Agriculture Law

Broadband connectivity and wireless services continue to drive law and policy in the TMT sector. The disruptive effect of new technologies and new ways of communicating creates challenges around the world as regulators seek to facilitate the deployment of state-of-the-art communications infrastructure to all citizens and also to use the limited radio spectrum more efficiently than before.
In 2013, Kenya unveiled its vision, through the Kenya ICT Master Plan 2017, to position itself as a regional leader in ICT while delivering the latest and most robust infrastructure. This vision is anchored on the various submarine cables that have landed in Kenya, together with a government-launched National Optic Fibre Backbone Infrastructure (NOFBI).
While these developments are laudable, ICT related security concerns are inadequately addressed. Kenya, is yet to come up with comprehensive laws on data protection and privacy with the closest attempt being the Computer and Cybercrimes Bill, 2017.
The sensitive finite spectrum question has also not been adequately addressed. Attempts are underway following the development of the Draft Wireless Broadband Spectrum Policy 2017.
Despite the highlighted shortcomings, Kenya is moving rapidly towards its target as Africa’s ICT hub. Continued deployment of NOFBI, and 4G will enhance user experience thus triggering a desire for faster and better broadband speeds which may consequently increase the appetite for experimentation on Internet of Things (IoT) and Blockchain Technologies.

This Study aims to provide law-and policy-makers, researchers, as well
as private and public sector partners, with a comprehensive overview
of the legal and institutional issues to consider when working towards
preparing their agriculture sectors for the challenges of climate change.
It is hoped that the Study will also provide a valuable resource for FAO
technical departments, FAO partners, and beneficiaries of projects
implemented by FAO.

Aquaculture is a promising sector in Ukraine's agricultural economy and could contribute to the nation's food security and assist in overcoming some of the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. For years, Ukrainian government's policy towards aquaculture has been less than supportive, in part because the government's management of the sector has been tossed between different ministries. Legal regulation of the sector is overcomplicated, and producers face numerous difficulties with permits, rent of waterbodies, inspections, customs, and feed importation. There are no specific approximation obligations related to aquaculture in the Association Agreement between the European Union and Ukraine. State aid to struggling aquaculture producers remains insignificant and difficult to get compared to the aid available to other agricultural businesses. This article analyzes the main policy and legal problems faced by aquaculture businesses in Ukraine and concludes with solutions that can improve the situation.

Tanah merupakan kulit bumi yang berupa daratan dan jumlahnya tidak berkembang serta memiliki peran sangat penting tidak hanya bagi kehidupan manusia tetapi juga bagi berbagai makhluk hidup lainnya. Secara yuridis tanah dapat diartikan sebagai permukaan bumi.  Manusia sejak dilahirkan hingga meninggal dunia senantiasa menjalankan berbagai kepentinganya diatas tanah dan menggunakan tanah, baik secara individu maupun kelompok. Kepentingan tersebut meliputi berbagai hal yang kompleks, mulai dari memenuhi kebutuhan primer (makanan, pakaian dan tempat tinggal) hingga pemakaman. Maka dari itu, tanah menjadi kebutuhan dasar bagi setiap individu yang ketersediaanya harus di atur oleh pemerintah
Selain mengatur ketersediaan tanah pertanahan, pemerintah juga memiliki kewajiban untuk memenuhi kebutuhan masyarat umum terhadap infrastruktur yang memandai, terlebih lagi di era globalisasi yang membuat dunia seolah-olah bergerak semakin cepat dan tidak ada batasan. Ada atau tidaknya suatu infrastruktur sangat menentukan percepatan pelaksaanaan pembangunan Nasional serta sebagai upaya untuk mewujudkan kehidupan yang sejahtera, adil dan makmur. Pembangunan berbagai infrastruktur memerlukan bidang tanah dalam jumlah yang tidak sedikit, di sisi lain jumlah tanah yang ada tidak mengalami perkembangan sehingga sering kali diperlukan pengadaan tanah untuk kepentingan umum yang tidak jarang menimbulkan konflik tersendiri di tengah masyarakat.
Kepentingan umum yang merupakan kepentingan bangsa dan negara serta masyarakat luas sudah pasti di dahulukan dari pada kepentingan individu atau segelintir kelompok tertentu yang cakupannya lebih sempit. Hal ini merupakan amanat konstitusi berdasarkan Pasal 33 Ayat (3) Undang–Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia 1945 yang menjelaskan bahwa bumi, air dan kekayaan alam yang terdapat didalamnya dikuasai oleh Negara dan dipergunakan sebesar-besarnya bagi kemakmuran rakyat. Pasal ini mengandung amanat bahwa pemanfaatan dan penggunaan tanah harus dapat mendatangkan kesejahteraan yang sebesar–besarnya bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia . lebih lanjut, setiap hak atas tanah, dituntut kepastian mengenai subyek, obyek serta pelaksanaan kewenangan haknya.
Disamping itu, berdasarkan Pasal 6 UU No. 5 tahun 1960 tentang Pokok-Pokok Agraria dijelaskan bahwa semua hak atas tanah memiliki fungsi sosial. Makna yang ada dalam Pasal tersebut adalah meskipun suatu tanah telah dimiliki dan/atau dikuasai oleh pihak tertentu, dalam pemanfaatannya tidak boleh semata-mata hanya ditujukan untuk kepentingan pribadi, terlebih lagi jika kepentingan tersebut menimbulkan kurugian bagi masyarakat luas. Penggunaan tanah juga harus mendatangkan manfaat bagi publik. Lebih lanjut, dalam upaya mewujudkan kepentingan umum diatas kepentingan pribadi, UUPA juga memperhatikan kepentingan-kepentingan perseorangan. Dalam Penjelasan II UUPA disebutkan bahwa Kepentingan masyarakat dan kepentingan perseorangan haruslah saling mengimbangi, hingga pada akhirnya akan tercapailah tujuan pokok : kemakmuran, keadilan dan kebahagiaan bagi rakyat seluruhnya (pasal 2 ayat 3).
Dalam upaya mewujudkan keseimbangan antara kepentingan umum dnegan perseorangan, Pasal 18 UU No. 5 tahun 1960 tentang Pokok-Pokok Agraria mengatur adanya ganti kerugian. Pasal tersebut menjelaskan bahwa untuk kepentingan umum termasuk kepentingan bangsa dan negara serta kepentingan rakyat, hak-hak atas tanah dapat dicabut dengan memberi ganti kerugian yang layak dan diatur dengan undang-undang. Pemerintah dan badan-badan terkait selaku penyelenggara pengadaan tanah, dalam hal mencabut hak-hak atas tanah harus menjamin pengunaan prosedur yang sebaik-baiknya, tidak boleh sewenang-wenang  serta mengedepankan penghormatan terhadap hak yang sah atas tanah sehingga kesejahteraan seluruh pihak yang terlibat dapat terwujud.

Chickens and turkeys represent more than 98 percent of slaughtered land animals in the United States, and yet they have no legal protection from inhumane slaughter. This paper argues that the USDA must use its statutory authority to protect poultry from inhumane slaughter under both the Human Methods of Slaughter Act of 1958 (HMSA) and the Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1907 (FMIA). After an introduction to the central themes in this area of law, Part II discusses the treatment of poultry in slaughterhouses and the need for reform. Part III describes the current state of humane slaughter laws and regulations in the United States. Part IV offers a detailed analysis of Levine v. Vilsack, in which animal protection and workers’ rights organizations tried to force the USDA to regulate poultry under the HMSA. Finally, Part V suggests a new path to federal legal protection for poultry at slaughter, building on an understanding of the legal and factual arguments adduced by both sides in Levine.

This Article will critically examine how effectively the new ITPGRFA combines these open source and proprietary elements and will conclude by comparing this commendable, albeit imperfect, Multilateral System with its potentially bipolar alternative—namely, the continuation of current controversies over the patentability of genetic materials and over reactive assertions of sovereignty over plant genetic resources.

Most people are aware of how poverty and structural inequality create challenges and barriers to accessing healthy food, education, jobs, health care, and housing. There is less awareness of how limited affordable veterinary and pet wellness services create similar obstacles and how that lack of access disadvantages millions of people and their pets across the United States. Currently there are at least 19 million pets living with U.S. families whose income level is below the poverty line, which is triple the number of dogs and cats who enter animal shelters each year, and there are millions more in working poor and middle class families struggling with the cost of caring for their pets.