Blade

In Southwest Asia, sickle blades first appear early in the sequence of the transition to agriculture. In the past, detailed qualitative research on silica bearing blade stone tools focus on the characterization of use-wear traces such as polish types and accrual rates. In this paper we approach the study of sickle blades slightly different, choosing to examine tool life-history by developing a method to quantitatively estimate harvesting intensity. The method centers on an experiment of cutting cereal stalks and measuring stone blade edge thickness under a scanning electron microscope as a proxy for cutting time. We end with regressing the experimental results to provide an estimation of how intensively archaeological sickle blades recovered from the site of Dhra’, Jordan were used for harvesting. The results, while preliminary, enable an initial interpretation of sickle blades as important tools with long use-life histories during the early Neolithic in the Southern Levant.

This book addresses what a superhero body can do by developing several “x-rays” of the superbody’s sensoria, anatomic structures, internal systems, cellular organizations, and orthotic, chemical, or technological enhancements. In short, these x-rays offer what we might describe as a metamorpho-physiological approach to the superheroes in feature films, theatrical cartoon shorts, and Netflix television series. This approach examines the ways in which the “substance” of superheroes, which includes their masks, costumes, chevrons, weapons, and auras, extends into the diegetic environment of the film, transgressing it, transforming it, and corporealizing it, making it emblematic of the shape, dimensions, contours, and organismic workings of one or more of our major organs, members, orifices, fluids, or cell clusters. Thus the superhero film, as this study claims, works to make us more aware of the mutability, adaptability, modifiability, and virtual capabilities of our own flesh.

Summary. In this article1 it is demonstrated through empirical observation that Bronze Age swords were functional and efficient weapons. Their use in real combat is testified by recurring patterns of blade damage and resharpening. Furthermore, ritual depositions of swords with unrepaired scars on the blade demonstrate the prehistoric roots of the Celtic–Germanic–Greek ritual of sacrificing weapons after a victorious fight.

The unsteady flow field in the vicinity of a NACA 63-215 hydrofoil in a closed-loop water channel at Reynolds number of Re ≈ 29103 is investigated experimentally. A Tomographic Particle Image Velocimetry (TomoPIV) is used to determine the velocity field in the near-wake region of the studied hydrofoil. The manufactured hydrofoil was mounted on the 3D traverse and installed vertically in the water tunnel test section. The TomoPIV measurement volume was performed in a voxel with the volume of 164 × 168 × 82 mm3 (X, Y, Z). Vortex identification techniques including Q-criterion and λci criterion, together with helicity of flow are evaluated in the wake of the hydrofoil. Vorticity and swirling strength are used to further understand the location and behavior of the dynamic pattern of the vortex shedding in the trailing edge of the hydrofoil. The vorticity magnitudes as they transport downstream is explored to dissipate their energy in the wake. The flow pattern reflects a turbulent behavior required for higher efficiency of the designed hydrofoil. The results are compared with literature. This work obtains a validated model for the wind farm case and will be a basis of the ocean current turbine arrays wake structure analysis.

A water turbine is one of the most important parts to generate electricity in hydroelectric power plants. The generation of hydroelectric power is relatively cheaper than the power generated by other sources. There are various types of turbines such as Pelton Turbine, Cross flow Turbine, and Francis Turbine which are being used in Myanmar. In this paper, one of the hydroelectric power plant which is used Vertical Francis Turbine type. The Francis turbine is one of the powerful turbine types. Francis Turbine is a type of water turbine that was developed by James Bicheno Francis. Hydroelectric Power Plant, Thaukyegat No.2, is selected to design the runner. This Vertical Francis Turbine is designed to produce 40 MW electric powers from the head of 65 m and flow rate of 70.10m3 s. The design parameters of 40 MW Vertical Francis Turbine runner's diameter, height, elevation, shaft, numbers of blades and blade angles are calculated. The initial value of turbine output is assumed as 94 ...

The purpose of this paper is to provide water supply from wind energy for local area. Wind energy is one the lowest-priced renewable energy technologies available today. The horizontal axis wind pump is designed to derive 48W pump. The blades of wind pump are designed by using the NACA 64-215 series. The multi-blade wind pump can produce 51W. 48W pump can be used with low speed. Blade is divided into 8 elements with equal length forming 9 sections throughout the blade. The blade length is obtained 0.701 m and rotor swept area is 2.5847 m 2. Diameter of rotor is 1.8288 m. The rotor speed is 157 rpm. Therefore, the transmission system is used to get less revolution from output shaft of the wind pump. The speed-down spur gear (315 mm diameter, 5 mm module, face width 0.785 mm and 63 teeth) are used. The design of pinion is 140 mm diameter, 5 mm module, face width 0.785 mm and 30 teeth. Material of spur gear and pinion are selected with cast steel.For utilization of household wind generation, the calculation of rotor swept area and selection for height of tower is the most important factor. The technical data, capacity and testing results of the designed wind pump are also presented.

Wind turbine blade is a key element to convert wind energy in to mechanical power. This work presents functional design and aerodynamic design of an eight hundred mm long blade of a six hundred W horizontal axis micro wind turbine using NACA4412 profile. Functional design of blade is carried out by considering use of electrical appliances to meet need of a rural house for low wind speed region. Various theories are available and used by designers for blade design. The chord and twist angle distributions of the preliminary blade design are determined. The preliminary blade design does not necessarily provide the best power performance under practical operation conditions and needs to follow further modifications and calculations. Also, a reasonable compromise between high efficiency and good staring is expected. The optimization with the objective of enhancement of power performance and low speed starting behavior is carried out. Though, hub region contributes little to overall power...

Eigenvalue problems of grouped turbo blades were numerically formulated using a radial basis function. This study investigated different boundary conditions, which accompany the radial basis function, for transforming partial differential equations of grouped turbo blades into a discrete eigenvalue problem. The numerical results show the validity and efficiency of the radial basis function for solving this problem. The crack depth considerably affects the dynamic behavior of grouped turbo blades.

Après l’enlèvement de la stèle gravée dite du « Chef de tribu », attribuée au Chalcolithique, érigée à 2290 m d’altitude dans le chaos de blocs du torrent des Merveilles, dans la région du mont Bego, à Tende, les prélèvements des terres accumulées sous la roche ont livré, après tamisage, une lame de faucille en silex Bédoulien, beige clair, translucide, très fin et homogène, débitée par pression sur nucléus chauffé, et portant un lustrage peu développé, provoqué par le moissonnage des céréales. Cette lame de faucille rappelle celles qui ont été largement utilisées dans la culture chasséenne méridionale (4300 à 3000 ans avant notre ère) mais aussi parfois dans la culture campaniforme, à l’âge du Bronze ancien et même à l’âge du Bronze moyen, comme à la grotte Murée, dans les gorges du Verdon. La situation de cette lame faucille au pied de la stèle gravée dite du « Chef de tribu », dans un paysage minéral, n’est certainement pas fortuite et il est hautement probable qu’elle a été déposée intentionnellement auprès de cette roche. C’est vraisemblablement au cours d’une cérémonie rituelle que cette lame de faucille, alors qu’elle était peut être encore enchâssée dans un manche en bois, a été déposée intentionnellement, en geste propitiatoire ou en offrande, auprès de la stèle dite du « Chef de tribu ».The carved stele known as the “head of the tribe”, attributed to the Chalcolithic, erected at an altitude of 2290 m in the chaos of blocks in the Merveilles torrent in the Mont Bego region at Tende, was removed from its original standing place. Earth extracted from under the stele and sieved yielded a sickle blade in very fine and homogeneous Bedoulian pale biege translucid flint, pressure flaked on a heated core. The blade bears a light polish caused by cereal harvesting. This sickle blade is similar to those widely used in the southern Chassey culture (4300 to 3000 years before our era) but also sometimes in the Campaniform culture, during the ancient and middle Bronze age, like in Murée cave, in the Verdon gorges. The location of the sickle blade at the foot of the carved stele, known as the “head of the tribe”, is not just coincidental. It is highly probable that the blade was intentionally placed beside this rock. It is seemingly during a ritual ceremony that this sickle blade, probably still inserted in a wooden handle, was intentionally placed, in a propitious gesture or as an offering, beside the stele known as the “head of the tribe”.

Blood has many contexts. It creates an affinity to others. It can be worshipped in a reliquary. It can instil horror when copious amounts are outside of the body. Blood represents life and the idea of it being taken without consent strikes a particular fear, worse than the loss of any other bodily fluid. The Christian Bible states in Leviticus 17:11 "the life of a creature is in the blood." In worldwide mythologies, there is only one creature known for its consistent conquest of blood. Vampires prey on the vulnerable, the weak and the criminal; having to coerce, entrance or outright kill in order to slake their thirst. Some vampires hunt indiscriminately; others prefer a targeted approach. Some always kill their victims; others devise a way to leave their prey alive.
Across several vampiric themes in movies and television, there are underlying different motivations when it comes to be pursuit of blood. In the traditional horror genre, blood is taken by any means necessary with no regard for whether the human victim survives the encounter. The hunt for blood is akin to a predator stalking prey. The main objective is to instil fear.
In the more romantic genre, blood is given freely by a human to a vampire or exchanged blood between two vampires as an act of love, trust and commitment. A relationship, romantic or plutonic, must be formed and this requires some social skills on the part of the vampire to persuade humans to give what is in their nature not to share.
This paper will analyse a number of differing faiths’ attitude towards blood, the methodology and effects of vampires drinking blood, its benefits or detriments and how the very act of taking or being given blood provides different contexts. This paper will also explore the consequences of vampires not drinking blood; what happens to the demons who refuse to partake in their natural instinct.
The drinking of blood can increase power and strength, it can quell an immense thirst and it can be deadly, to vampire and human. As Spike from Buffy the Vampire Slayer professes ‘It's what keeps you going, makes you warm, makes you hard, makes you other than dead’.

http://www.historyofemotions.org.au/events/blood/

Virtual slides are digital facsimiles of glass microscope slides that, when viewed with a pan and zoom viewer, can emulate viewing a glass slide with a traditional microscope. Based on successful implementation of virtual slides in medical student histology and pathology courses at the University of Iowa, we developed a plan to evaluate the use of virtual slides in the American Association for Cancer Research's annual Pathobiology of Cancer Workshop. In this Workshop, nonphysician predoctoral students and postdoctoral fellows working in cancer research explore the morphological, clinical, and molecular aspects of human cancer. Over the course of a week, students examine approximately 100 glass slides in microscope laboratories, facilitated by senior cancer investigators. The goal of the present study was to evaluate virtual slides as a teaching modality in these laboratories, not as a replacement for traditional microscopy, but rather in terms of their utility in facilitating st...

ABSTRACT Salvage excavation of a small Maya temple-pyramid at the site of Caledonia in the Cayo District of western Belize has revealed a Classic period vaulted tomb containing the remains of multiple individuals. The rich ceramic assemblage from the burial included transitional Tzakol 3-Tepeu 1 (A.C. 450-650) vessels (17 in total), along with obsidian blades, carved jade and shell jewelry, and other stone artifacts. Osteological examination of the human skeletal remains indicates at least eight individuals of both sexes were interred, as well as one child. On the basis of the tomb size, architectural, artifactual, and osteological remains, and a radiocarbon determination, it is likely that the Caledonia tomb was utilized over several centuries, possibly as an elite Maya family crypt. Following the last interment in the tomb the temple-pyramid was enlarged and topped by a vaulted superstructure with associated ceramics dating to Tepeu 3 times. A description of the site, tomb, osteology, and artifacts is provided along with a discussion of Maya multiple burials and funerary customs.

In Siberia, the accumulation of radiocarbon dates from archaeological sites since the 1960s makes it possible to compile a general Paleolithic 14C database, which contains about 440 entries as of late 2005. With these data, we can reveal the main chronological patterns of Paleolithic complexes, with a focus on the late Middle Paleolithic (Mousterian) and Upper Paleolithic. The 14C dates

Résumé/Abstract Gisement de plein air du Paléolithique moyen du nord de la France, vraisemblablement une halte de chasseurs dont ont été reconnues cinq phases d'occupation qui se sont succédé sur près de 40 000 ans, le site de Bettencourt-Saint-...

It has been suggested that many behavioral innovations, said to appear during the late Middle Stone Age in sub-Saharan Africa, facilitated the expansion of anatomically modern humans from Africa and the Near East into Europe at about 50 kyr; the process eventually led to the replacement of Neanderthals by modern humans and the emergence of the Upper Paleolithic. However, assemblages in this time range are little known in South Africa. In fact, the transition from Middle to the Later Stone Age in Southern Africa is controversial. The early appearance in South Africa of many innovations, such as sophisticated knapping techniques (e.g. the use of soft hammer or indirect percussion in blade production, of composite tools, of microlithic and bladelet technologies) remains to be established through technological analysis.We present here the first results of a project designed to carry out detailed technological studies of several lithic assemblages in South Africa and France dated to the transition period. At this time we have completed the study of a post-Howiesons Poort assemblage from the rock shelter site of Sibudu.The >2 m deep stratigraphic sequence of Sibudu extends from Howiesons Poort at its base to final Middle Stone Age, directly under Iron Age layers. We have analyzed in detail layer RSP (ca. 53 kyr, 1 m above the Howiesons Poort levels) which has provided a large assemblage of several thousand stone artifacts. Compared to published MSA assemblages this industry is unusual for the very high proportions of retouched pieces (15%). The technology is not very elaborate and there is no strong standardization of the end-products. There are no flakes of predetermined shapes; retouch is used to modify irregular flakes to obtain desired edges. Knapping of flakes and blades is done by hard hammer; soft hammer is used only for retouching tools. Interestingly the older Howiesons Poort blades were produced on the same raw materials by soft hammer. Raw material (hornfels and dolerite) was procured from distances of less than 20 km. Unifacial points are the dominant type and there is strong evidence of hafting and use as spear armatures. Detailed comparisons with Middle Paleolithic assemblages of Western Europe show that the late Middle Stone Age technology in South Africa is very similar to that of the Middle Paleolithic; in fact we see no fundamental differences between the two entities, as far as lithic technology is concerned. Implications for the Out of Africa hypothesis are discussed.