Citrus Sinensis

Single strength orange juice was concentrated by reverse osmosis in a plate and frame pilot plant with 0.72m2 of filtration area. Three transmembrane pressures, 20, 40 and 60bar, were evaluated and concentration factors of 2.3, 3.8 and 5.8 were obtained. At these transmembrane pressures the final soluble solids contents were of 16, 28 and 36°Brix, respectively. The vitamin C content

Orange fruit quality is highly dependent on time-specific expression of developmental genes in peel tissues, especially those controlling physical structure and synthesis of pigments and aromatic secondary metabolites. Using a custom microarray platform, we examined ...

Mentha  piperita  and  Citrus sinensis  was an aromatic plants well
known for its fragrance and distinct aroma.  In this prospective study
to evaluate the chromatogram detection of ethanol extract of  Mentha
piperita  and  Citrus sinensis  with standard flavonoid marker eriocitrin
by HPTLC technique.  HPTLC chromatogram was developed in
ethanolic extract of  Mentha  piperita, Citrus  sinensis  and standard
flavonoid marker eriocitrin by using Toluene-Ethyl acetate-Formic
acid-Methanol  (3:6:1.6:0.4) as mobile phase. The identified bands of
compounds 1-9 in the ethanolic extracts of  Mentha  piperita  and
Citrus sinensis  was confirmed under the TLC scanner with the
standard marker eriocitrin at 254nm.

Biogenic amines, synthesized during physiological metabolic processes of all living organisms, are present in food. At low concentrations, polyamines are essential for cell renewal and growth, but they can be detrimental when consumed in high amount through the diet as they could support abnormal cell growth pathologies. The daily human diet contains more putrescine than spermidine or spermine, mostly derived

Citrus contains a range of highly beneficial bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and vitamins that show antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and help in building the body's immune system. On consumption or processing, approximately 50% of the fruit remains as inedible waste, which includes peels, seeds, pulp, and segment residues. This waste still consists of substantial quantities of bioactive compounds that cause environmental pollution and are harmful to the ecosystem because of their high biological oxygen demand. In recent years, citrus cultivation and the production of processed foods have become a major agricultural industry. In addition to being a substantial source of economy, it is an ideal and sustainable and renewable resource for obtaining bioactive compounds and co-products for food and pharmaceutical industries. In the present article, the various methods of extraction, conventional and modern, as well as separation and isolation of individual bioactive compounds from the extraction mixture and their determination have been reviewed. This article presents both aspects of extraction methods, i.e., on a small laboratory scale and on an industrial mass scale. These methods and techniques have been extensively and critically reviewed with anticipated future perspectives towards the maximum utilization of the citrus waste.

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) has named cancer as one of the most significant cause of death presently, with about 6 million reported deaths in 1996, 11.4 million deaths in 2004, 7.6 million deaths in 2008 and 8.2 million deaths in 2012. However, present postulations reveal that there might be an escalation of cancer mortality to about 15 million by 2030, if the progression of the ailment is not checked. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the synergic antiproliferative and cytostatic effects of these fruit (Ananas comosus, Citrullus lanatus and Citrus sinensis) juices. Materials and Method: The study was performed on rapidly proliferating seeds of Sorghum bicolor and the resulting mean radicle lengths (mm) were taken after 24, 48 and 72 hours. Result: The seeds treated with methotrexate showed a significant (P<0.05) inhibition of radicle length growth throughout the experiment, compared with the control seeds radicle. The rate of inhibition after 72 hours...

Malaria is a major health challenge in the developing world causing millions of death annually. Synthetic pesticides used in the vectors control are not environmentally safe and are expensive. We screened the essential oils of Citrus sinensis and Citrus paradisi peels at concentrations ranging between 40 and 400 ppm against late 3 rd instar of Anopheles gambiae larvae. The effects of ethanol and methanol on the larvicidal activity of these oils were examined. The effects of combined oils formulations on larvicidal activity were also determined. The larvicidal concentration (LC50) of the orange and grape oil was 73ppm and 76 ppm, respectively in methanol, and 121 ppm and 82 ppm in ethanol solution. The LC50 of the combined oil formulations ranged between 54 and 99ppm. The different oil combinations showed synergism except when combined at equal proportion in ethanol. Conclusively, orange and grape oils could be used as biopesticides against A. gambiae larvae.

The physico-chemical characteristics of the seeds and seed oils of four citrus species, Mitha (Citrus limetta), Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), Mussami (Citrus sinensis), and Kinnow (Citrus reticulata) were investigated. The hexane-extracted oil content of citrus seeds ranged from 27.0 to 36.5%. The protein, fiber and ash contents were found to be 3.9–9.6%, 5.0–8.5%, and 4.6–5.6%, respectively. The extracted oils exhibited an iodine value of 99.9–110.0; refractive index (40 °C), 1.4639–1.4670; density (24 °C), 0.920–0.941 mg/mL; saponification value, 180.9–198.9; unsaponifiable matter, 0.3–0.5%; acid value (mg KOH/g of oil), 0.5–2.2 and color (1-in. cell) 1.4–3.0R + 15.0–30.0Y. The oils revealed a good oxidative stability as indicated by the determinations of specific extinctions at 232 and 270 nm (2.3–4.4 and 0.6–0.9, respectively), p-anisidine value (2.2–3.2) and peroxide value (1.6–2.4 mequiv/kg of oil). The citrus seed oils mainly consisted of linoleic acid (36.1–39.8%). Other prominent fatty acids were palmitic acid (25.8–32.2%), oleic acid (21.9–24.1%), linolenic acid (3.4–4.4%), and stearic acid (2.8–4.4%). The contents of tocopherols (α, γ, and δ) in the oil were 26.4–557.8, 27.7–84.1, and 9.1–20.0 mg/kg, respectively. The results of the present study demonstrated that the seeds of citrus species investigated are a potential source of valuable oil which might be utilized for edible and other industrial applications.

Citrus sinensis is a member of Rutaceae family. Rutaceae are herbs, shrubs and trees with glandular punctate,
commonly strongly smelling herbage comprising about 150 genera and 1,500 species. These are further characterized by the
common occurrence of winged petioles and spines [10]. Oranges are belonging to Citrus genus and its sinensis species. For this
experiment Citrus sinensis peels were used. In this experiment qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis (TPC) were done.
Total phenolic content was done by using Folin Ciocalteu’s technique. Extract was prepared by cold extraction method. Yield
extractive value was higher in methanol extract than aqueous extract. Aqueous as well as methanol extracts of the peel revealed
the presence of biochemical compounds such as alkaloids, tannins, anthraquinones, terpanoids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids,
saponins, phenols and carbohydrate and amino acid is absent in both extract

The absence of a vaccine and the rampant resistance to almost all antimalarial drugs have accentuated the urgent need for new antimalarial drugs and drug targets for both prophylaxis and chemotherapy. The aim of the study was to discover effective plant extracts against Plasmodium falciparum. In the present study, the hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol extracts of Citrus sinensis (peel), Leucas aspera, Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus acidus (leaf), Terminalia chebula (seed) were tested for their antimalarial activity against chloroquine (CQ)-sensitive (3D7) strain of P. falciparum which was cultured following the candle-jar method. Antimalarial evaluations of daily replacement of culture medium containing CQ and different plant crude extracts were performed on 96-well plates at 37°C for 24 and 48 h. Parasitemia was determined microscopically on thin-film Giemsa-stained preparations. Plant extracts were tested for their cytotoxicity using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on human laryngeal cancer cell line (HEp-2) and normal cell line (Vero). Out of the 25 extracts tested, six showed good (IC(50) 4.76-22.76 μg/mL), 15 exhibited moderate (IC(50) 31.42-88.03 μg/mL), while four displayed mild (IC(50) > 100 μg/mL) antiplasmodial activity. The leaf ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of L. aspera; ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol extracts of P. acidus; and seed acetone extract of T. chebula had good antiplasmodial activity (IC(50) = 7.81, 22.76, 9.37, 14.65, 12.68, and 4.76 μg/mL) with selectivity indices 5.43, 2.04, 4.88, 3.35, 3.42, and 9.97 for HEp-2 and >5.79, >2.20, >11.75, >3.41, >3.94, and >7.38 for Vero cells, respectively. These analyses have revealed for the first time that the components present in the solvent extracts of L. aspera, P. acidus, and T. chebula have antiplasmodial activity. The high antiplasmodial activity observed make these plants good candidates for isolation of anti-protozoal compounds which could serve as new lead structures for drug development.

Microbudding technique was used for the early propagation of sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] cv. Musambi plants, free of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) using thermotherapy. Source plants of sweet orange, both infected and apparently healthy, were collected from the ...