Arboviruses and Hemorrhagic Fevers

A study of the calculation of pleural effusion index (PEI) in patient with dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) has been conducted. PEI calculation was done through matlab programming language. Some digital image processing methods used in this research were thresholding segmentation, morphology operation, and calculation of pixel number per column in image to get PEI value. PEI values generated from image processing can be an alternative to replace the manual calculations done by physicians and used to demonstrate the gravity level of DHF.

Antipsychotics have been reported to be associated  with neuroleptic
malignant  syndrome,  which  is  a  life-threatening  complication,  with
fever  being  one  of  the  main  symptoms.  We  are  reporting  a  case  of
olanzapine  induced  isolated  fever  in  a  patient  with paranoid
schizophrenia,  with  other  causes  being  ruled  out  with  the  fever
subsiding only after the withdrawal of olanzapine.

Aedes mosquitoes are important vectors for emerging diseases caused by arboviruses, such as chikungunya (CHIKV). These viruses’ main transmitting species are Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus, which are present in tropical and temperate climatic areas all over the globe. Knowledge of vector characteristics is fundamentally important to the
understanding of virus transmission. Only female mosquitoes are able to transmit CHIKV to the vertebrate host since they are hematophagous. In addition, mosquito microbiota is fundamentally important to virus infection in the mosquito. Microorganisms are able to modulate viral transmission in the mosquito, such as bacteria of the Wolbachia genus,
which are capable of preventing viral infection, or protozoans of the Ascogregarina species, which are capable of facilitating virus transmission between mosquitoes and larvae. The competence of the mosquito is also important in the transmission of the
virus to the vertebrate host, since their saliva has several substances with biological effects, such as immunomodulators and anticoagulants, which are able to modulate the host’s response to the virus, interfering in its pathogenicity and virulence. Understanding the Aedes vector-chikungunya interaction is fundamentally important since it can enable
the search for new methods of combating the virus’ transmission.

Fever is documented as a separate disease as per Traditional Siddha Indian Medicine.  There are 64 types of fever among which 52 types occur due to intrinsic causes and 12 types occur due to Extrinsic factors.  Intrinsic causes are due to the disturbances in the Vatha, Pitha and Kapha equilibrium. Some of the extrinsic factors include fever arising out of God’s wrath, excessive sexual desire, due to black magic, curse, trauma, phobia etc.  Fever as a symptom arises due to various aetiologies. It is also a main factor for complications such as Febrile fits, Shock, Dehydration and Hallucinations (apparent perception of something not present). Infants and children are more vulnerable for the after effects of fever. This usually happens due to delayed medical attention, Lack of Transport facilities and Manpower especially in rural areas. While thinking of designing a topical application for the effective management and control of fever, the Authors of this work, based upon their wide clinical and theoretical knowledge and experience came out with a formula.  This formula, which is having ingredients from Herbal origin, was subjected to pre-clinical studies and the research findings show the superiority of the formula when used through a new drug (Topical application) delivery system.

Arboviruses belong to a group of viruses that are transmitted by arthropods,
mainly mosquitoes and ticks causing clinical disease symptoms in humans
and animals ranging from febrile illnesses to hemorrhagic fevers. The
present study aimed at examining the circulation of Chikungunya, Dengue,
Yellow fever and Rift valley fever viral genomes in Aedes mosquitoes from
Kyela district in Tanzania. A systematic vector surveillance spanning two
months and covering 5 sites in Kyela district was carried out in order to
evaluate the potential role of Aedes spp in arbovirus transmission in the
study area. Mosquitoes were collected, identified to species level by using
morphological keys, pooled in respect species and collection sites and
screened for arboviruses by RT-PCR. Adult mosquitoes were collected
from April to May, 2015 using CO2
-baited CDC light traps, magnet traps
as well as human landing collection (HLC). The study sites included Kyela
town, Kajunjumele, Ipida, Matema and Njisi villages. A total of 480 bloodfeed
Aedes ssp were collected, identified and grouped in to 24 pools (1-20
mosquitoes per pool) according to species level and location. Out of the 480
Aedes spp collected, Aedes aegypti represented the most abundant species
totaling 338 (70.4%), followed by Aedes africanus 102 (21.2%) and Aedes
natalensis being the minority 40 (8.3%). Arboviruses were detected in 9
pools (37.5%) including Alphaviruses (8 pools) and Flaviviruses (1 pool).
No sample was positive for Bunyaviruses. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was
detected in 6 (75%) alphavirus positive pools that were collected mostly in
the areas where rice cultivation was common. The findings of this study
suggest that people from this region are highly likely to be exposed to
arbovirus infections which may represent significant public health concerns.
Keywords: arboviruses, Aedes, molecular diagnosis,
Kyela district, abundance

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever is a deadly and life-threatening viral sickness spreading throughout the world with high mortality rate of 10%–40%. The causative agents are ticks which show diversity in their strains and thus it is difficult to make vaccine, however some strains are conserved which is the positive point in vaccines development. From 2012 to 2015, a total of 161 cases were confirmed for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in Pakistan. And from 2012 to July 2014, 45 deaths were reported in the country. It is spreading sporadically in Pakistan. Mapping of endemic areas and cross-border veterinary surveillance should be developed in high risk areas and workshops should be arranged to increase public awareness about the disease. Control measures must be taken to avoid spreading of the disease to new areas.

El virus Mayaro produce una enfermedad de síntomas inespecíficos y sub-letales, frecuentemente confundida con dengue, con síntomas de artralgias que pueden generar incapacidad laboral. Los brotes han sido esporádicos y localizados en la región selvática de la Panamazonia posterior a su primer aislamiento en 1954 (Trinidad y Tobago). La información en la literatura es escaza, diversa y dispersa. Mayaro es un alphavirus filogenéticamente relacionado al complejo del virus del bosque de Semliki, siendo junto a UNA, los únicos virus de dicho complejo aislados en el nuevo mundo. Está conformado por ARN de cadena simple de carga positiva, longitud de 12kb con la región 42S y 26S, que codifican para proteínas no estructurales y estructurales. El virus Mayaro presenta gran plasticidad de infección en vertebrados y especificidad hacia la familia Culicidae (mosquitos) como vectores/hospedadores invertebrados. Los factores de riesgo están asociados a zonas boscosas de la región septentrional de América del Sur y en temporada lluviosa. Se conocen dos genotipos; L (Belterra, Brasil) y D (distribución Panamazónica). El ciclo enzoótico es similar al de la fiebre amarilla, que involucra a mosquitos del género Haemagogus, y como reservorios a monos, sin descartar la participación de vectores secundarios y otros hospedadores que pudieran participar en la diseminación del virus. El humano puede presentar viremia elevada, y se ha demostrado la transmisión experimental en Aedes aegypti, Ae. scapularis y Ae. albopictus, constituyendo un riesgo para la salud pública en centros urbanos y zonas rurales cercanas a focos de Mayaro.

Although infections of vertebrate hosts by arthropod-borne viruses may lead to pathogenic outcomes, infections of vector mosquitoes result in persistent infections, where the virus replicates in the host without causing apparent pathological effects. It is unclear how persistent infections are established and maintained in mosquitoes. Several reports revealed the presence of flavivirus-like DNA sequences in the mosquito genome, and recent studies have shown that DNA forms of RNA viruses restrict virus re-plication in Drosophila, suggesting that DNA forms may have a role in developing persistent infections. Here, we sought to investigate whether arboviruses generate DNA forms following infection in mosquitoes. Our results with West Nile, Dengue, and La Crosse viruses demonstrate that DNA forms of the viral RNA genome are generated in mosquito cells; however, not the entire viral genome, but patches of viral RNA in DNA forms can be detected 24 h post infection.

Background: Despite the availability of a highly effective vaccine, yellow fever virus (YFV) remains an important public health problem across Africa and South America due to its high case-fatality rate. This study investigated the historical epidemiology and contemporary entomological and social determinants of a YFV outbreak in South Omo Zone (SOZ), Ethiopia. Methods: A YFV outbreak occurred in SOZ, Ethiopia in 2012-2014. Historical epidemiological data were retrieved from the SOZ Health Department and analyzed. Entomological sampling was undertaken in 2017, including mosquito species identification and molecular screening for arboviruses to understand mosquito habitat distribution, and finally current knowledge, attitudes and preventative practices within the affected communities were assessed. Results: From October 2012 to March 2014, 165 suspected cases and 62 deaths were reported, principally in rural areas of South Ari region (83.6%). The majority of patients were 15-44 years old (75.8%) and most case deaths were males (76%). Between June and August 2017, 688 containers were sampled across 180 households to identify key breeding sites for Aedes mosquitoes. Ensete ventricosum ("false banana") and clay pots outside the home were the most productive natural and artificial breeding sites, respectively. Entomological risk indices classified most sites as "high risk" for future outbreaks under current World Health Organization criteria. Adult mosquitoes in houses were identified as members of the Aedes simpsoni complex but no YFV or other arboviruses were detected by PCR. The majority of community members had heard of YFV, however few activities were undertaken to actively reduce mosquito breeding sites. Discussion: Study results highlight the potential role vector control could play in mitigating local disease transmission and emphasize the urgent need to strengthen disease surveillance systems and in-country laboratory capacity to facilitate more rapid responses to future YFV outbreaks.

Zika virus (ZIKV) belongs to a class of neurotropic viruses that have the ability to cause congenital infection, which can result in microcephaly or fetal demise. Recently, the RNA-binding protein Musashi-1 (Msi1), which mediates the maintenance and self-renewal of stem cells and acts as a translational regulator, has been associated with promoting ZIKV replication, neurotropism, and pathology. Msi1 predominantly binds to single-stranded motifs in the 3′ untranslated region (UtR) of RNA that contain a UAG trinucleotide in their core. We systematically analyzed the properties of Musashi binding elements (MBEs) in the 3′UTR of flaviviruses with a thermodynamic model for RNA folding. Our results indicate that MBEs in ZIKV 3′UtRs occur predominantly in unpaired, single-stranded structural context, thus corroborating experimental observations by a biophysical model of RNA structure formation. statistical analysis and comparison with related viruses show that ZIKV MBEs are maximally accessible among mosquito-borne flaviviruses. Our study addresses the broader question of whether other emerging arboviruses can cause similar neurotropic effects through the same mechanism in the developing fetus by establishing a link between the biophysical properties of viral RNA and teratogenicity. Moreover, our thermodynamic model can explain recent experimental findings and predict the Msi1-related neurotropic potential of other viruses. Flaviviruses are an emerging group of arboviruses belonging to the Flaviviridae family. Researchers have been describing recent outbreaks of these viruses that have not been previously detected for decades 1-3. The genus Flavivirus comprises more than 70 species that are mainly transmitted by mosquitoes and ticks, typically classified into four groups: Mosquito-borne flaviviruses (MBFVs), tick-borne flaviviruses (TBFVs), insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFVs), that do not have vertebrate hosts, and no known arthropod vector flaviviruses (NKVs), which typically infect bats and rodents. Flaviviruses represent a global health threat, including emerging and re-emerging human pathogens such as Dengue (DENV), Yellow fever (YFV), Japanese encephalitis (JEV), West Nile (WNV), Tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses 4,5. Initially isolated in 1947 from a sentinel rhesus macaque in the Ziika forest, Uganda, ZIKV has not been associated with severe disease, apart from skin rashes, body pain, and fever. Likewise, ZIKV has been circulating across equatorial zones in Africa and Asia for 60 years, until the first outbreak was reported in Yap Island, Micronesia in 2007. Subsequently, the virus spread eastwards to French Polynesia and other Pacific islands in 2013 and reached the Americas in 2015 6,7. There are two main ZIKV lineages, the original African (type strain MR766) and an Asian (type strain FSS13025) 8,9 , the latter also comprising American strains such as PE243.

The use of various topical compounds for blood biting bug protection has been documented throughout written history with DEET being the current standard in chemical protection. While many minimize the danger of using DEET, it is no longer considered as completely safe to use, especially for those who are pregnant, nursing or infants. This study documents a significant change in addressing protection from haematophagous arthropods (blood seeking insects) with the use of a formulated oral solution designed to activate specific targets in the body's immunity system. By association, this reveals new and natural solutions for disrupting the pathways of disease carrying vectors. This study demonstrates and documents the efficacy of a novel biomineral complex, with a designed catalyst, that activates the human/animal created putative cloaking compounds, letting the inherent ability of the immune system create different concentrations and ratios of volatile compounds [4], to disrupt the blood seeking behavior of mosquitoes and other haematophagous arthropods. By stimulating the immune system, the body is able to protect itself instead of requiring the application of potentially harmful topical repellents. The delivery of haematophagous arthropod protection has always been problematic with the current chemical topical repellents being either toxic or very limited in their effectiveness [11] [13] [14] [15]. The NNSciences team looked at the challenge of delivering protection along a different pathway. While existing research proves that volatile vapours release semio-chemicals that create highly effective repellency [4] [5], it was limited to topical applications. The NNS team incorporated a different strategy, instead focusing on the inside of the human body, where there is already a set of NATURE NATURALLY SCIENCES All rights reserved

The family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, holds many of the world's most prevalent arboviral diseases that are also considered the most important travel related arboviral infections. In most cases, flavivirus diagnosis in travelers is primarily based on serology as viremia is often low and typically has already been reduced to undetectable levels when symptoms set in and patients seek medical attention. Serological differentiation between flaviviruses and the false-positive results caused by vaccination and cross-reactivity among the different species, are problematic for surveillance and diagnostics of flaviviruses. Their partially overlapping geographic distribution and symptoms, combined with increase in travel, and preexisting antibodies due to flavivirus vaccinations, expand the need for rapid and reliable multiplex diagnostic tests to supplement currently used methods. We describe the development of a multiplex serological protein microarray using recombinant NS1 proteins...

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that has newly emerged as a significant global threat, especially to pregnancy. Recent major outbreaks in the Pacific and in Central and South America have been associated with an increased incidence of microcephaly and other abnormalities of the central nervous system in neonates. The causal link between ZIKV infection during pregnancy and microcephaly is now strongly supported. Over 2 billion people live in regions conducive to ZIKV transmission, with ~4 million infections in the Americas predicted for 2016. Given the scale of the current pandemic and the serious and long-term consequences of infection during pregnancy, the impact of ZIKV on health services and affected communities could be enormous. This further highlights the need for a rapid global public health and research response to ZIKV to limit and prevent its impact through the development of therapeutics, vaccines, and improved diagnostics. Here we review the epidemiology of ZIKV; the threat to pregnancy; the clinical consequences and broader impact of ZIKV infections; and the virus biology underpinning new interventions, diagnostics, and insights into the mechanisms of disease.

Malaria prevalence has declined in the Kilimanjaro region of Tanzania over the past 10 years, particularly at lower altitudes. While this decline has been related to the scale-up of long-lasting insecticidal nets to achieve universal coverage targets, it has also been attributed to changes in environmental factors that are important for enabling and sustaining malaria transmission. Herein, we apply spatial analytical approaches to investigate the impact of environmental and demographic changes, including changes in temperature, precipitation, land cover, and population density, on the range of the major malaria vector species Anopheles arabiensis in two districts of Tanzania, situated on the southern slope of Mount Kilimanjaro. These models are used to identify environmental changes that have occurred over a 10-year period and highlight the implications for malaria transmission in this highland region. Entomological data were collected from the Hai and Lower Moshi districts of Tanza...

Background Despite the availability of a highly effective vaccine, yellow fever virus (YFV) remains an important public health problem across Africa and South America due to its high case-fatality rate. This study investigated the historical epidemiology and contemporary entomological and social determinants of a YFV outbreak in South Omo Zone (SOZ), Ethiopia. Methods A YFV outbreak occurred in SOZ, Ethiopia in 2012–2014. Historical epidemiological data were retrieved from the SOZ Health Department and analyzed. Entomological sampling was undertaken in 2017, including mosquito species identification and molecular screening for arboviruses to understand mosquito habitat distribution, and finally current knowledge, attitudes and preventative practices within the affected communities were assessed. Results From October 2012 to March 2014, 165 suspected cases and 62 deaths were reported, principally in rural areas of South Ari region (83.6%). The majority of patients were 15–44 years ol...

Du From July 1 to July 14, 2018 a study was conducted in the city of Kinshasa precisely in the municipality of Kinshasa in order to determine the species of Aedes found in the municipality of Limete, determine the population of Aedes and determine the positivity of Ovitraps of the different species of Aedes.
larval surveys were carried out twice every 5 days. The ovitraps positive for Aedes larvae were collected and brought to the insectarium of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Kinshasa for breeding. The adults obtained were identified in species according to the morphological identification key of Huang.p.
The collection of Ovitraps allowed us to obtain 104 adults of Aedes after breeding. 2 species of Aedes were found; the Aedes aegypti and the Aedes albopictus. The Aedes aegypti was the majority species (94%).
Of 10 ovitraps placed 3 were positive for Aedes or 30%. The Aedes aegypti was found in all ovitraps while Aedes albopictus was found in only one.
Arboviruses represent a big problem in terms of public health, the implementation of WHO recommendations against the latter would be a major asset for vector control, we are hammering on the sanitation of individual and collective environments.
Key words : Arboviruses, population, positivity, aedes, Limete

June 1951-Hospitals in the IX Corps AOR began admitting patients with a mysterious set of symptoms. Patients complained of high fever, headache, and mild depression followed quickly by the appearance of red spots on the arms and trunk. They drank heavily due to thirst, but despite administration of intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration, they got worse. Their skin became flushed as their capillaries dilated, and their body temperature and blood pressure dropped. As they went into shock, their vision blurred and they slipped into delirium, convulsions, or a coma. The face of this patient appeared flushed due to dilation of the capillaries. Severe vomiting could also cause blood vessels in the eye to rupture. National Museum of Health and Medicine Mission: To preserve and explore the impact of military medicine. Vision: To preserve, inspire, and inform the history, research, and advancement of military and civilian medicine through world-class collections, digital technology, and public engagement.

The control of vector-transmitted diseases in Brazil is dependent upon a range of health surveillance, primary health care and social mobilization strategies. As the point of entry for the public health system, primary health care services are considered key to the efficient and effective control of these events. The Aedes albopictus mosquito represents a potential vector for several infectious processes. Despite the fact that Ae. albopictus is present throughout the world, it has not yet been systematically addressed within national disease control programs. The objectives of this study are to describe the potential of Ae. albopictus as a vector of arboviruses in Brazil and analyze risks within the current context. Furthermore, the authors seek to contribute to a wider discussion of this subject among the spectrum of services offered by the primary care network. The first known record of the mosquito in Brazil was in 1986, most likely as the result of passive introduction from maritime commerce. This vector presents significant ecological valence given that it is a potential transmitter of 22 arboviruses, which makes its introduction an epidemiologically significant event. Ae. albopictus is also an experimental vector of seven alphaviruses: Eastern equine encephalitis, Mayaro, Western equine encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Chikungunya, Ross River and Sinbidis; in addition to the diseases caused by flaviviruses such as Dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis fever, West Nile fever and Yellow Fever. Due to its considerable ecological valence, easily adapting to rural, urban and periurban environments, it is presumed that Ae. albopictus could serve as a bridge between the urban and sylvatic cycles of yellow fever. Other diseases such as Oropouche fever, lymphatic filariasis and human infections with Keystone, Tensaw, Cache Valley and Potosi viruses might eventually be transmitted by the mosquito. The population of Ae. albopictus present in Brazil has demonstrated the capacity to transmit dengue, yellow fever and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses under laboratory conditions. The study concludes that Ae. albopictus is a potential vector for several arboviruses that need to be incorporated into the national disease control programs. Specific vector control initiatives involving health surveillance and primary health care should be considered.

In many biological applications, we would like to be able to computationally pre- dict mutational effects on affinity in protein–protein interactions. However, many commonly used methods to predict these effects perform poorly in important test cases. In particular, the effects of multiple mutations, non alanine substitutions, and flexible loops are difficult to predict with available tools and protocols. We present here an existing method applied in a novel way to a new test case; we interrogate affin- ity differences resulting from mutations in a host–virus protein–protein interface. We use steered molecular dynamics (SMD) to computationally pull the machupo virus (MACV) spike glycoprotein (GP1) away from the human transferrin receptor (hTfR1). We then approximate affinity using the maximum applied force of sepa- ration and the area under the force-versus-distance curve. We find, even without the rigor and planning required for free energy calculations, that these quantities can provide novel biophysical insight into the GP1/hTfR1 interaction. First, with no prior knowledge of the system we can differentiate among wild type and mutant complexes. Moreover, we show that this simple SMD scheme correlates well with relative free energy differences computed via free energy perturbation. Second, al- though the static co-crystal structure shows two large hydrogen-bonding networks in the GP1/hTfR1 interface, our simulations indicate that one of them may not be important for tight binding. Third, one viral site known to be critical for infection may mark an important evolutionary suppressor site for infection-resistant hTfR1 mutants. Finally, our approach provides a framework to compare the effects of multi- ple mutations, individually and jointly, on protein–protein interactions.

Since the first outbreak of avian influenza (AI) in Nigeria in 2006, there has been continuous monitoring of the disease in chickens with little attention given to turkeys. As part of on-going surveillance for AI in southwest Nigeria, we used a competitive ELISA to detect anti-AI virus antibodies in 520 turkey sera obtained from poultry farms in Oyo, Osun, and Ondo states while haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies against low pathogenic AI viruses (LPAIVs) were detected using H3N8 and H5N2 subtype-specific antigens. The overall seroprevalence obtained by ELISA was 4.4% (23/520). Of the 23 ELISA-positive samples, 18 were positive for anti-AIV H3N8 antibodies only and four were positive for both anti-AIV H3N8 and H5N2 antibodies indicating a mixed infection, while five were negative for antibodies to either of the two AIV subtypes. Considering that turkeys have been implicated as a mixing vessel for generating influenza virus reassortants of human and avian origin, the detection of...

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), an acute viral infection, is a zoonotic disease which is transmitted to humans by infected ticks, direct contact with fresh meat or blood of infected animals (usually domestic livestock), or direct contact with the blood or secretions of an infected person. Livestock handlers, skin processors, veterinary staff, livestock market workers, and other personnel engaged in jobs requiring some contact with animals and/or animal products are at high risk for CCHF. Most reported cases of this disease in Iran belong to butchers and slaughterhouse workers. We aimed to study the prevalence of CCHF in slaughterhouse workers and livestock handlers who were admitted to Boo-ali Hospital for treatment of CCHF. We evaluated all patients' files with confirmed CCHF admitted to Boo-ali Hospital in Zahedan, in southeastern part of Iran, during 1999-2011. Then, we examined the prevalence of disease among the high risk groups. Out of 362 patients with CCHF (86% m...

The family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, holds many of the world's most prevalent arboviral diseases that are also considered the most important travel related arboviral infections. In most cases, flavivirus diagnosis in travelers is primarily based on serology as viremia is often low and typically has already been reduced to undetectable levels when symptoms set in and patients seek medical attention. Serological differentiation between flaviviruses and the false-positive results caused by vaccination and cross-reactivity among the different species, are problematic for surveillance and diagnostics of flaviviruses. Their partially overlapping geographic distribution and symptoms, combined with increase in travel, and preexisting antibodies due to flavivirus vaccinations, expand the need for rapid and reliable multiplex diagnostic tests to supplement currently used methods. We describe the development of a multiplex serological protein microarray using recombinant NS1 proteins...

Influenza pandemics present a global threat owing to their potential mortality and substantial economic impacts. Stockpiling antiviral drugs to manage a pandemic is an effective strategy to offset their negative impacts; however, little is known about the long-term optimal size of the stockpile under uncertainty and the characteristics of different countries. Using an epidemic–economic model we studied the effect on total mortality and costs of antiviral stockpile sizes for Brazil, China, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, New Zealand, Singapore, the UK, the USA and Zimbabwe. In the model, antivirals stockpiling considerably reduced mortality. There was greater potential avoidance of expected costs in the higher resourced countries (e.g. from $55 billion to $27 billion over a 30 year time horizon for the USA) and large avoidance of fatalities in those less resourced (e.g. from 11.4 to 2.3 million in Indonesia). Under perfect allocation, higher resourced countries should aim to store antiv...

Background Despite the availability of a highly effective vaccine, yellow fever virus (YFV) remains an important public health problem across Africa and South America due to its high case-fatality rate. This study investigated the historical epidemiology and contemporary entomological and social determinants of a YFV outbreak in South Omo Zone (SOZ), Ethiopia. Methods A YFV outbreak occurred in SOZ, Ethiopia in 2012–2014. Historical epidemiological data were retrieved from the SOZ Health Department and analyzed. Entomological sampling was undertaken in 2017, including mosquito species identification and molecular screening for arboviruses to understand mosquito habitat distribution, and finally current knowledge, attitudes and preventative practices within the affected communities were assessed. Results From October 2012 to March 2014, 165 suspected cases and 62 deaths were reported, principally in rural areas of South Ari region (83.6%). The majority of patients were 15–44 years ol...

The impact of the seasonal influenza and 2009 AH1N1 pandemic influenza on mortality is not yet completely understood, particularly in tropical and subtropical countries. The trends of influenza related mortality rate in different age groups and different outcomes on a area in tropical and subtropical climate with more than 41 million people (State of São Paulo, Brazil), were studied from 2002 to 2011 were studied. Serfling-type regression analysis was performed using weekly mortality registries and virological data obtained from sentinel surveillance. The prepandemic years presented a well-defined seasonality during winter and a clear relationship between activity of AH3N2 and increase of mortality in all ages, especially in individuals older than 60 years. The mortality due to pneumonia and influenza and respiratory causes associated with 2009 pandemic influenza in the age groups 0–4 years and older than 60 was lower than the previous years. Among people aged 5–19 and 20–59 years t...