Arykanda

My PhD thesis given to Department of Classical Archaeology, Ankara University in 2002. The thesis is about coin finds from Arykanda between 1971-2000 and contains 2174 coins. A copy of the thesis is shelved in the British Museum, Coins and Medals Department (see Lycian section). Also other printed copies exist in Ankara University, Dept. of Classical Archaeology, Akurgal library; BIAA (British Inst. of. Arc. in Ankara); AKMED library (Antalya) and at the library of Antalya Museum.

I would be happy to answer all questions regarding the thesis material; do contact me at attek@anadolu.edu.tr

One bit of warning though: as Arykanda was continued to be excavated, this thesis is already out of date with new finds changing several results. Please contact Dr. Hacer Sancaktar who continues studying the material for more recent coin finds from the site.

Teze ihtiyacı olanlar: A.Ü.D.T.C.F. Klasik Arkeoloji Bölümü, Ankara İngiliz Arkeoloji Kütüphanesi, AKMED Kaleiçi Kütüphanesi, Antalya Müzesi Kütüphanesi'nde kopyaları var. İhtiyacınız olan bilgi için bana sormanız da yeterli.

Küçük bir uyarı: aradan geçen yıllarda Arykanda'da kazılar devam ettiği için tezde elde edilmiş pek çok sonuç yeni buluntular ışığında şimdiden değişmiş durumdadır. Yeni sikke buluntularına dair, Arykanda sikke malzemesini çalışmaya devam etmekte olan Dr. Hacer Sancaktar ile temas kurabilirsiniz.

Arycanda is a strategic Lycian settlement situated in the Arycandos valley, which connects the Lycian coast with the Pisidian hinterland. The city was built upon five large terraces ascending a mountain slope, located on the northwestern side of the valley. Archaeological explorations in the settlement were started in 1971 by Ankara University under the direction of Prof. Bayburtluoğlu. Since 2004, research has been focused on the lower terraces to the south of the Agora. As a result of the excavations in this area, a late antique quarter was uncovered which has as a small bathhouse, peristyle house, basilica, and dwellings. The excavations at the quarter provide a series of stratified deposits. Almost two thousand coins and other archaeological materials from the deposits of the buildings revealed that the quarter collapsed by fire between 425-450 Anno Domini. The deposits showed that after the fire, the quarter was reconstructed and remained partly active until the 7th century AD. Pottery provides valuable data to understand social and economic life, commercial relations between
cities, traditions, food culture, and lifestyles. It also contributes valuable data for understanding the functions of the buildings and dating the archaeological contexts. Late Roman pottery studies in Eastern Lycia is limited, and an essential chronology for the pottery has yet to be defined for the late antique period in the region. This dissertation project aims to publish the pottery from the late antique quarter at Arycanda. One of the primary goals of this project is to establish a typology and chronology
for the ceramics. The deposits from burnt layers and later deposits allowed us to construct a basic typo-chronology of the pottery. Such a typology is needed not only for Arycanda but for the entire Lycian region.
The study on pottery from the well-dated deposits revelaed several imported red slip wares, transport amphoras and local/regional coarse wares. These investigations allowed us to understand regional and interregional exchange in Late Antiquity. Studying the clay types among the coarse wares is a crucial element to understand local productions. Ceramological evidence from the late antique quarter at Arycanda proved that the city was active until the 7th century AD and had close ties with the western Lycia, Pamphylia, Cyprus, Aegean, Levantine sites and other setttlements around mare nostrum during the period.

ROMAN MILITARY EQUIPMENT AT ARYCANDA:

Alptekin ORANSAY*

Arycanda is a small city site, lying at the north-east corner of Lycian peninsula in south-west Asia Minor. Its name, which means “place next to a mountain” in Lycian, certainly well suits the city, as it was founded high up the Solymian Mountains (Beydağları) the promontory of the Taurus range. The city is built on terraces overlooking a well watered valley to which it has given its name - The Arycandos. Little land availability for agriculture purposes in the region, forced the inhabitants to become timber merchants and metal workers in antiquity.
The results of the excavations directed by Prof. Dr. Cevdet Bayburtluoğlu (Ankara University), show us that since 7.th. Century BC. Arycanda have had a continuous settlement. Today the major visible ruins are dated to Hellenistic and Roman Period, among which there are official, public and also civilian buildings. Arycanda’s population was fairly stable and the city has not grown much up until the Roman period.
Arycanda’s geopolitical position has hindered its growth in comparison to coastal cities, which could directly benefit from sea trade. But, the city had a large scale income to build some substantial buildings in the Roman times as large scale bath works, stadium and theatre. This show us that the city was beginning to play an important part in land trade between the coastal cities and interior regions such as Milyas, Cabalia, Western Pisidia and Southern Phrygia.
The Military activities of the city is linked with Lycia region. Lycians become famous with mercenary soldiers since sea immigrations to Egypt in 1200 BC. But the military activities inside region begin increased after 2nd.century BC. Lycians build a federation against Rhodos’s occupation. This federation have also a militarized characteristic. There are some units that its soldiers came from different cities in Lycia. This units could be visible especially since first century BC. In Mithridates war (89-85 BC.) Lycians helping Rhodos through the Fight against the Mithridates armies and even defense their self with its units. When Caesar and Pompeius fighting each other to get hold of The Roman Empire, they both want benefiting from this military units as land and naval forces. When Brutus came here to occupying the region, he faced a strong and organized defense. 
After the province of Lycia was finally established in 43 AD, under emperor Claudius  , the Lycian Federation continued its functions symbolically, with its military decisions and fiscal matters passed into the control of the Roman governors. First governor of Lycia, Q. Veranius, was later honored by an ornamenta triumphalia in Rome for his successes in stabilizing Lycia.  From the inscription on this monument, we see that he has also demolished defense walls in some Lycian cities, which shows that, one of his assignments was to de-militarize the region. 
Because of the de- militarization activity of the Romans, Lycians have no army left protect themselves under Roman direction. However the empire placed their own units to bring security. Roman military presence in Lycia was in the form of stationarii. Two bases of stationarii were documented at Apollonia and Olympos. 
Under Roman direction, emperors still could passed over Lycia to take soldier for campaign several times . While Gaius Caesar gone to east for a campaign and his return to Rome, the first Roman unit should passed over Lycia and Arycanda. Another Military Expedition was the Parth Campaign in Hadrian direction. In This Period there was a large group of military troops and equipments dispatching overseas to the army in the east. As coin finds show us, during this time this troop stopping for a while . The armies of Constantine passing by the region during the war in 324.  These activities show us that the military activity was still having in Lycia and many persons who ready to fighting with his weapons.
There are a number of military finds in Arycanda which show us city have some soldier. These were found at civic houses, agora and other public buildings. Finds are in good quality and included a little number, show us that the probability of these weapons should belonged to the soldiers who stop here for a while and being even the persons who ready to fight with his swords, arrows.
The weapons that founded in Arycanda are generally for attack. More of this group are found in acropolis sector (Helios Temple, Trade Agora, East of the Helios Temple (H.T.D.), slope houses (Y.E.) These are dated to Late Hellenistic- Early Imperial Period (first century B.C.- first century A.D.) and first- second century A.D. as the sector context show us. In this period there are three war that Lycians joined it: Mithridates war (89-85 BC.) and through the civil war first Caesar- Pompeius war, then Brutus’s occupation. After 43 AD. there are two campaign of Roman Army that passing over the Lycia: Campaign of Gaius Caeasar (ca. 4. B.C.) and the Parth Campaign under the Trajan direction (ca. 112-116 A.D.). The Finds of Acropolis in Arycanda may date generally to these military activities.
The rest of the finds are found in Late Roman- Early Byzantine context as the private houses of the city (D.V., B.B.Y.) and a ironworker’s shop in Naltepesi region. Probably these finds were belonged to the armies of Constantine that passing by the region in year 324. Especially the ironworker’s shop should the place for repair the weapons.

Recent archaeological excavations carried out between 2004-2013 in the eastern Lycian city of Arycanda in S.W. Turkey, have exposed a late antique quarter that includes several well-dated deposits in several buildings such as Bathhouse, a Peristyle House and related spaces. These ceramic deposits yielded significant fine red slipped and coarse wares from the late antique period. A table amphora form named AF1 from Arycanda has morphologically unique specifications according to its clay specifications. The ceramic data from the deposits at Arycanda have been shown that AF1 was in heavy use in the V th century A.D. According to technical observations on the fired clays of the Arycanda examples indicated here, eastern Lycian workshops might have produced these vessels. Analogical comparisons of morphologies and clays suggest that this form spread out to other parts of Lycia and the surrounding regions in Late Antiquity. Similar examples from Paphos indicate that AF1 was also possibly exported to Western Cyprus. This paper aims to present and discuss some thoughts on morphological specifications, chronology, possible production sites, and distributions of AF1.

"Mosaic Glass bowl and plates from Arykanda Excavations (The seasons of 1993-2007)
pp. 213-236
"Abstract
During the excavations of Arykanda in Lycia, several small fragments of mosaic glass have been found
from the Hellenistic and early Roman Imperial levels. Although the proposed production centres of mosaic
glassware lie in the east like Alexandria and Antioch these finds are very rare in Turkey, mostly as single finds from
necropoleis. Arykanda material provides first group to be published from Turkey found from mainly domestic
areas of the city and these show that mosaic glass was commonly used here."

The book is very nicely done and very lowly priced; I would suggest everyone to buy it while it is available, as it was printed in small numbers only.

WORKSHOP SUMMARY LCP editor Andrea Berlin opened the proceedings by offering seven reasons to submit material to the LCP: The LCP can help you figure out how to think about your pottery and refine your ideas. When you do change your mind, it's fine! You can always edit your entries, add more information, change associations, etc. We are building a tool for the long run-because we know that there is always more to discover and learn. The LCP can help remind you of useful information to collect (e.g., break photos). The LCP can help direct other people to your work-and to you! Viewers can find an example, see a bibliographic citation and/or contributor name-and then just click on your name and send you an email. In this way we expand our scholarly networks. The LCP helps you learn about new information quickly. You can set your own LCP notifications according to frequency (immediately, daily, weekly), mode (by email or by a notice within the site itself), and topic (according to periods, places, and shapes-e.g., only amphoras). The LCP is a partner for print publication. Submit data to the LCP and then use the "get citation" button for a publication-compatible reference. When new information is added to that LCP page, the reference in the print publication will automatically be updated, which helps keep older publications relevant. Contributing to the LCP makes you part of a community of scholars, now and in the future.

... | Ayuda. Roman military equipment at Arycanda. Autores: Alptekin Oransay; Localización: Journal of roman military equipment studies, ISSN 0961-3684, Nº 12-13, 2001 , pag. 85. © 2001-2010 Universidad de La Rioja · Todos los derechos reservados. XHTML 1.0; UTF‑8.

... | Ayuda. Roman military equipment at Arycanda. Autores: Alptekin Oransay; Localización: Journal of roman military equipment studies, ISSN 0961-3684, Nº 12-13, 2001 , pag. 85. © 2001-2010 Universidad de La Rioja · Todos los derechos reservados. XHTML 1.0; UTF‑8.

This is a copy of my MA thesis written in 1996. It is already out of date, as I covered the same subject with new finds in my PhD thesis in 2002 in which all the apparent mistakes in this thesis was corrected and new material was added. Therefore, almost all results, catalogue ant etc. in this thesis had already changed 6 years later in my PhD thesis. I will post a copy of that too when it becomes available through YÖK. See details of the note for the PhD thesis as well.

1996 yılında yazılmış yüksek lisans tezim şimdiden eskidi, çünkü içindeki materyali 2002 yılında bitirdiğim doktora tezimde tekrar ele aldım ve yeni örnekler ekleyerek (1000 küsur tanenin üzerinde!) hataları düzelttim. Doğal olarak taktir edersiniz ki, bu tezde mevcut sonuçların hiç birisi artık tam anlamıyla doğru olamaz:) Bu nedenle aslında asıl henüz PDFsi olmayan doktora tezime bakmanızı tavsiye ederim. (ki o da eskidi doğal olarak). Doktora tezindeki notu da okuyunuz.