância para os diversos setores da sociedade, em especial para o setor turístico que vive grandes desafios no século XXI, dentre eles, o de promover um turismo acessível para todos. O turismo acessível baseia-se nos princípios de solidariedade, igualdade de oportunidades, equidade e a inclusão social, pois, as Pessoas com Deficiência ou mobilidade reduzida eram tidas como “defeituosas” e incapazes, sendo negligenciadas para a realização da atividade turística, uma vez que, as estruturas físicas dos locais, equipamentos e profissionais não estavam preparadas para recebê-los.

Until recently, charities and nonprofits have been the primary providers of recreational services for persons with disabilities (PwD). Increased pressure for a self-sustaining financial existence, as well as the acknowledgment of the value that the market of PwD has, have led to such services increasingly finding their way in competitive commercial environments as well. The chapter traces the development of inclusive holidays for persons with and without visual impairment based on sighted guiding from the historical changes in the understanding of the concept of disability as well as the provision of recreational and tourism services for PwD. The author argues that reverse integration-the approach that these holidays follow-is a viable and efficient way of offering equitable tourism services, particularly when businesses embrace social entrepreneurship. The chapter is built on the assumption that offering accessible and equitable tourism products for PwD is an integral element of corporate sustainability and responsibility in the tourism industry.

Key words: deaf, Deaf culture, social integration.
Abstract:  The social policy of many countries is moving towards preventing the social exclusion of people with a disability (PwD) through increasing social integration.  In order to form this process (likewise within the sphere of leisure time) correctly it is first necessary to become acquainted with the opinions of PwD and the non-disabled section of society on attitudes to mutual interaction. The main aim of this article is to present the opinions of Deaf people (n=292) who use Polish Sign Language (PSL) on spending leisure time with hearing people, and also the views of hearing members of society (n=1780) regarding integration with PwD also during this period. The results of questionnaires carried out in Poland from 2004-2010 constituted the basis for the analysis of this issue. The results indicate the need for the creation of a wide range of leisure activities (including tourism) aimed specifically at Deaf people. This should take into account giving information via sign language, individual interests, and also guarantee a sense of social acceptance through the understanding of the behavioral conditions of PSL users.

Volunteer tourism has received increased attention from academics in recent years, mirroring the growth in providers and participation. Volunteer tourism is often considered to be a more sustainable and authentic experience for the visitor, as well as providing benefits for the host community. This paper builds on more recent critical research that considers the historical and cultural context that saw volunteer tourism reach the level of popularity it has today. The gap year, as a sub-set of volunteer tourism, is analysed specifically given its unique context and participant demographic. Interviews with returned gap year volunteer tourists from the UK are analysed, with stories shared demonstrating acceptance, adaptation and rejection of broader societal narratives regarding international development, colonialism and personal growth. Implications for marketers revolve around the encouragement of reflection for participants on the phenomenon and their own personal experience to enhance understanding and satisfaction.

Questo articolo si propone di identificare e descrivere le principali caratteristiche del linguaggio del turismo accessibile e delle relative pratiche di traduzione (ENG-ITA-ENG) attraverso l'analisi di una serie di varie tipologie testuali dedicate alla promozione di servizi, mete e attrazioni per 'turisti diversamente abili'. Per turismo accessibile si intende una forma di turismo che permette alle persone con particolari esigenze di mobilità o disabilità visive, uditive e cognitive, di agire in maniera indipendente, equa e dignitosa nella (e attraverso la) fruizione di prodotti, servizi e siti turistici senza particolari barriere o problemi, durante un periodo di vacanza o nel tempo libero (Darcy e Dickson 34). Nonostante la crescente consapevolezza del valore economico e delle implicazioni etiche relative a tale settore, non esistono molti studi dedicati all'analisi degli aspetti linguistici e traduttivi del turismo accessibile, generando così una sorta di ulteriore e intangibile barriera che si aggiunge agli ostacoli di natura fisica e architettonica su cui l'industria turistica sembra principalmente concentrarsi. Lo scopo della ricerca sarà quello di individuare quegli aspetti linguistico-traduttivi che contribuiscono a incrementare-o che a volte ostacolano-la 'vera accessibilità' del turismo accessibile da un punto di vista contenutistico, culturale e nelle sue funzioni di inclusività. ABSTRACT: The following paper describes the main aspects of accessible tourism discourse by analysing some specific textual typologies and related translations (ENG-ITA-ENG) dedicated to the promotion of accessible tourism services, attractions and sites. Accessible tourism can be defined as a form of tourism that "enables people with

Mas allá de la posible rentabilidad económica que supone la museografía accesible e inclusiva, a partir de experiencias personales, el artículo nos muestra los caminos que nos llevan a la necesidad de aplicarla en todos los ámbitos y museos, en su concepción más amplia.

Tourism is a very common and widespread way of accessing culture and heritage. The growing importance of the religious tourism as an economic activity and a crowd mover, especially in destinations like Santiago de Compostela, has called the attention of researchers and stakeholders. The number of pilgrims is steadily growing and has come to include travellers who may be interested not only in the spirituality of the Way but in the cultural landscapes and itineraries. The Way increasingly marks the tourist reality of the counties it goes through. The evolution of lodging has been a reality as evidenced by the number of official and, above all, private hostels that have grown in number, creating several impacts on the populations. Sharing good practices and benchmarking the Galicia model, can be reinforced by efficient and continuous information about accessibility. Communication helps to ensure that the goal is set, and the needs are known by all stakeholders. The present research is based on the idea of a sustainable and accessible management of the Ways to Santiago de Compostela, the religious architectural heritage and the associated pilgrim hostels. The rehabilitation of various civil architectural heritage and its transformation into hostels for pilgrims, namely public, changing functionalities, maintains and projects in the future memories of the past, also allowing the maintenance and management of several heritage, creating new impacts on the development of the territory. The historical and theoretical framework was based on a critical review of the few existing literature on religious and cultural tourism, highlighting the accessible tourism. The pioneer study in Portugal, the statistical and the analytical characterization of the distinct types of accessibility allowed a reflection on the existing one and the necessary transformations of the associated cultural equipment and hostels so that the accessible religious tourism for all is a reality.

This study illustrates the preliminary results of a corpus-based analysis aimed at discovering the main linguistic features characterising the promotion of tourism for special-needs travellers. Even if accessible tourism represents an important sector in the market, not only for its social and moral importance but also for its strong economic potential, detailed research on the linguistic properties of tourism for disabled people is still rather limited and mainly tends to focus on the problems of physical access rather than considering the ways to improve its promotional strategies. Through a comparative corpus-based analysis, this paper will investigate the relevant linguistic features of a corpus of promotional materials advertising holidays and tourist services for the disabled, and relate them to the communicative strategies of two other corpora dedicated to the standard and translational language of tourism. The aim of this research is to show how mainstream tourism discourse still considers disability as a taboo topic, mostly ignoring or vaguely mentioning it in the general promotion of tourist destinations. The study will also attempt to suggest new linguistic and social attitudes aimed at stylistically improving and further including the accessible tourism sector within the overall tourism promotion.

Abstract of the Book:
Participation of people with disabilities in social and business life is important for the development of a community. This subject is related to the level of overcoming challenges. There is no doubt that overcoming challenges does not only relate to personal factors, it is also dealing with environmental factors. These factors are legal regulations, environmental accessibility, persons’ behaviors, communication and successful governance etc. There is a key point that should not be forgotten which is prosperity for people with disabilities, and it is also necessary for third age people, pregnant persons, children, people with luggage and others in the population who want to travel in safety and quality as well.
When we talk about tourism, accessibility is vital for their inclusion in tourism and travel, but decision makers, service providers and the community  should be aware of the tourism market for people with disabilities. This book informs about international and national legal regulations, accessible tourism market analysis, management of the process for accessibility with the examples of accessible applications from developed countries. Analysis of tourism for persons with disability together with the related types of tourism such as third age (senior) tourism, health tourism, and care tourism were placed as well.
The book also aims to discuss estimated profitability and losses in the coming years for the accessible tourism market through the example of Turkey as a developing country. Findings of analyses, discussion and some recommendations for the improvement of tourism for Persons with Disabilities could be found in the final part of the study.

"This paper reports the findings of a qualitative study that investigated the embodied tourist experiences of 40 people who are vision impaired. The study, informed by the concept of “embodied ontology”, explored the corporeal and socially constructed experience of tourism. The findings highlighted the benefit of holidays for the participants and de-centred the “visual gaze” in the tourist experience. The quality of the tourist experience related to participants’ feelings of inclusion or exclusion in terms of their access to information, experience of wayfinding, travelling with a guide dog, and the knowledge and attitudes of others. It was evident that participants needed to manage their tourist experiences closely and constantly. The paper concludes that the tourism industry and community must understand the multi-sensory nature of the tourist experience if quality accessible experiences are to be available for tourists with vision impairment. Provision of multi-sensory experiences also enhances the experiences of sighted tourists.

Highlights
►People with vision impairment have been omitted in the tourism research literature. ► The “visual gaze” constrains our understanding of the embodied nature of tourism. ► Structural constraints disable tourism environments, services and attitudes. ► The embodied nature of vision impairment requires spatial and sensory understanding. ► Experiences can be enhanced through tactility, aroma, movement and sound.

Keywords
Vision impairment; Blind; Sensory; Embodiment; Disability; Tourist experience; Management; Accessible tourism"

The concept of accessible tourism aims to facilitate physically impaired tourists to participate in mainstream tourism activities. Although it is a requirement for tour firms to have requisites to handle physically impaired tourists, and there is a growing desire for physically impaired people to participate in tourism, it is not clear whether tour firms have availed the necessary facilities for this market. This study puts the concept of accessible tourism into perspective by; determining tour firms’ readiness to cater for physically impaired tourists in Kenya. The study adopted a QUAN-QUAL approach to obtain data using self-administered questionnaires and an observation checklist. The study targeted tour firms found in Kenya. A representative sample of 104 tour firms registered by KATO was sampled. Purposive sampling technique was used to target 1 management employee from each of the tour firms sampled. Data was analyzed using both descriptive and correlation analysis. Findings of this study revealed that; a majority of the tour firms were not adequately prepared to cater for physically impaired tourists.  Further, some tour firms had achieved meager milestones towards handling tourists with mobility impairments. The findings of the study will facilitate, policy planning, programming and implementation of policies that will see accessible tourism embraced in Kenya. From this study, academicians will equally gain insight for future studies on the state of accessible tourism in Kenya.

The tourism industry is going through continuous change and development. Novel impacts, trends and innovative solutions all play significant role in the development of the industry, but the general growth within the sector is affected by other external factors, too. One of these external factors is the re-definition of new or even older tourism trends. The change of trends and fashions is just as cyclical in the tourism industry as everywhere else. The sector of European accessible tourism is among the newly redefined areas, with and increasing attention towards the field. As of today, the terminology of accessible tourism had widened significantly; the terms used in the sector were redefined in order to be able to contribute to the mental accessibility of the whole society. The importance of this redefined segment is foreseen to increase in the near future, as-due to various reasons and at different levels-, one out of every 5 people in the EU belongs to the demographic group of people with special needs. Furthermore, the classification latency of the tourism sector can be even greater. The total number of people in the group of tourists with special needs is far bigger and more sophisticated than indicated by the statistical data. For tourism stakeholders, the issue of hereditary or acquired disabilities is a key factor, as well as the question of non-visible impairments-an important difference that the current databases keep no track of. The current research-based on the results of a previous research-focuses on a special segment within accessible tourism: namely the characteristics of para-athletes and their tourism-related habits and preferences. Due to the currently ongoing transformation processes, European accessibility represents a dynamically widening market segment, including tourism as well. The employment of specially skilled workforce has become of key importance for accessible tourism in the EU; and not only because the professionally trained staff increases the quality of services but also because the availability of special supplementary services are the basis of the further development of the whole tourism industry.