Alcool

Alcohol consumption among native people has been an issue of concern since their very first contacts with Europeans. During the 20th century, medical dialogues took the place of the previous moral and legal approaches. Today, physicians and health professionals are on the front lines, working to control alcoholism and other drug addictions in native communities. This article describes two aspects. First, the author critiques the explanatory medical model of alcoholism among native people which persists in considering alcohol dependency as essentially a biological disease, one that requires constantly increasing amounts of medical and pharmaceutical resources. This critique offers the author a platform which then enables him to invest in an argument designed to show that alcoholism in native communities is firmly entrenched in their historical and political situation. Alcoholism reveals the significant social disparities and exclusion which have become part of the biological, social and political life of native people. The author suggests that alcoholic behaviour observed in native communities reveals a complex identification framework which, in certain cases, could be qualified as “deadly”. In this article, the act of drinking is presented as an unavoidable component of the act of eating, a completely social act feeding many points of view but most of all the “social and political body” of the native person in his daily life.

La consommation d’alcool chez les Autochtones constitue un sujet de préoccupation depuis les tous premiers contacts avec les Européens. Au XXe siècle, le discours médical a pris la relève des approches morales et légales qui dominèrent les siècles précédents. Aujourd’hui, médecins et professionnels de la santé occupent une place de premier plan dans les mesures de contrôle de l’alcoolisme et autres toxicomanies en milieu autochtone. Les propos du présent article sont de deux ordres. Dans un premier temps, l’auteur s’investit dans une série de critiques qu’il porte sur le modèle explicatif médical de l’alcoolisme chez les Autochtones. Modèle persistant à considérer la dépendance à l’alcool comme essentiellement une maladie relevant du corps biologique. Une maladie exigeant un accroissement constant des ressources médicales et pharmaceutiques. Cette critique offre à l’auteur une plateforme lui permettant, dans un deuxième temps, d’investir un argumentaire qui vise à démontrer que l’alcoolisme observé en milieu autochtone est profondément inscrit dans un contexte historique et politique. L’alcoolisme serait révélateur de l’inscription dans le corps biologique, social et politique de l’autochtone d’importantes disparités sociales ainsi que de l’exclusion. L’auteur propose que les comportements alcooliques observés en milieu autochtone sont révélateurs d’une trame identitaire complexe qui, en certains lieux, ouvre sur des espaces pouvant être qualifiés de « meurtriers ». L’acte de boire est, dans cet article, présenté comme une incontournable constituante de l’acte alimentaire. Un acte social total alimentant des discours multiples, mais surtout le « corps social et politique » de l’Autochtone dans cette quotidienneté qu’il vit.

The study aimed to analyze the clinical aspects of the treatment of crack cocaine and excessive alcohol users who were seen in a Psychosocial Care Center of Alcohol and Other Drugs (CAPS AD) in Sobral, Ceará, during the years 2010 and 2011. This is an exploratory descriptive and documentary study, with a retrospective quantitative approach. The sample was composed of 567 medical records of drug users, from which 291 were crack cocaine users, and 276 were alcohol users. For data collection, a form was developed based on the Care Script Service, the data from which was then used to populate a database in an EPI INFO 7, a statistics software system. In both groups of users, males were predominant (85%, n = 482), and were between the ages of 20 and 29 years for crack users (50.9%, n = 148), and between 30 and 39 years for alcohol users (31.9%, n = 88). There were significant differences between crack cocaine users and alcohol users in liver disorders (p < 0.01) and withdrawal syndrome (p < 0.05), however, there were similar signs and symptoms between users. Crack users hospitalized less frequently (OR 0.33 [95% CI 0.23 to 0.47 p < 0.01]). Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts were similar in both crack cocaine and alcohol users. Thus, this research will lead to new proposals for health care professionals in order to enhance and improve the care provided to service customers in CAPS AD.

Résumé :
Cet article aborde la consommation d’alcool au cours de séjours de recherche chez les Tai Dam du nord Laos. Il développe les particularités du terrain en ethnomusicologie, où musique et alcool s’entrecroisent fréquemment. Après une description des codes et modalités de la prise collective d’alcool, l’article analyse les rôles et significations du boire au sein des villages enquêtés, abordant ses rapports étroits avec le chant, ainsi que la pression exercée sur les convives pour une absorption continue d’alcool. Les tenants et aboutissant de la consommation personnelle de la chercheuse sur le terrain, et en particulier son rôle dans la création de liens
sociaux, sont ensuite développés. D’abord vécue comme une contrainte, la consommation d’alcool de riz s’est changée en instrument clef au fi l des différentes étapes de la recherche, devenant l’outil d’une socialisation active sur le terrain

Mots-clé : chant, alcool, ethnomusicologie, Laos, Tai Dam, socialisation.



Abstract:
This article explores aspects of alcohol consumption during fi eld visits in Tai Dam communities of Northern Laos. It examines the particularities of fieldwork in ethnomusicology, in which music and alcohol are frequently intertwined. After describing the customs of collective alcoholic consumption, the article analyses the roles and significance of drinking amongst the villages visited, and its connections with singing, as well as the social pressure exerted upon guests to participate in drinking activities. The researcher’s own consumption of alcohol during fieldwork is candidly presented, with a focus on the necessity of creating social connections to
develop her research. While initially experienced as a burden, the consumption of rice alcohol transformed into a key element over the course of the study, becoming the researcher’s primary tool for active social participation.

Keywords: Singing, alcohol, ethnomusicology, Laos, Tai Dam, socialization.

Esse  artigo  faz  referência  à  evolução  histórica  do  uso  do  álcool  enquanto combustível  veicular  alternativo  no  Brasil.  O  enfoque  central  se  dá  nas  relações  que  o álcool manteve  ao  longo  do  tempo  com  o  açúcar  e  o  petróleo,  e  como  a  produção  e consumo desses artigos podem se relacionar entre si. Para isso nos baseamos na revisão bibliográfica do que se produziu sobre o assunto, lendo tanto textos contemporâneos aos principais  acontecimentos,  como  análises  posteriores  realizadas  por  estudiosos  dessa temática.

This  article  refers  to  the  historical  evolution  of  the  use  of  alcohol  as  an alternative  vehicle  fuel  in  Brazil.  The  central  focus  is  on  the  relationship  that  alcohol maintained through time with sugar and oil markets, and how production and consumption of these items may be related. For this we rely on a literature review, reading contemporary texts to major events and subsequent analysis by scholars.

Objetivo: verificar a percepção de universitários brasileiros
sobre os riscos de um comportamento chamado de
Beber Pesado Episódico (BPE). Método: estudo possui
delineamento descritivo exploratório, de corte transversal,
de natureza quantitativa, Participaram 2641 estudantes
de todas as regiões do Brasil. Constatou-se que 24,8%
dos respondentes consideram-se um bebedor pesado.
Resultados: verificou-se que a bebida mais utilizada na
prática do BPE é a cerveja. Os homens praticaram mais
o BPE (31,7%) do que as mulheres (19,5%). Dos que já
praticaram o BPE, 75,8% responderam que repetiram
esse consumo. Conclusão: uma parcela significativa dos
universitários pratica o BPE e sua maioria tem uma baixa
percepção do risco relacionado a esse comportamento.