Blood Donors

In two previously described donors, the extracellular domain of LAIR1, a collagen-binding inhibitory receptor encoded on chromosome 19 (ref. 1), was inserted between the V and DJ segments of an antibody. This insertion generated, through somatic mutations, broadly reactive antibodies against RIFINs, a type of variant antigen expressed on the surface of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. To investigate how frequently such antibodies are produced in response to malaria infection, we screened plasma from two large cohorts of individuals living in malaria-endemic regions. Here we report that 5-10% of malaria-exposed individuals, but none of the European blood donors tested, have high levels of LAIR1-containing antibodies that dominate the response to infected erythrocytes without conferring enhanced protection against febrile malaria. By analysing the antibody-producing B cell clones at the protein, cDNA and gDNA levels, we characterized additional LAIR1 insertions between the...

Hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) is one of the most widespread, chronic viral infections in sub-Saharan Africa, and parts of South America. Therefore, efforts are being made to implement strategies aimed at reducing the incidence of hepatitis B viral infections. One route of HBV transmission is through unsafe blood transfusion, which could occur from the use of less sensitive laboratory diagnostic kits. Information on the sensitivity and specificity of these kits is however limited in many developing countries. This study was therefore performed to describe the prevalence of HBV infections and also to evaluate the performance of five rapid immunochromatographic kits commonly used in Ghana. A cross-sectional study was designed to describe the prevalence of HBsAg infection and also evaluate the performance of rapid kits used for screening hepatitis B in the northern part of Ghana. A total of 164 prospective blood donors were enrolled in this study from January 2012 to December 2013. ...

This study evaluated the causes of declining frequency of voluntary blood donations among educated elites as seen at the blood bank of University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria, over the last decade. The number of blood units received from educated elite donors during a 10-year period (1995-2004) at the blood bank were determined and expressed as percentages of total donations collected annually. The reasons for elite donor default were obtained through the use of questionnaires filled by defaulting donors. The proportion of educated elite donations steadily fell from 28% in 1995 to 7% in 2004. Reasons for defaulting from voluntary blood donations included fear for HIV screening in 86.7% of respondents, economic hardship/poor nourishment in 50.6% of respondents, changed address/logistic difficulties in 4.8% of respondents and ill health in 2.4% of respondents. Therefore, the steady fall in the proportion of elite donors over the years was mainly due to fear of HI...

Cord-blood banks have increased the use of cord-blood transplantation in patients with hematologic disorders. We have established a registry containing information on the outcome of cord-blood transplantation. We sent questionnaires to 45 transplantation centers for information on patients receiving cord-blood transplants from 1988 to 1996. Reports on 143 transplantations, performed at 45 centers, were studied, and the responses were analyzed separately according to whether the donor was related or unrelated to the recipient. Among 78 recipients of cord blood from related donors, the Kaplan-Meier estimate of survival at one year was 63 percent. Younger age, lower weight, transplants from HLA-identical donors, and cytomegalovirus-negative serologic results in the recipient were favorable prognostic factors. Graft-versus-host-disease of at least grade II occurred at estimated rates of 9 percent in 60 recipients of HLA-matched cord blood and 50 percent in 18 recipients of HLA-mismatched cord blood. Neutrophil engraftment was associated with an age of less than six years (P = 0.02) and a weight of less than 20 kg (P = 0.02), and it occurred in 85 percent of patients receiving 37 million or more nucleated cells per kilogram of body weight. Among 65 patients who received cord blood from unrelated donors, the Kaplan-Meier estimate of survival at one year was 29 percent. Cytomegalovirus-negative serologic status in these recipients was associated with improved survival (P = 0.03) and was the most important predictor of graft-versus-host disease (P = 0.04). Neutrophil recovery occurred in 94 percent of the patients who received 37 million or more nucleated cells per kilogram from unrelated donors. Cord blood is a feasible alternative source of hematopoietic stem cells for pediatric and some adult patients with major hematologic disorders, particularly if the donor and the recipient are related.

BACKGROUND: Antibodies against the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) in donors' blood are implicated in the development of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). Screening of female donors for HLA antibodies has been introduced to prevent TRALI; however, the relationship of HLA antibody strength in the transfused components to the development of TRALI has not been evaluated in detail.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Donors involved in 1038 cases of nonhemolytic transfusion reactions (NHTRs) including 283 cases of TRALI were screened for HLA antibodies by the fluorescence beads method. HLA antibody specificity and strength were analyzed in detail. The usefulness of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for screening HLA antibodies was also evaluated.RESULT: Among 21 cases of TRALI, four cases of possible TRALI, and five cases of other NHTRs, the sum of mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of donors' HLA antibodies to patients' cognate antigen(s) was determined in 18, four, and three cases, respectively. The sum of MFI in TRALI cases was significantly higher than that in other NHTR cases (p < 0.05). When HLA antibody–positive samples were reevaluated by ELISA, the ELISA optical density ratio was significantly higher in donors' samples associated with TRALI than in those associated with other NHTRs (p < 0.01)CONCLUSIONS: A correlation between the HLA antibody strength and development of TRALI was indicated. The antibody strength measured by ELISA could be used as the basis for the screening of HLA antibodies in place of the fluorescence beads method. This study provided clues to the establishment of a cutoff value for HLA antibody screening in an evidence-based manner for the prevention of TRALI.

Introduction: This study investigated the seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody against hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV), antibody against human immunodeficiency virus type 1/2 (anti-HIV 1/2), and antibody against Treponema pallidum (anti-Treponemal or syphilis antibody) in healthy volunteer blood donors, and assessed their distribution according to the years and genders.
Methodology: HBsAg, anti-HCV, anti-HIV ½, and syphilis screening results of a total of 266,035 healthy volunteer blood donors who had been admitted for blood donation to the Regional Blood Center of Dicle University Hospital between January 2000 and December 2010 were evaluated, retrospectively. HBsAg, anti-HCV, and anti-HIV 1/2 screening were performed using a fully automated device with the microparticle enzyme immunoassay method (MEIA). Syphilis screening was performed by Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) carbon test between January 2000 and December 2009, and by using a fully automated device with the MEIA method between January 2010 and December 2010.
Results: Of 266,035 healthy volunteer blood donors, 259,384 (97.5%) were male and 6,651 (2.5%) were female. Statistically, there was not any significant difference between male and female genders for HBsAg, anti-HCV and syphilis seropositivities (P = 0.729, P = 0.748, and P = 0.861, respectively). HBsAg was found to be positive in 8,422 (3.17%), anti-HCV in 1,703 (0.64%), anti-HIV 1/2 in one (0.0004%) of 266,035 healthy volunteer blood donors, and syphilis antibody with RPR in 166 (0.07%) of 246,341 healthy volunteer blood donors.
Conclusion: Blood donor forms should be carefully tailored to improve the identification of possible risks of transfusion-transmitted infections.

Key words: blood transfusion; blood donors; hepatitis B surface antigens; hepatitis C antibodies; HIV seropositivity; syphilis

La déclaration des effets indésirables graves survenant à l’occasion du prélèvement d’un don du sang ou de ses composants est une obligation réglementaire. L’intérêt de ce dispositif de veille et de surveillance réside dans l’exploitation des données collectées. Cet article fait le point sur l’organisation du système déclaratif français et sur la prise en charge des principaux effets indésirables connus et déclarés.The notification of serious adverse events occurring resulting from the collection of blood or blood components is a statutory requirement. The value of this set of surveillance procedures is the use of data collected. This article focuses on the organization of the French notification system, and the management of the main side effects known and reported.

Alternatives to donor blood have been developed in part to meet increasing demand. However, new biotechnologies are often associated with increased perceptions of risk and low acceptance. This paper reviews developments of alternatives and presents data, from a field-based experiment in the UK and Holland, on the risks and acceptance of donor blood and alternatives (chemical, genetically modified and bovine). UK groups perceived all substitutes as riskier than the Dutch. There is a negative association between perceived risk and acceptability. Solutions to increasing acceptance are discussed in terms of implicit attitudes, product naming and emotional responses.

Automation systems and information technology can greatly help medical facilities to improve their working efficiency and optimize the whole workflow. This article surveys electronic information management in blood donation and transfusion service, and explores the rationale and archetype of blood bank information systems, then exemplifies a successful in-running system—Sistema Integrado de Bancos de Sangue (SIBAS), which is developed by the Institute of Systems and Computer Engineering of Macau (INESC-Macau) in cooperation with the Macau Blood Transfusion Center (CTS-Macau). Its implementation and the related lessons are briefly introduced too. In essence, this article is oriented to serve as a reference of contemporary blood bank information systems.

This paper emphasizes how marketing can make a difference in repeat donations by volunteer blood donors, since the greatest challenge for health institutions is to maintain and increase blood donation. In this context, understanding volunteer donors' motivations is highly important, and the studies reported here demonstrate that several variables are relevant to blood donation. The huge number of patients in need of blood transfusions and the lack of sufficient blood and blood products justify the interest in this study, considering both donors' and blood banks' perspectives. Moreover, recognition of the importance of actions and orientation for donors is fundamental for developing a marketing strategy. It is thus relevant for health institutions to identify donors' actual needs and wishes.

Long before his last book, The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy, was published in early 1971, Richard M. Titmuss (1907–1973), a professor of social administration at the London School of Economics, had been a major figure in the debates over the welfare state. The Gift Relationship was the culmination of an eventful relationship with the Institute of Economic Affairs, a think tank that advocated the extension of rational pricing to social services. By arguing that the British system of blood procurement and distribution, based on free giving within the National Health Service, was more efficient than the partly commercialized American system, Titmuss intended to signal the dangers of the increasing commercialization of society. What made for the impact of his book, however, was not merely its argument that transfusion-transmitted infections were much more common with paid than with voluntary donors, but also its reflections on what it is that holds a society together. And here Titmuss argued that a “socialist” social policy, by encouraging the sense of community, played a central role. The eclecticism of Titmuss’s work, together with its strong ethical and political flavor, makes it a rich and original account of the “social” at a time when heated debates over social policy, both in Britain and in the United States, raised the question of the division of labor among the social sciences.

ABSTRAK

VIDEO SOSIALISASI PENTINGNYA DONOR DARAH BERBASIS ANIMASI 2 DIMENSI

Nama : I Gde Putu Adi Agastya
NIM : 12101002
Program Studi : Teknik Informatika
Dosen Pembimbing : Ni Wayan Sumartini Saraswati, M.T
Komang Trisnadewi, S.S., M.Hum.

Abstrak
Donor darah merupakan suatu kegiatan dimana individu atau orang yang menyumbangkan darahnya, dengan tujuan untuk membantu yang lain khususnya yang pada kondisi memerlukan suplai darah. Kebutuhan kantong darah di Kota Denpasar mencapai 100 hingga 200 kantong darah per hari. Namun masih banyak masyarakat yang enggan untuk melakukan donor darah dan salah satu alasannya adalah rasa takut terhadap jarum suntik, padahal donor darah memberikan manfaat yang baik untuk kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membangun video sosialisasi pentingnya donor darah berbasis animasi 2 dimensi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pengumpulan data primer dan sekunder yang mana akan dianalisis untuk nantinya menjadi informasi. Video sosialisasi ini dibangun dengan menjalani tahap pra produksi, produksi dan pasca produksi. Hasil akhir pengujian video dari masing - masing kategori pernyataan aspek penyampaian pesan dan aspek media menunjukkan persentase diatas 80%, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas responden menyatakan sangat setuju bahwa video yang dibuat memberikan informasi yang jelas tentang donor darah.

Kata kunci: Donor darah, animasi, video sosialisasi.

This paper focuses on the classification and the recent trends associated with it. It presents a survey of the classification system and clarifies how classification and data mining are related both to each other. Classification is arranging the blood donor dataset into the predefined group and helpful to predict group membership for data instances. This enables users to search target donors become easier because the blood stocks always required replacing expired stocks after a certain period and useful in emergency demands such as surgery and blood transfusion. This paper has also sought to identify the research area in classification to fulfill gaps where further work can be carried on.