Botanical Insecticides

ABSTRACT: The Rhyzopertha dominica F. (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) is a primary pest of stored grains in many regions of the world. In this work we evaluated the fumigant activity of essential oils of Ocimum basilicum L., Citrus aurantium L., Mentha spicata L. and Croton pulegiodorus Baill on adult R. dominica in stored maize. Tests were conducted to determine lethals concentrations (CL50 and CL100) and mortality (fumigation).The fumigation test was done in containers made of glass containing 10 individuals of R. dominica, where essential oils were applied at different concentrations: O. basilicum and M. spicata (5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40µL/L of air), C. aurantium (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60µL/L of air) and C. pulegiodorus (0, 20, 30, 50, 70 and 90µL/L of air). After 48 hours of exposure to the oils the percentage of insect mortality was evaluated. According to LC50 and LC100 the toxicity of essential oils decreased in the following order: O. basilicum> M. spicata> C. pulegiodorus...

La revalorización de la biodiversidad peruana utilizando extractos vegetales ricos en metabolitos secundarios para utilizarlos en el control de plagas requiere, en primera instancia, el conocimiento de su toxicidad ambiental para evitar el posible impacto ambiental y sus cadena tróficas que sin duda alguna es el camino requerido hacia el desarrollo sostenible. Por tal motivo, este trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar la toxicidad de los extractos acuoso, etanólico y hexánico de tres especies vegetales provenientes de la Amazonía peruana: mucura (Petiveria alliacea), huito (Genipa americana) y teta de vaca (Solanum mammosum); a través de bioensayos de toxicidad aguda con Daphnia magna durante 48 h de exposición se determinaron los valores de concentración letal media (CL50). Los resultados obtenidos para cada especie vegetal y sus extractos respectivos fueron: P. alliacea (711.18, 255.50, 65.36) mg.L-1, G. americana (508.07, 154.35, 20.64) mg.L-1, S. mammosum (380.07,...

Ulomoides dermestoides (Fairmaire, 1893), conocido comúnmente como gorgojo del maní, es un insecto perteneciente al orden Coleoptera, familia tenebrionidae; se caracteriza por ser plaga de distintos granos almacenados como el maní, maíz, avena, entre otros; generando grandes pérdidas económicas. La azadiractina es un triterpenoide presente en las hojas, semillas y tronco del árbol Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem), perteneciente a la familia Meliaceae, que ha demostrado efecto biocida en diferentes plagas actuando a nivel reproductivo, hormonal, digestivo y neurológico, sin causar efectos nocivos al ecosistema. En este estudio se evaluó el efecto biocida y repelente del extracto y polvo de hojas de A. indica sobre U. dermestoides, mediante la pulverización de las hojas deshidratadas por 48 h a 40°C y el extracto de las mismas por hidrodestilación. El diseño experimental para evaluar el efecto biocida y repelente consistió en dos grupos con diluciones con agua destilada en proporción...

Armyworm (Spodoptera litura F.) is one of the important pests on the plant mustard greens. The purpose of this research is to get the type of pesticide that is effective gives the highest effect on mortality and the intensity of the attack armyworm (Spodoptera litura F.) in the mustard plant (Brassica juncea L.). The method used is the experimental method while the design of experiment used was Complete Random Design (RAL) a single factor for the observation of mortality and a Randomized block Design (RAK) single factor for the observation of the intensity consisting of 8 treatments with 4 replications. The standard treatment P0 (Control/No Treatment), P1 (Papaya Leaf Extract 300 g/l), P2 (Papaya Leaf Extract 500 g/l), P3 (Extract of the Stem of Lemongrass 120 g/l), P4 (Extract of the Stem of Lemongrass 160 g/l), P5 (Extract of Neem Leaves 300 g/l), P6 (Extract of Neem Leaves 500 g/l) and P7 (Karbosulfan 2ml/l). The results showed that the application of some type of pesticide (Papa...

Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) is a highly detrimental insect pest of wheat, causing critical damage to a diverse variety of precious food products during storage. It is a globally distributed insect pest with remarkable adaptability to survive in diverse atmospheric conditions. Synthetic insecticides and fumigation have been the major choices for insect pest management on a global scale. However, the utilization of chemicals results in adverse consequences for both environmental ecosystems and human well-being. Consequently, the exploration of sustainable options has become a critical need in recent times. This study aims to promote insect pest management using biological approaches. To accomplish this objective, laboratory experiments were undertaken to assess the efficacy of neem (Azadirachta indica) and its derivatives, viz., bark, seed, leaf and flower against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). The assessments were made by measuring the percentages of adult mortality and adult emergence. The findings of this study revealed that each treatment efficiently induced adult mortality and significantly reduced the percentage of adult emergence in comparison to the control. Subsequently, neem seed powder was found to be superior among treatments, exhibiting the highest adult mortality and the lowest percentage of adult emergence, followed by neem leaf, neem bark, and neem flower. The present investigation demonstrated that neem and its derivatives exhibit insecticidal activities, thereby emerging as a potential alternative for synthetic pest management techniques.

The interest in the use of monoterpenes for insect pest and pathogen control originates from the need for pesticide products with less negative environmental and health impacts than highly effective synthetic pesticides. The expanding literature on the possibility of the use of these monoterpenes is reviewed and focused on the effects of limonene on various bioorganisms. Limonene is used as insecticide to control ectoparasites of pet animals, but it has activity against many insects, mites, and microorganisms. Possible attractive effects of limonene to natural enemies of pests may offer novel applications to use natural compounds for manipulation of beneficial animals in organic agriculture. However, in few cases limonene-treated plants have become attractive to plant damaging insects and phytotoxic effects on cultivated plants have been observed. As a plant-based natural product limonene and other monoterpenes might have use in pest and weed control in organic agriculture after phy...

La revalorización de la biodiversidad peruana utilizando extractos vegetales ricos en metabolitos secundarios para utilizarlos en el control de plagas requiere, en primera instancia, el conocimiento de su toxicidad ambiental para evitar el posible impacto ambiental y sus cadena tróficas que sin duda alguna es el camino requerido hacia el desarrollo sostenible. Por tal motivo, este trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar la toxicidad de los extractos acuoso, etanólico y hexánico de tres especies vegetales provenientes de la Amazonía peruana: mucura (Petiveria alliacea), huito (Genipa americana) y teta de vaca (Solanum mammosum); a través de bioensayos de toxicidad aguda con Daphnia magna durante 48 h de exposición se determinaron los valores de concentración letal media (CL50). Los resultados obtenidos para cada especie vegetal y sus extractos respectivos fueron: P. alliacea (711.18, 255.50, 65.36) mg.L-1, G. americana (508.07, 154.35, 20.64) mg.L-1, S. mammosum (380.07,...

The study was conducted in the Laboratory of Plant Science and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Lafia, Nasarawa State to investigate the insecticidal potency of three spices powder namely black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), ginger (Zingiber officinale L.), and true green (Ellectaria cardamom L.), against wheat weevil (Tribolium castaneum) on stored wheat grain. Spices powder was added separately to 20g of wheat grain in plastic containers at four dosages 0.15, 0.27, 0.37, and 0.5% (w/w) while control had no spices powder. Twenty insect pests (Tribolium castaneum) were introduced into each container. Mortality counted in each treatment was recorded after 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days. All treatments were replicated three times. Variations were significantly observed in the overall effect of different plant powders on the mortality of weevils extracted from wheat kernel. Weevils treated with Piper nigrum powder exhibited the highest mean mortality (16.37), followed by Ellectari...

Tephrosia vogelii is a plant species chemically characterized by the presence of entomotoxic rotenoids and used widely across Africa as a botanical pesticide. Phytochemical analysis was conducted to establish the presence and abundance of the bioactive principles in this species across three countries in East Africa: Tanzania, Kenya, and Malawi. Analysis of methanolic extracts of foliar parts of T. vogelii revealed the occurrence of two distinct chemotypes that were separated by the presence of rotenoids in one, and flavanones and flavones that are not bioactive against insects on the other. Specifically, chemotype 1 contained deguelin as the major rotenoid along with tephrosin, and rotenone as a minor component, while these compounds were absent from chemotype 2, which contained previously reported flavanones and flavones including obovatin-3-O-methylether. Chemotype 3 contained a combination of the chemical profiles of both chemotype 1 and 2 suggesting a chemical hybrid. Plant sam...

O Bioma Amazonia e reconhecido por sua relevância para o clima global e por sua alta biodiversidade, a qual apresenta imenso potencial para a producao de compostos secundarios de plantas, que tem sido demandados tanto pela industria, como tambem para uso nos cultivos orgânicos. Na transformacao sustentavel dessa biodiversidade, muitas vezes sao obtidos produtos de aplicacao pratica na agropecuaria, destacando-se os inseticidas botânicos. Nesse contexto faz-se necessario, na maioria das vezes, recorrer aos conhecimentos tradicionais, pela maneira peculiar como sao construidos e passados as geracoes que se sucedem. Mesmo considerando que houve, nas ultimas duas decadas, incremento significativo de acoes de pesquisa e desenvolvimento para obtencao de inseticidas botânicos, existem nesse segmento grandes lacunas de conhecimentos da nossa flora a serem preenchidas. A partir da decada de 1990 a Embrapa Acre vem intensificando atividades de pesquisa no sentido de viabilizar a utilizacao de...

The interest in the use of monoterpenes for insect pest and pathogen control originates from the need for pesticide products with less negative environmental and health impacts than highly effective synthetic pesticides. The expanding literature on the possibility of the use of these monoterpenes is reviewed and focused on the effects of limonene on various bioorganisms. Limonene is used as insecticide to control ectoparasites of pet animals, but it has activity against many insects, mites, and microorganisms. Possible attractive effects of limonene to natural enemies of pests may offer novel applications to use natural compounds for manipulation of beneficial animals in organic agriculture. However, in few cases limonene-treated plants have become attractive to plant damaging insects and phytotoxic effects on cultivated plants have been observed. As a plant-based natural product limonene and other monoterpenes might have use in pest and weed control in organic agriculture after phy...

Chemical control of leaf-cutting ants is widely used, but alternative control with toxic plant extracts is promising. Substances with insecticidal potential extracted from plants have numerous ecological advantages. This study evaluated the insecticidal and/or fungicidal potential of the plants Asclepias curassavica (tropical milkweed), Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) (rosemary) and Equisetum spp. (horsetail) for control of the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel, 1908 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Forty laboratory-reared colonies of Atta sexdens rubropilosa were used. The plants were collected, dried out in a circulating air oven for 48 hours, ground, and macerated in 96o ethanol until exhaustion. After filtration, the products were evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain the ethanolic extracts. Acceptance of the reagent, topical application of the extracts, and application of baits containing 4% of the plant extracts were tested. The results showed that all plan...

Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is economically very important pest of potato and other solanaceous plants in the field and warehouse. Frequent and excessive use of insecticides leads to development of insects resistance, environmental pollution, and lives residues in food. All this implicated as a obligatory applications of botanical insecticides. Research in this area is increasingly attracting attention as the kingdom of plants is an inexhaustible source of active ingredients with insecticidal properties. This is the only way in the registration and appropriate use of eco-friendly active ingredients as pesticides

Sitophilus oryzae L. produces serious damage to stored grains. The use of chemical products in the control  of this pest, have led to the emergence of resistance, accumulation of waste in the environment, intoxications and increased production costs, which requires the search for effective and less  toxic alternatives such as dust of plants.Objective: To evaluate the effect of different concentrations of Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston powder  on Sitophilus oryzae L. in stored corn grains.Configuration and Design: A completely randomized design trial was conducted with the following treatments: 0 (control), 1.5; 2.0; 2.5; 3.0; 3.5 and 4.0% of the powder of the leaves of the  botanical species / weight of corn seeds, with 15 repetitions.Materials and Methods: Adults of S. oryzae fed corn (Zea mays, L.) were used in the trials. The percentage of mortality was determined at 15 and 30 days after the treatment with the powders  and the weight loss of the grains at 55 days after the start of ...

Esta investigación se realizó en Lodana, cantón Santa Ana, provincia de Manabí, durante los meses de octubre a diciembre del 2005, a nivel de campo e invernadero. Se estudió el efecto de derivados del árbol de nim sobre laspoblaciones de la mosca blanca Bemisia tabaci y sus controladores biológicos, además del efecto disuasivo de estas sustancias en la oviposición de B. tabaci en el cultivo de melón. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar enarreglo grupal, con cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos estudiados fueron extracto acuoso de semillas de nim en dosis de 25; 50; 75 y 100 g L−1 y aceite formulado de nim (INBIO-75 R) en dosis de 2,50; 5,00; 7,50 y 10,00mL L−1.Además se incluyó un testigo químico (imidacloprid 1mL L−1) y un testigo con aplicaciones de agua. Se determinó, que de los extractos acuosos, la dosis de 100 g L−1 fue el tratamiento más eficaz, sólo superado por el testigo químicoen el control de ninfas y adultos de B. tabaci. Los compuestos de nim no tuvieron...

Satu buah glikosida oleanan berhasil diisolasi dari biji Barringtonia asiatica . Struktur  senyawa ini ditentukan oleh 1H- dan 13C-NMR satu dan dua dimensi serta oleh perbandingan langsung dengan standar. Senyawa ini menunjukkan aktivitas insektisida yang paling tinggi terhadap Crocidolomia pavonana. Dari penelitian ini diketahui bahwa biji B. asiatica mengandung senyawa insektisida yang paling aktif dengan nilai LC50 sebesar 290 ppm yang potensial untuk aplikasi insektisida. Kata Kunci: Barringtonia asiatica , glikosida oleanan, aktivitas insektisida, Crocidolomia pavonana

Chrysodeixis chalcites Esper is the main pests in soybean plants cultivation that can cause damage up to 90%.  One of controlling was done by using areca nuts (Areca catechu L.) which has a potential as a botanical insecticide. This study aimed to obtain effective concentrations of areca nuts extract to control Chrysodeixis chalcites Esper pests on soybean plants (Glycine max L.). This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Pest and Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Riau University, Pekanbaru from August to November 2018. The study was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design (CRD), which consisted of five treatments and four replications, namely: the concentration areca nuts extract 0 g.l-1 water, 20 g.l-1 water, 40 g.l-1 water, 60 g.l-1 water, and 80 g.l-1 water. The results showed that the concentration of 80 g.l-1 of water was an effective concentration to control Chrysodeixis chalcites pest with an initial death time of 14 hours, lethal ...

Aphis craccivora is a major pest of bean plants that cause a loss of production of between 65.87% and reached more than 90% as a viral vector. Using the tuba root extract as an insecticide is expected to reduce the risk of crop loss by Aphis craccivora. This research aimed to obtain the appropriate concentration of tuba root extract (Derris elliptica Benth) to control Aphis craccivora on long bean. Research conducted experiments using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 6 treatments and 4 replications. Data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance and further tested by (Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test) DNMRT at a rate of 5%. The results showed that the concentration of 2.5 g/l of water extract of tuba root effective for controlling Aphis craccivora with amortality rate of about 92.50%, while mortality beginning approximately 1.25 hours and 11.25 hours LT50.

Laboratory studies were carried out to evaluate the effects of some formulations from Mentha pulegium, Lonchocarpus sericeus, Daphne gnidium, Laurus nobilis, Momordica charantia, Nerium oleander and Ptaeroxylon obliquum as protectants against adult insects of Sitophilus zeamais on stored maize. The dusts from leaves of L. nobilis at 30% w/w caused 86% mortality and reduced F1 progeny emergence up to 57%. At the same concentration, dusts of pink flowers from N. oleander and leaves from L. sericeus reduced the F1 progeny up to 68% and 70%, reduced the developmental index and prolonged the developmental period by 4 and 6 d, respectively. The suspensions (2% v/v) from M. charantia, N. oleander and P. obliquum reduced the F1 progeny emergence up to 58, 91 and 94% and the number of holes in grains by 75, 91 and 97%, respectively. The methanol extracts were more effective than n-hexane extracts and affected the F1 progeny emergence and the developmental index. Keywords : Sitophilus zeamais...

Citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Gracillariidae: Lepidoptera), is a serious and primary pest of citrus and causes extensive damage to new leaf flush in citrus nurseries and orchards. Control of this pest mostly relies on synthetic insecticides and there are no known alternate effective control measures. In this study, effect of different plant extracts was evaluated on the population infestation of citrus leafminer. In this regard, four plants extracts were used viz; neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), datura (Datura stramonium L.) leaf extracts and lime (Citrus aurantiifolia Swingle), kurtuma (Citrullus colocynthis L.) peel extracts with 10, 20 and 30 percent concentrations against citrus leafminer infestation on kinnow nursery seedlings. Spray of plant extracts were repeated three times with the interval of 15 days on selected plants. Experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Percent population infestation of citru...