Sporting Events

This paper examines the politics of mobility which surrounded the London 2012 Olympics. We provide a critical discussion of the mobility conflicts, problems and criticisms which emerged from our research with local people in the Stratford and wider Newham areas of London, where most Olympic events were located. The paper is divided into four broad parts. First, we identify and discuss the relevant components of the ‘mobilities paradigm’ in social science which underpin our analysis. Second, we briefly outline our research methods, centring particularly on fieldwork and interviews with different social groups. Third, we examine in detail the six main themes of mobility politics which were evident at London 2012, relating to social context, event construction, event mobility systems, commercial mobilities, the mobile politics of exclusion, and contested modes of mobility. In doing so, we seek to extend the mobilities paradigm by introducing various concepts and keywords – notably on the three-speed city, entryability, mobility panics, instrumental mobility, and corporate kettling – which may be utilized by social scientists to examine mobility systems in other social contexts. We conclude by reaffirming the significance of mobility-focused research at sport and other mega-events, and by indicating future lines of inquiry for social scientists.

Carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions related to spectator's transportation to collegiate football events is a significant consideration in the overall carbon footprint of collegiate sporting events. Transportation mode affects CO 2 emissions per spectator and stadium location, specifically on-and off-campus locations affect the transportation mode chosen by spectators. The quantity of CO 2 emissions generated from spectators' transportation to collegiate sporting events at an on-campus university stadium is compared to off-campus stadium. The transportation modes and miles traveled by spectators were modeled with GREET 2016 to estimate CO 2 emissions. Significant differences were found between the two stadium locations regarding the spectators' choice of transportation mode and distance traveled. Implications are presented for environmental sustainability and planning.

Although sports heritage is increasingly recognized as a potential catalyst of tourism, heritage sporting events (HSEs) are still an emerging concept in the academic literature. Notions that associate sports events and heritage remain rare, and are usually analysed through the scope of nostalgia sport tourism. This can be partly explained by an inclination to associate the notion of heritage with conventional ideas about folklore and traditional culture. Through a constructivist approach of heritage, this contribution argues that contemporary sports events, which would generally have competition as their primary focus, might also be perceived as HSEs. A comprehensive framework, built on a multi-disciplinary literature review, is presented to show the process that transforms an initial resource (a sports event) into an accomplished resource (a HSE), which might represent a competitive advantage for the territory. A qualitative–comparative analysis is conducted among 24 sports events in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, to observe the configurations of HSEs and understand which characteristics are necessary for the perceptions of a sports event as a heritage good. Interestingly, this contribution shows that if the event needs to be sustainable in the territory to be perceived as a HSE, it is not sufficient. Indeed, a differentiation strategy should be set up to distinguish the event from other more or less similar events, to be perceived as an authentic feature of the territory by the local population.

▶ The book presents the role of festivals in relation to the urban spaces
▶ Provides the overview of the origins, history, and the main factors of
festival development
▶ Presents the case study of the city of Lodz, Poland
▶ Provides a model for studying the role of festivals in the
development of the city space
▶ Multidisciplinary work, intended for a wider audience
▶ Comprehensive and multifaceted publication, which covers both
theoretical and practical issues regarding festival studies
This is a multi-disciplinary scientific monograph referring to urban geography, urban
regions management, event studies, tourism geography, cultural anthropology and
sociology. It covers issues which are typically related to the most popular type of
events: festivals. This book studies the origins, history, and the main factors of festival
development, as well as the concept of a festival in the context of various scientific
disciplines. It presents the existing festival typologies as well as the author's own
comprehensive typology. The theoretical part concerns the basic research methods and
approaches used in the analysis of these events, as well as their impacts on the urban
space in the physical (festival facilities), social (a place where people may pursue their
interests, meet with family and friends) and cultural aspect. The economic aspect of
festivals (generating jobs and income from tourism, using festivals for city branding,
etc.) is also discussed. The book presents practical examples in sub-chapters, references
to literature (further reading) and the case study of the influence of festivals on urban
space management and urban development, using the example of Łódź – a Polish postsocialist
city. It may also be treated as a supplementary course book for students of urban
geography, urban regions management, tourism, event management and, to a certain
extent, anthropology of culture and sociology. 

The rapid increase in the number of events and the growing awareness of Beach Handball is expected in the
next years. The World Games flavour make a definitive contribution to boosting Beach Handball in terms of audiences, participants, media and partners’ interest. The IHF Development Plan has helped the sport to
progress from a basic level to highly competitive competitions and, ultimately, to one of its most successful
activities, thus allowing effective product integration and developing a compelling lifestyle. As this growth
continues over the next years IHF will further boost the sport. To support this growth, it was apparent that was needed to develop and implement a very detailed and at the same time “user friendly” system to smoothly run all the events scheduled during this critical period of Beach Handball history.
The book is designed to assist in staging, promoting, and marketing all Beach Handball events, focusing on the Men’s and Women’s World Championships as well as the World Games. It reflects all the latest decisions made by all the relevant sections and working groups in the IHF to better shape the future of the sport. The book aims to help all parties concerned in order to produce successful marketing, television and financial plans. It also provides a valuable resource, highlighting the conditions required to conduct an IHF-calibre event.

This paper studies the gender gap in sport event attendance – characterized by higher male and lower female participation – using a macro-sociological and cross-national comparative approach. We argue that because gender is produced and justified in the realm of sport, gender gaps in sport event attendance may be more pronounced in some societies than others, depending on the position women and men have in the particular context in which someone 'does' his/her gender. So, in addition to individual attributes, one has to consider the societal, macro-level gender equality in order to understand the individual-level gender inequalities in sport event attendance. Using multilevel analyses on Eurobarometer data (2007), we evaluate whether the size of the gender gap in sport event attendance varies across European Union (EU) countries and how this variation relates to societal gender equality, as measured by the Gender Equality Index of the European Institute for Gender Equality. We find higher male than female attendance in all EU countries, but also conclude that higher levels of macro-level gender equality are associated with smaller gender gaps in sport event attendance.

The present study tested a theoretical model of the correlates of role ambiguity of major sport event volunteers. The sample consisted of 328 volunteers involved with the 2012 Ontario Summer Games. Participants completed an online questionnaire post-Games that included measures of role ambiguity, role difficulty, training, supervision, effort, performance, role satisfaction, overall satisfaction with the Games, and future volunteer intentions. The findings provide support for a multidimensional model of role ambiguity, consisting of performance outcome ambiguity and means-ends/scope ambiguity in this context. A final model indicated that perceived effective supervision was inversely associated with both dimensions of ambiguity, and they differentially predicted role effort, performance, and role satisfaction. Role performance and role satisfaction predicted overall satisfaction with the Games experience, which was significantly associated with future intentions to volunteer. Implica...

The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between McDonald’s and its sponsorship of The Olympics by testing how the consumer has been influenced.

H1 = Attributes associated with sporting events are transferred to sponsoring brands.

H2 = Brand image is transferred from the event to the sponsoring brand, not from the sponsoring brand to the event.

The hypotheses this study aimed to research are drawn from the research done by Gwinner, K. & Eaton, J. (1999); ‘Event sponsorship as a value creating strategy for brands’ and also Donahay, B. & Rosenberger, P, (2007); ‘Effectiveness of Image Transfer in Formula One Racing’. The study explores the image transfer process from The Olympic games to McDonald’s and whether the process can happen to the contrary though the sponsorship relationship.

The concluding findings were in favour of the hypotheses tested. Brand transfer does in fact occur from event to brand through the intervention of sponsorship. Further more the transfer can also be transferred from brand to event, as was found in the case of McDonald’s.  Negativity associated with the McDonald’s brand was found to be associated with The Olympic Games post sponsorship. However, certain restrictions to the parameters of the study have influenced validity greatly, regarding the overall significance of the data analysis.

The conclusions established should be of particular interest to corporations looking to streamline marketing communications strategies in the UK. Being of particular relevance for companies and corporations within the UK during and emerging from an economic downturn, as well as a platform for further study in the future.

The role of sports events has been evolving over time. If events are still planned to bring people together and to generate economic benefits, they are increasingly used as marketing strategies to help promote, position, and brand destinations in a similar fashion that events contribute to corporate brand development through sponsorship activities. This aspect of the role of special events has only been examined recently in the literature. The purpose of this paper is to show how sports events contribute to a city’s or a country's marketing and branding strategies. More specifically, the paper proposes that destinations should have event sponsorship strategies to help raise their brand equity.

Events and festivals have become increasingly important policy tools for cities and regions. They are able to produce a wide range of externalities, including economic impacts, image change, social capital and cultural regeneration. All of these event-related externalities have impacts and effects on the places in which they are staged. In many cases, these event-related impacts are analysed separately, but in fact the most powerful effects of events are more holistic, able to impact not just on individual economic sectors or social groups, but on places as a whole. Over time, the use of events by cities and regions has grown more sophisticated and complex. The range of policy goals for which events are utilised has expanded, and the range and type of events staged has increased as well. Increasingly, public administrations seek to coordinate the events in their jurisdiction to create synergies between events and to maximise the benefits generated. Event policies make frequent references to the development of programmes or " portfolios " of events (Antchak, 2016). The ability of events to effect a broad range of changes in different places has added to their attractiveness as a placemaking tool, and has led to more cities developing " events units " and other forms of event-based

Phronetic organizational research is an approach to the study of management and organizations focusing on ethics and power. It is based on a contemporary interpretation of the Aristotelian concept phronesis, usually as ‘prudence’. Phronesis is the ability to think and act in relation to values, to deliberate about ‘things that are good or bad for humans’ in the words of Aristotle (1976:1140a24–b12). Phronetic organizational research effectively provides answers to the following four value-rational questions, for specific problematics in management and organization studies: 1. Where are we going with this specific management problematic? 2. Who gains and who loses, and by which mechanisms of power? 3. Is this development desirable? 4. What, if anything, should we do about it?

Within some disciplines, for example sociology, management, history, media and cultural studies, strong trends on sports research have been established. In some disciplinary spaces, however, interest in sport has content and context has been less marked. Notwithstanding sports inherently geographical characteristics (in particular, concerns with time, space, communities, mobilities and identities) and-with researchers interested in similar phenomena from geopolitics, socialization and habitation, migration and structural and ideological forces, there are a limited number of books addressing sports geography. Early work, for example, was useful in acknowledging the relevance of 'sportscapes'. Seminal work in this regard was Philip L. Wagner's (1981) synopsis of how sports contribute to culture, place, and societal relationships, Martin Barry Vinokur's (1988) look at sport and politics, and Charles Fruehling Springwood's (1996) account of place, time and the imagination of baseball. In addition to work published by John Bale (see Bale, 1982, 1994; Bale and Maguire, 1994), these works established meaningful conceptual and practical connections between geography and sports setting. Further adding to this scholarship was Karl Raitz' (1995) edited book which made a substantial contribution to the earlier work on sport and geography by focusing on landscapes of sport and how this impacts participation and involvement. It is, however, arguably John Bale's (2003) text Sports Geography that has been one of the most cited and useful bases for this topic area. What defines Bale's book is both its comprehensive approach to the establishing sports geography as a legitimate domain of academic inquiry, and the extent to which it outlines synergies and disjunctures between formative geographic processes and principles (e.g. globalization, diffusion, regional analysis, location, social welfare, place and geographical imaginaries) within the historical and contemporary structures and landscapes of dynamic sport spaces. Respecting this body of scholarship in establishing foci, debates and momentum, there remains room for much development, new insight and critical directions as more work continues to inform the sub-field of geography. Building on these points and to expand on the foundation of research written in previous decades, there is a need to bring together a contemporary collection of papers that look at pressing issues impacting places concerning the role of sport in society. What is needed, we believe, to augment the aforementioned seminal works are fresh inductive approaches narrating experiences of sporting participants to reiterate senses of place, community and identity linking the production of new case-specific and critical knowledge that has since been expanded in more recent scholarly commentary. Furthermore, reflecting trends within our own parent disciplines, and wider work with

Sport events have been studied predominantly in isolation from other genres, as single events that have economic or social impacts mainly for urban communities. Yet, the apparent economic and social value of recurring small-scale sport and cultural events in rural communities call for strategic and integrated planning in policies for rural development. This requires that instead of assessing the economic or social benefits of a certain event, a series of interrelated events that comprise a host community's event portfolio can be synergized to derive outcomes through a holistic planning approach that places in concert the economic and social planning of different events. From this perspective, this study examines the event portfolio of a rural community. Ethnographic methods were employed and fieldwork was conducted in Fort Stockton, a small community in South-West Texas. Data collection included participant observation, interviews, review of archival materials and social network analysis. The results show that Fort Stockton's event portfolio is an embedded and eclectic assemblage of sport and cultural performances, collective imaginary and thematic preoccupations of the community that are presented as suitable for spectation. The instrumental connectivity of events bolsters the capacity of the portfolio to serve multiple purposes although strategic cross-leverage is not employed. Thematic continuities among events in the portfolio reaffirm and establish the projected meta-messages within and outside the community. A conceptual synergy lies at the core of each event, which dramatizes the ideological conflict between individualism and collectivism, and translates it to community identity, civic esteem, and economic benefit addressing the public discourse in Fort Stockton and mobilizing resources for event implementations. The institutional framework of Fort Stockton constitutes the basis of its capacity to capitalize on its event portfolio. Event organizers operate within an informal event network that frames their cooperative efforts to host events. Therefore, the event portfolio stands as an embedded system in which an integrated approach is taken about economic and social development by creating synergies between sport and cultural events and in turn using them for consolidating the community and fostering tourism. Finally, the theoretical and practical implications that derive from the study are discussed.

Mexico City hosted a World Cup for homeless players during the second week of October 2012. It was the tenth edition of this social and sporting event, which originated in Graz, Austria, in 2003. This document reviews the forms of social capital created but also compromised when football is used as a social tool. In this vein, it is worth considering the nature of the social work carried out by the NGOs that accompany these football players before and after the world tournament. The local football soccer experiences and the participation in this World Cup constitute a set of considerations which can be analyzed as social policies, where various meanings, perceptions, impacts but also challenges, limits and contradictions are combined within these programs.

Existe desde el año 2003 un mundial de fútbol para personas desamparadas o en situación de calle. Después de la edición de París 2011, el Zócalo de la ciudad de México fue designado para albergarlo en octubre 2012. De acuerdo con los organizadores: “Un balón puede cambiar el mundo”. Para demostrarlo presentan estadísticas seis meses después de cada edición, indicando un impacto altamente positivo en los jugadores. Sin embargo, varios interrogantes surgen. ¿Qué sucede realmente con estos jugadores homeless? Luego de seguir a tres delegaciones en Francia; antes, durante y después del acontecimiento, los impactos identificados son múltiples. Los mismos revisten tanto elementos objetivos como percepciones sumamente diferentes. Conviene, por lo tanto, revisar cuáles son los efectos observados y los límites que pueden desprenderse de esta experiencia.

This research aims to examine football fans’ awareness of their team sponsors and to compare sponsorship awareness  between season ticket holders and casual spectators. Data was collected from among fans of a professional football team and results revealed that spectators recall ‘top of mind’ those sponsors with their logo displayed on the team shirts. Thus, being visible from the stadium stands is important to ensure recall rates. Fans are typically able to properly recognise sponsors and non-sponsors of their team. However, some competitor brands engaged in football sponsorship are incorrectly recognised as sponsors of a team. Finally, the number of brands recalled and recognised correctly by season ticket holders is significantly higher than for casual spectators. The research findings, managerial implications, limitations and future research directions are discussed.

Attention is directed to the difference in event legacies created by mega-events which often cause dramatic physical changes in urban environments and those which accompany events which leave very little imprint on the landscape where they are held. The Tour Down Under cycle race, which is held annually in South Australia, is examined as an example of the latter. The spatial pattern of the event and the range of settings which support it are presented as an eventscape by drawing on concepts such as Bale’s (1994) sportscape and Bitner’s (1992) servicescape. These interpretations are used to identify legacies. It is suggested that the creation of positive legacies requires communities that are part of the eventscape to engage in imaginative leveraging that is consistent with long-term strategic objectives. The paper offers a new definition of eventscape.

L’Azerbaïdjan depuis l’arrivée au pouvoir d’Ilham Aliyev promeut par le biais de divers « outils » (puissante modernisation de Bakou, accueil de l’Eurovision etc.) une image renouvelée du pays devant lui permettre de sortir de l’anonymat et de renforcer sa puissance douce.

Or, en décidant d’organiser la première édition des Jeux européens en juin 2015, les autorités en charge de l'évènement ont essayé jusqu'au bout de les inscrire dans cette dynamique afin notamment de séduire ses partenaires européens, alliés stratégiques de l’Azerbaïdjan.

Pour autant, le choix d’accélérer la répression au même moment contre toutes les formes d’oppositions à l’intérieur du pays a rendu incompréhensible auprès de l’Europe l’engagement du pays dans ces Jeux. Pire, ils ont même largement altéré l'image du pays dans les médias mais aussi son statut privilégié auprès des décideurs politiques européens.


Since the Ilham Aliyev's takeover, Azerbaijan promotes through various "tools" (urban redevelopment of Baku, home of Eurovision etc.) a renewed image of the country to enable it to be better known internationally and to strengthen its soft-power.

By deciding to organize the inaugural European Games in June 2015, the authorities in charge of this event have tried to put these games in this dynamic by seeking to seduce its European partners who are strategic allies for Azerbaijan.

However, the choice of cracking down at the same time on all forms of oppositions inside the country made the country's commitment in these Games nonsensical to European people. Worse, they even greatly altered the country's image in the media and also its privileged status among European political decision-makers.

This conceptual paper argues for a broader view of the role of events in social systems. When analysed as social phenomena, events can be seen as social actors that have the potential to both sustain and transform social systems. The maintenance of social systems is often reliant on iterative events, regularly occurring celebrations that tend to confirm social structures. In contrast, pulsar events have the potential to transform social structures. In this sense events can be seen as actors that have important influences on social systems, particularly in linking localised small world networks with the global space of flows. These ideas are explored through the case of Barcelona, which illustrates the interplay between these different types of events in their total portfolio, and how the extension of ritual in the sense of Collins (2004) can also contribute to the generation of new relationships and practices in the contemporary network society.  Barcelona is examined as an eventful city in which the alternation of continuity through iterative events and change through pulsar events contributes to increasing the network effects of events.

One initial step in the management of stakeholders is the identification and classification of these actors. This study sought to answer the research question: how managers of Brazilian professional soccer clubs identify and classify their stakeholders? For this purpose we used the theoretical framework Stakeholder Theory, developed by Freeman (1984) and other researchers. We used the method proposed by Almeida et al. (2000), which assesses the saliency through the concepts power, legitimacy, and urgency, which were proposed in the study by Mitchell et al. (1997). There were two propositions concerning the context of Brazilian soccer clubs: first, the urgency perceived by managers in demands of a stakeholder is high when his legitimacy is high; second, the most salient stakeholders for managers are those with high legitimacy. Stakeholders were studied as perceived by the managers of Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras. Three types of stakeholders were classified as demanding (sponsors, partners and the partner for the construction of the new stadium), and three as dependents (members, athletes of professional soccer team and media). Other stakeholders identified were classified as irrelevant, including fans and the organized groups of fans. In the specific case of these managers of this particular soccer club, the trend was the acceptance of both propositions.

Tida como o maior projeto de intervenção urbana da América Latina, a Operação Urbana Consociada da Região do Porto do Rio de Janeiro, uma parceria entre o poder público e a iniciativa privada conhecida pelo nome fantasia de PROJETO PORTO MARAVILHA, vem, sob o álibi da chegada dos megaeventos esportivos à cidade e do discurso que tenta ver na chamada economia criativa a oportunidade para se robustecer as economias locais, transformando a região portuária numa espécie de câmara de decantação das práticas urbanas neoliberais adotadas em várias metrópoles do mundo. O presente artigo preten-de refletir sobre os modos pelos quais tais práticas são aqui adotadas e os revezes que vêm causando sobre aqueles que estão submetidos à sua ênfase predatória.

Considered the largest urban intervention project in Latin America, the 'Operação Ur-bana Consorciada da Área de Especial Interesse Urbanístico da Região Portuária do Rio de Janeiro' or 'Urban Operation in the Rio de Janeiro Port Area', a partnership between the public and private sectors known by the trade name of PORTO MARAVILHA PROJECT (freely translated as 'Wonder Port Project'), comes under the alibi of the mega sporting events' arrival to the city and the discourse that tries to find in the so-called creative economy the opportunity to strengthen local economies, transforming the port area in a kind of a chamber that gathers neoliberal urban practices adopted in various cities of the world. This article aims, therefore, to reflect on the ways in which such practices are adopted here and the setbacks that are being caused on those who are subject to its predatory emphasis.

Since their first conceptualizations, systematic sports events hosting policies (SSEHP) evolved due to the simultaneous transformation of sport and sports events, as well as the emergence of territorial marketing. In the last decades, the popularity of SSEHP among territorial managers grew dramatically to move from purely local polices to regional and even national policies. This article focuses on the main evolutions of these SSEHP through the case of one city, Lausanne, and its canton, Vaud. Although, Lausanne's situation is particular in many ways, due to the presence throughout the country of many international sports federations (over sixty among which, the IOC, FIFA, UEFA, etc.), examples from other destinations (Monaco, Doha, London, Denmark, Russia) are also used to show that the evolutions observed in Lausanne are not unique. This article aims to give an overview of the major managerial evolutions which transform SSEHP into SSEHS (systematic sports events hosting strategies). The city of Lausanne is used through the article to underline the six significant evolutions.

Marques, L. and Richards, G. (2015) Bidding for Success? Impacts of the European Capital of Culture bid. Scandinavian Journal of Tourism and Hospitality. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2015.1118407

The increasingly multi-faceted nature of event impacts makes them even more attractive as a potential solution to a range of urban and regional problems. As a result, competition to stage major cultural and sporting events is intensifying, and the cost of bidding is also rising. Given that such bidding processes only produce one winner, this means that a growing number of disappointed cities have to justify the costs of bidding for major events. In this context we analyse the bidding process for the European Capital of Culture in the Netherlands (2018) and its impacts on local social structures. In particular the article focuses on the less tangible, non-economic effects of bidding for events, establishing a framework based on network formation, public support for the bidding process and social cohesion. The conclusions point to the key role of sociality and networking for events, which should therefore be developed throughout the bidding process for successful impacts, either the event is won or not.

The ability to draw attendees to performances is vital to the success of a sport organisation.  As a result, sport managers and academics attempt to investigate motivations that drive decisions to attend events.  In order to make predictions, academic demands have lead to the proliferation of constructs to capture a wide variety of motives while practitioners demand shorter scales to increase efficiency.  The purpose of this research is to provide a hybrid approach to provide a parsimonious measuring tool of motives for sport event attendance.  Five facets of motivation are proposed: Socialisation, Performance, Excitement, Esteem and Diversion (SPEED) and tested in two studies.  The first study (N=333) was conducted at a sport event, while the second study (N=909) was administered to the general population using multiple sports.  Results suggest that the SPEED facets show promise as valuable measures of sport consumers’ motivation to attend events.  The scale is concise and demonstrates validity, as well as the ability to predict spectator behaviour and intentions.

For over fifty years, successive waves of critique have underscored that the apolitical character of much of Political Science research betrays the founding mission of the discipline to have science serve democracy. The Caucus for a New Political Science was originally based on such a critique, and the Perestroika movement in the discipline included a call for more problem-driven as opposed to theory- or method-driven work that would better connect Political Science research to ongoing political struggles. In recent years, movements for a public Sociology and public Anthropology as well as dissonant movements in Economics and related fields have added to the insistence that social science research was too often disconnected from the real world. Phronetic Social Science has emerged out of the ferment for change in the social sciences, starting with the much-debated book by Bent Flyvbjerg, Making Social Science Matter (Cambridge 2001). Flyvbjerg critiqued the social sciences for mimicking the natural sciences while proposing an alternative approach that focuses research on helping people address the problems they are facing in the context they are facing them. Today, Phronetic Social Science goes beyond the call for an alternative approach to social inquiry and its growing adherents are providing evidence that this alternative approach to doing research can enrich the social sciences by more effectively connecting research to efforts to address real world problems as people experience them. This essay provides a genealogy of efforts to connect Political Science to politics, a review of the major critiques of mainstream research, an explication of the rationale for more problem-driven, mixed methods research, a specification of the key principles of the phronetic approach, and examples of its application in the public realm. The essay concludes with implications for realizing a more political Political Science by way of taking a phronetic approach.

À chaque évènement sportif d’envergure internationale, Jeux olympiques, Coupe du monde, Super Bowls ou Grands Prix de Formule 1 confondus, l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’exploitation sexuelle, la prostitution et la traite des femmes augmentent refait surface. Si l’existence de ces phénomènes n’est plus à démontrer, leur augmentation lors de la tenue de grands évènements sportifs fait toujours l’objet de débats, et ce, essentiellement en raison d’une confusion sémantique. Cet article avance qu’il est impossible de conclure à une augmentation de la traite lors de ces évènements en raison, d’une part, des problèmes d’interprétation de la notion de traite des femmes, internationalement définie et trop souvent confondue avec celle de prostitution, lesquelles reposent sur des systèmes normatifs distincts. D’autre part, ces méconnaissances interprétatives entraînent des impairs méthodologiques illustrés par une revue des campagnes de lutte contre l’exploitation sexuelle lors des grands évènements sportifs. En conséquence, différents acteurs instrumentalisent le « mythe » de l’augmentation de la traite des femmes afin de faire avancer leurs agendas respectifs lors de ces évènements, et ce, au détriment de la protection des victimes de traite. Il s’agit ainsi d’analyser l’impact du droit, international et accessoirement national canadien, en matière de prostitution et de traite des femmes, en temps d’évènements sportifs d’envergure.

At each major sporting events such as the Olympic Games, the World Cup, the Super Bowl, or the Formula 1 Grands Prix, the assumption that sexual exploitation, prostitution and trafficking in women are increasing resurfaces. Although the existence of these phenomena is well established, their increase during major sporting events is still subject of debate, mainly because of a semantic confusion. This paper argues that it is impossible to make such an assumption, on the one hand, because of problematic interpretations of the concept of trafficking in women, internationally defined and often confused with prostitution, which is based on different normative systems. On the other hand, these interpretative misconceptions result in methodological faux pas, which are illustrated by a review of the campaigns against sexual exploitation during major sporting events. Hence, different actors are using the "myth" of increased trafficking in women in order to advance their respective agendas during major sporting events, to the detriment of the protection of human trafficking victims. This article thus analyzes the impact of the law, international and incidentally Canadian, on prostitution and trafficking in women, in times of major sporting events.

Etkinlik söz konusu olduğunda peş peşe gelen sorulardan biri de kim'dir. Kim geliyor, kim sahneye çıkıyor, kim oynuyor? Ancak profesyoneller için bu yetersizdir. Kim sorusu diğerleri gibi yanıtı dümdüz olmayan, madalyonun önü kadar arkasına da bakmayı gerektiren, iki yanı keskin bir kılıç gibidir.

The number and size of major international sporting events continues to grow. This paper describes the role, impact and responsibilities for libraries in the production, promotion and
collection of large-scale multi-sport events. It uses as examples three recent Commonwealth Games (2006/2010/2014) and discusses the lessons to be learned for libraries.

The main objective of this study is to examine the importance of sport in urban regeneration. Some of the determining factors relate to the multi-dimensional contribution of mega events (and their marketing) in economic development, the growth of urban tourism, the enhanced image of the community, the stimulation of additional development and the benefits in the collective morale of residents ('psychic income', according to John Crompton). Regarding the economic and/or social impacts of mega sport events, there are both positive evaluations and critical analyses (the latter also involves the application of an analysis of the economic impacts). The central theme refers to the role of size (of events, cities and stadia) in the relationship between sports (especially soccer) and urban regeneration. Large stadia certainly help in bidding to host mega events, but perhaps the most effective interpretation of the impacts of mega events does not lie in economic factors. Generally this is also one of the reasons why the efforts to resolve the current socioeconomic crisis should not start with numbers. Globalisation has intensified competition among cities for power and market differentiation, as well as the attraction of investment, visitors, qualified personnel and mega events. Cities are competing in order to become developed, but should both cities and stadia necessarily be large? In this context, city marketing and branding has become a strategic tool in order to promote the competitive advantages of a city. The most common marketing strategies are the adoption of a brand (it may be a soccer team), the innovative construction of buildings (and stadia) and the organisation of mega events. The starting point for an alternative interpretation is the book Soccernomics by Simon Kuper and Stefan Szymanski (2009/2012), which constitutes an illustrative example of a series of interesting 'pop' studies characterising many disciplines. The answer to the rationale for bidding for host mega events (mostly from 'smaller' countries and cities) may mainly lie, not in the prospect of economic and spatial development as a result of planning, but in the new politics of happiness. In connection with this approach, there is an evaluation of the impact of the 2004 Athens Olympics.

Jak przebiegały przygotowania do Euro 2012 w Polsce? Jakie korzyści polityczne, gospodarcze i społeczne widzieli w tym procesie przedstawiciele polskich instytucji? Czy relacje z globalną organizacją sportową miały wpływ na funkcjonowanie państwa? A może relacje z polskimi instytucjami miały wpływ na globalną organizację? Książka opisuje proces globalizacji organizacji sportowych, a także globalny wymiar wielkich imprez sportowych na tle przemian roli państwa narodowego. Jest również wciągającą opowieścią przedstawiająca Euro 2012 zza kulis – widziane oczami osób najbardziej zaangażowanych w jego zorganizowanie. Od pierwszej, szalonej myśli, by aplikować, przez żmudne tworzenie wniosku aplikacyjnego i zbieranie gwarancji, aż po przygotowania samych Mistrzostw i wnioski po ich zakończeniu.

The term ‘phronetic social science’ was coined in Making Social Science Matter (Flyvbjerg 2001). However, as pointed out in that volume and by Schram (2006), phronetic social science existed well before this particular articulation of the concept, but it was just not organized, recognized or named as such. Rather, it occurred here and there as scholars had adopted phronesis-like methods for their own purposes. The present title is the first organized volume of empirical–practical work in phronetic social science. Before Making Social Science Matter, phronesis, as a critical term of Aristotelian philosophy, had been theorized and its continuing importance as a key concept in Western thought had been convincingly argued by distinguished philosophers like Hans Georg Gadamer, Hannah Arendt, Alasdair MacIntyre and Richard J. Bernstein, among others. But no one had developed the theory and philosophy of phronesis into a practical methodology that could be applied by researchers interested in actually practising a phronetic social science. Making Social Science Matter developed such a methodology. Its implications were discussed and developed further in Making Political Science Matter (Schram and Caterino 2006). After these two theoretical–methodological contributions, it was evident that an important next step in demonstrating the usefulness of phronetic social science would be to illustrate, with concrete examples, how applied phronesis works in practical, empirical social science research. The contributions on applied phronesis contained in the present volume make clear that this next step has now been taken.

The aim of this paper is to compare residents' perceptions of the negative impacts of hosting the Copa América de Fútbol (CAF) before and after the event in Chile. The perceptions of the residents of two host cities (Concepción and Viña del Mar) were consulted at two times: one month before the celebration of the event and one month after the conclusion of the event. An initial scale of 16 items classified in the following four areas was used: social impacts (six items), political and administrative impacts (three items), environmental and socio- cultural impacts (five items) and economic impacts (two items). The results showed that the residents of the two host cities who were consulted rated the impacts more negatively before the event than after it. This change in the perceptions of the residents of the two cities was more pronounced in the economic, social and socio-cultural and environmental impacts, while it was not as prominent in the political and administrative impacts. On the other hand, the residents of Viña del Mar more strongly highlighted the negative impacts both before and after the CAF.

A 30-item Sport Interest Inventory (SII) was developed and validated for measuring ten unique motives related to consumer interest at an international sporting event. Spectators (N=1,321) attending five different U.S. venues during the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup were administered the SII. Analysis revealed that sport and team interest, excitement, supporting women's opportunity in sport, aesthetics, and vicarious achievement explained 35% of the variance in spectators’ interest in the event. Results provide sport marketers with consumer-based marketing strategies, particularly for women’s sport. 
Keywords: Spectator, Motives, Soccer, Marketing

The theme of the meeting was the role of events as platforms for supporting and developing networks and communities. Events are increasingly being used by places as a means to attract attention, form networks and build communities. This is of importance not just in terms of developing social cohesion in the contemporary network society, but also for the value creation activities of enterprises and the place promotion campaigns of public authorities. A presentation by Greg Richards during the track also outlined the ‘city as platform’ concept, within which events are become ng important catalysts for the development of city platforms and networks.
The papers presented in the track dealt with a number of key themes, including the relationship between networks and identity, the role of event networks in community building, the social effects of event platforms, cities as platforms for events, industry-based event platforms and the relationship between online and offline networks.

There is ferment in the social sciences. After years of sustained effort to build a science of society modelled on the natural sciences, that project, long treated with suspicion by some, is now openly being rethought. A critical intervention in this period of reflection was Making Social Science Matter (MSSM) by Bent Flyvbjerg, published in 2001. In that book Flyvbjerg challenged the very idea of social science as a science modelled on the natural sciences. Flyvbjerg argued that, as the social sciences study human interactions that involve human consciousness, volition, power and reflexivity, attempts to build generalizable, predictive models such as those for the natural world are misplaced and even futile.