Co occurrence

The Volume of text resources have been increasing in digital libraries and internet. Organizing these text documents has become a practical need. For organizing great number of objects into small or minimum number of coherent groups automatically, Clustering technique is used. These documents are widely used for information retrieval and Natural Language processing tasks. Different Clustering algorithms require a metric for quantifying how dissimilar two given documents are. This difference is often measured by similarity measure such as Euclidean distance, Cosine similarity etc. The similarity measure process in text mining can be used to identify the suitable clustering algorithm for a specific problem. This survey discusses the existing works on text similarity by partitioning them into three significant approaches; String-based, Knowledge based and Corpus-based similarities.

The present study analyzes Pakistani English written discourse through multidimensional analysis. For this purpose, two corpora types, including Pakistani universities' newsletters and Pakistani human rights NGOs' annual reports, have been complied. It has been investigated how the language of newsletters of Pakistani universities differs from that of annual reports of Pakistani human rights NGOs on D1 and D2 of the multidimensional approach. Biber’s (1988) multidimensional analysis provides the theoretical grounding to the present study. MAT software (1.3) has been used to tag and analyze the data. Co-occurrences of linguistic features are quantitatively analyzed and then qualitatively interpreted through D1 and D2 of multidimensional approach. The results reveal that the language of this written discourse of Pakistani English is informational on D1. By comparing it with Biber's work of 1988, it has been revealed that this genre is close to the official documents on D1. The language of Pakistani universities' newsletter is more informational on this dimension than that of the genre of Pakistani NGOs annual reports as the mean scores for both are -26.79 and -25.13, respectively. The analysis of the D2 indicates that the genre of the selected written discourse is non-narrative. However, Pakistani universities' newsletters are close to broadcasts, whereas the annual reports of human rights NGOs are close to the personal letters. Moreover, the newsletters discourse is strongly non-narrative than that of the annual reports.

This paper examines how the press organs of the mainstream political parties in Cote d’Ivoire, namely the Rassemblement des Républicains (the Rally of the Republicans - RDR) and the Front Populaire Ivoirien (the Ivorian Popular Front - FPI) apprehended the concept of rattrapage ethnique (ethnic favoritism)between 2002 and 2015. Specifically, this contribution addresses the ideological underpinnings and the political issues contained in the newspaper articles of the press organs belonging to the aforementioned political parties. Three main trends have emerged from the co-occurrence analysis. Ethnic favoritism is mentioned in the newspapers supporting the FPI in the sense of denouncing social inequalities and bad governance. Whereas le Patriote, a newspaper supporting the ruling party (RDR) relates the issue to positive discrimination aiming at correcting some past inequalities. As for the newspapers closed to PDCI, they hold an ambivalent stance between the FPI’s position and that of the RDR.

Coral reef bleaching is a common stress response to natural or anthropogenic events. In the Tropical East Pacific, coral reef bleaching has been commonly associated to temperature increase of the sea surface, but it can also occur with low temperatures. In early 2008, an abnormality of very low temperature was recorded, up to 1.8 °C lower than the average temperature in the last 25 years, and a severe coral bleaching was observed in numerous localities in the southern part of the Gulf of California, which rose up to 90% of coral bleaching in some places. The aim of this work was to describe changes in decapod assemblages associated to coral reefs in the affected region. La Paz (24°N) and Loreto (26°N) bays were monitored before, during, and after the event by carrying out visual censuses at 6 sites in each bay. The results have shown that decapod richness and dominance changed because of coral bleaching. The effect was different between both localities, coralline fauna of the Loreto...

Probabilistic topic models have been very popular in automatic text analysis since their introduction. These models work based on word co-occurrence, but are not very flexible with respect to the context in which cooccurrence is considered. Many probabilistic topic models do not allow for taking local or spatial data into account. In this paper, we introduce a probabilistic topic model that benefits from an arbitrary-length co-occurrence window and encodes local word dependencies for extracting topics. We assume a multinomial distribution with Dirichlet prior over the window positions to let the words in every position have a chance to influence topic assignments. In the proposed model, topics being shown by word pairs have a more meaningful presentation. The model is applied on a dataset of 2000 documents. The proposed model produces interesting meaningful topics and reduces the problem of sparseness.

Nous avons recueilli des données lors d'une recherche ethnographique d'un an au sein d'une équipe de travailleurs pairs, dans la ville de New Haven (États-Unis). Nous proposons, à partir de cette expérience, une approche phénoménologique de la relation thérapeutique en étudiant trois types de relations que des catégories professionnelles distinctes (psychiatre, anthropologue, travailleur pair) entretiennent avec ces personnes à la fois malades et sans chez-soi. Du fait des interactions souvent problématiques des personnes sans chez-soi avec les institutions, dans le travail de rue la difficulté est d'abord de créer une relation de confiance, dont la construction peut être longue et chaotique. Parce qu'ils les ont éprouvés, les pairs connaissent à la fois le contexte de la rue, la condition de sans chez-soi et l'expérience de la maladie. Cette dernière comprend non seulement le fait d'avoir été l'objet d'une catégorisation psychiatrique mais aussi les conséquences de celle-ci, l'interaction avec les institutions en tant qu'usager, et surtout l'expérience d'un processus avancé de recovery. Ils possèdent une compétence singulière qui permet d'améliorer l'accès aux soins de ces personnes. La question de la bonne distance thérapeutique est revisitée par le travail des pairs. Valoriser ce savoir expérientiel par la professionnalisation des pairs est un acte de reconnaissance d'un capital culturel singulier et de démocratie sanitaire.Data was gathered in the course of a one-year ethnographic study with a team of peer outreach workers, in the city of New Haven (U.S.A.). On the basis of this experience, we propose a phenomenological approach to the therapeutic relationship, by studying three types of relations linked to distinct roles (psychiatrist, anthropologist, peer worker) held when encountering persons who are homeless and ill. Because of the often-problematic interactions that homeless persons experience with institutions, the first problem faced in street work is to build a relationship of trust, which takes time and may be chaotic. Peer workers are familiar, from their personal experience, with the street context, the condition of homelessness and the experience of illness. This latter includes not only the fact of having been the object of psychiatric categorisation, but also the consequences; the interaction with institutions as a consumer; and especially the experience of an advanced process of recovery. Peer workers posses a unique skill that allows them to improve access to these persons. The question of the ideal therapeutic distance is revisited by these peers. To validate this experiential knowledge is to recognize both a unique form of cultural capital and health democracy.

Community assembly rules are important to help understand the dynamics of biological invasions. The coexistence of native and invasive ant species was examined by litter sampling on six remote islands within the Fijian archipelago, in the Pacific Ocean. The composition of ant assemblages of the islands and also of three different habitats across islands was very similar to each other. Estimates of species richness indicated that the sampling effort had generally captured a large proportion of ant species (60–97%). Analysis at two different spatial scales (regional [islands within an archipelago], and local [plots within an island]) and on two null model data sets (co-occurrence and body size), showed that the majority (10 of 12) of assemblages were not different from randomly assembled communities. Habitat type played an important role in the co-occurrence patterns. Scrub and coconut habitats, which are non-native habitats and frequently disturbed (i.e. harsh environments), strongly influenced the assembly of the ant community. However, two invasive species, Pheidole megacephala and Anoplolepis gracilipes may have also shaped the ant communities through inter-specific competition. These two species excel at both the discovery and domination of resources, and could have ‘disassembled’ the native ant fauna. Recent surveys and ecological studies from other Pacific islands show that a very similar set of invasive species to the Yasawa islands are ubiquitous throughout the region. Thus, similar patterns of competition, co-occurrence and community organisation that exist in the Yasawa islands could be manifested throughout the Pacific Ocean region.

El análisis de textura en imágenes digitales busca la descripción de patrones en superficies analizando en nuestro caso la ocurrencia. En el control de calidad de la industria panificadora es necesario para determinar la porosidad en los productos. En este trabajo se propone una estrategia de clasificación y análisis de panes usando medidas de textura con la matriz de coocurrencia. El objetivo del análisis es determinar las diferencias en las texturas internas de los panes, la correlación de los patrones con las diferencias en el proceso de producción y además de encontrar datos atípicos que  evidencien fallos en el proceso de producción.

The present study analyzes Pakistani English written discourse through multidimensional analysis. For this purpose, two corpora types, including Pakistani universities' newsletters and Pakistani human rights NGOs' annual reports, have been complied. It has been investigated how the language of newsletters of Pakistani universities differs from that of annual reports of Pakistani human rights NGOs on D1 and D2 of the multidimensional approach. Biber’s (1988) multidimensional analysis provides the theoretical grounding to the present study. MAT software (1.3) has been used to tag and analyze the data. Co-occurrences of linguistic features are quantitatively analyzed and then qualitatively interpreted through D1 and D2 of multidimensional approach. The results reveal that the language of this written discourse of Pakistani English is informational on D1. By comparing it with Biber's work of 1988, it has been revealed that this genre is close to the official documents on D1....

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to screen the multicontamination by mycotoxins in a wide variety of aromatic and/or medicinal herb samples collected in Spain. Mycotoxins studied were aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin (T-2), citrinin and fumonisins (FBs). Mycotoxins were analysed by ELISA after a clean-up step with multifunctional columns (AFs, ZEA, DON, FBs and T-2) or polyamide column (citrinin).RESULTS: Of the 84 samples analysed 99% were contaminated with T-2, 98% with ZEA, 96% with AFs, 63% with OTA, 62% with DON, 61% with citrinin and 13% with FBs. Nearly 87% of samples contained four or more mycotoxins simultaneously, being AFs, T-2 and ZEA the mycotoxins co-existing in almost every sample. 100% of the samples in our study were multicontaminated.CONCLUSION: This study shows that this kind of commodity could be an important source of mycotoxin contamination and, in general, this contamination is not limited to only one group of mycotoxins. Mycotoxin contamination on artichoke immature florets, boldus leaves, burdock leaves, dandelion plant, frangula bark, ginkgo leaves, lemon verbena leaves, olive leaves, red tea leaves, ribgrass leaves, St Mary's thistle seeds, spearmint leaves, star anise fruit, vervain and white tea leaves has been described for the first time. Finally, this is the first report on DON and T-2 presence in herbs. No study of this kind has been previously developed in Spain. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry

We operated camera-traps at two marmot colony
sites in the reserve from June–October 2011 and
June–November 2012 for a total of 136 trap-days.
One camera was set near a main marmot burrow
in an area of tall grasses and the second on the
leeward side of a hill about 200 m from a main
burrow entrance in an area of semi-arid steppe. Shelduck were recorded by the cameras on 32
occasions, spread over 11 days between 10 June
and 15 July 2011. They were not seen after 15 July
2011 and were not seen in 2012 when marmot
monitoring was resumed.

Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a cancer of lymph system and it is the second most common lymphoid malignancy in the western world. Currently, the risk stratification of FL relies on histological grading method, where pathologists evaluate hematoxilin and eosin (H&E) stained tissue sections under a microscope as recommended by the World Health Organization. This manual method requires intensive labor in nature. Due to the sampling bias, it also suffers from inter- and intra-reader variability and poor reproducibility. We are developing a computer-assisted system to provide quantitative assessment of FL images for more consistent evaluation of FL. In this study, we proposed a statistical framework to classify FL images based on their histological grades. We introduced model-based intermediate representation (MBIR) of cytological components that enables higher level semantic description of tissue characteristics. Moreover, we introduced a novel color-texture analysis approach that combines the MBIR with low level texture features, which capture tissue characteristics at pixel level. Experimental results on real follicular lymphoma images demonstrate that the combined feature space improved the accuracy of the system significantly. The implemented system can identify the most aggressive FL (grade III) with 98.9% sensitivity and 98.7% specificity and the overall classification accuracy of the system is 85.5%.

Both environmental heterogeneity and mode of dispersal may affect species co-occurrence in metacommunities. Aquatic invertebrates were sampled in 20-30 streams in each of three drainage basins, differing considerably in environmental heterogeneity. Each drainage basin was further divided into two equally sized sets of sites, again differing profoundly in environmental heterogeneity. Benthic invertebrate data were divided into three groups of taxa based on overland dispersal modes: passive dispersers with aquatic adults, passive dispersers with terrestrial winged adults, and active dispersers with terrestrial winged adults. The co-occurrence of taxa in each dispersal mode group, drainage basin, and heterogeneity site subset was measured using the C-score and its standardized effect size. The probability of finding high levels of species segregation tended to increase with environmental heterogeneity across the drainage basins. These patterns were, however, contingent on both dispersa...

This article describes research undertaken in order to design a methodology for the reticular representation of knowledge of a specific discourse community. To achieve this goal, a representative corpus of the scientific production of the members of this discourse community (Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, UPV) was created. The article presents the practical analysis (frequency, keyword, collocation and cluster analysis) that was carried out in the initial phases of the study aimed at establishing the theoretical and practical background and framework for our matrix and network analysis of the scientific discourse of the UPV. In the methodology section, the processes that have allowed us to extract from the corpus the linguistic elements needed to develop co-occurrence matrices, as well as the computer tools used in the research, are described. From these co-occurrence matrices, semantic networks of subject and discipline knowledge were generated. Finally, based on the results ...

In this paper we describe the geographic information retrieval system developed by the Multimedia & Information Systems team for GeoCLEF 2006 and the results achieved. We detail our methods for generating and applying co-occurrence models for the purpose of place name disambiguation, our use of named entity recognition tools and text indexing applications. The presented system is split into two stages: a batch text & geographic indexer and a real time query engine. The query engine takes manually crafted queries where the text component is separated from the geographic component. Two monolingual runs were submitted for the GeoCLEF evaluation, the first constructed from the title and description, the second included the narrative also. We explain in detail our use of co-occurrence models for place name disambiguation using a model generated from Wikipedia. The paper concludes with a full description of future work and ways in which the system could be optimised.

One of the main issues in community ecology is the detection of structure and the identification of its related causes. In this study, co-occurrence null models were used to identify possible spatio-temporal patterns in the assemblage of aquatic macrophytes in the Upper Paraná River floodplain. The samples were obtained through the Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Program at two different grains:(1) a coarser spatial grain in January and August 2001 (entire floodplain lagoons);(2) and a finer spatial grain in ...

Null model analyses on fish presence-absence data from tropical river assemblages of the Western Ghats, India, revealed a difference in the extent of randomness in species assemblage structure among impacted and unimpacted rivers in the region.