Colonial India Research Papers

Bengal in the first half of the eighteenth century was a prosperous and flourishing province, noted for its wealth and manufactures. It was this affluence which induced the contemporaries to describe Bengal in such terms as 'Paradise of... more

Bengal in the first half of the eighteenth century was a prosperous and flourishing province, noted for its wealth and manufactures. It was this affluence which induced the contemporaries to describe Bengal in such terms as 'Paradise of Nations', 'the Paradise of India', or 'the realm of Paradise'. It was the same lure of wealth which also brought to the shores of Bengal a host of foreign merchants from far and wide, including a great many Europeans of diverse nationalities. Their travel accounts and descriptions were no less copious in glorifying the land which had 'a hundred open gates to enter...and not one to come away again'.

The wealth of this nation was created of course by the bounteous soil of the region which produced a wide variety of agricultural commodities like rice, wheat and other grains, sugarcane, cotton, opium, indigo, oils of different kinds and vegetables. Other economic products found in abundance were lacca, wax, long pepper, salt and saltpetre. But more than anything else Bengal was then the general storehouse of a wide variety of cotton and silk products not only for Hindustan of the Empire of the Great Mughal, but also for the Kingdom and for Europe itself. The goods so manufactured were not only known for their exquisite fineness and delicacy of workmanship but were also relatively cheap. Bengal's industrial economy during the pre-colonial period compared thus very favourably with that of any nation on earth.

In this chapter, an attempt will be made to study the state of the major indigenous industries during the colonial period. An attempt will also be made to explain the causes of their ultimate collapse. In this connection, the role of the state which could stimulate or inhibit industrial development would be looked into to ascertain the real motive of British rule. Did they create an appropriate climate for promoting and encouraging indigenous industrial enterprises? Was the destruction due to natural causes or was it deliberate? The economic policies of the colonial state in relation to industries need, therefore, also to be looked into to ascertain the total effect of such policies on the domestic manufacturing industries.

Hinduism in the Modern World presents a new and unprecedented attempt to survey the nature, range, and significance of modern and contemporary Hinduism in South Asia and the global diaspora. Organized to reflect the direction of recent... more

http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/28414/

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- by Christine Molfenter
- •
- 7
  Slavery, Abolition of Slavery, India, Colonial India

The present work is the result of an honest inquiry into the positioning of women in yoga, both in the past and in the present, concerning historical and social developments while considering their implications on the yoga discipline and... more

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- by Agi (Agnes) Wittich
- •
- 19
  Women's Studies, Indian studies, Spirituality, Women's Health

BHAGAT SINGH: A REVOLUTIONARY WITH A VISION History is the record of man's steps and slips towards progress. To write true history is always offensive to those who have an interest in concealing it. The sand of history is a too uncertain... more

This update of the Gardens of the Mughal Empire bibliography is the result of new questions and avenues of research that have expanded the temporal, geographic, and thematic bounds of Mughal garden sources. It builds on this site’s first... more

This update of the Gardens of the Mughal Empire bibliography is the result of new questions and avenues of research that have expanded the temporal, geographic, and thematic bounds of Mughal garden sources. It builds on this site’s first bibliography published by Michael Brand (2001), which reflected the many historical sources for and rapid growth of Mughal garden scholarship in the 1990s. In addition to delineating the contours of this body of scholarship, that bibliography became a comprehensive list of sources on Mughal Lahore and its gardens. Notably, even in that early iteration, an understanding of the necessity for multidisciplinary approaches to Mughal gardens is evident. The range of sources identified stemmed from the disciplines of landscape architecture, geography, history, and art history, as well as South Asian and Islamic studies.

In 2007, the bibliography was updated with scholarship published since 2001, and its thematic categories were refined to reflect the use of Mughal gardens as an analytic lens
into the cultural heritage of Punjab. The update also benefited from detailed excavations and conservation of notable garden sites, such as the Moonlight Garden in Agra, Humayun’s Tomb in Delhi, and Babur’s tomb-garden in Kabul. These projects made possible the reconstruction of newly unearthed water systems and pathways and necessitated a new bibliographic category, “Mughal and Islamicate Gardens, Waterworks, Arts, and Conservation.” The 2007 Nagaur palace-garden complex excavations also brought to light the importance of soil profiles and planting techniques, and the bibliography was also updated to include materials on plants and vegetation of South and Southwest Asia.

This latest iteration highlights the substantial amount of additional scholarship on Mughal gardens published from 2007 to 2018. As in previous updates, we include earlier items missed in the previous bibliographies. Many of the updates reflect new directions in the field of art history, moving Mughal gardens beyond the visual dimension foregrounded in art historical practice. New emphasis has been placed on multisensorial experiences, bringing oral, olfactory, and affective dimensions of Mughal gardens. In addition, we have expanded the geographic span beyond Lahore and the Punjab to include recent research on regional gardens of Kashmir, Rajasthan, and the Deccan. The wider range of related materials include Pahari painting and Sikh sacred texts. These updates respond to the need for regional approaches to South Asian studies expounded in recent edited volumes on the Punjab and the Deccan, for a cross-regional comparison of gardens and water systems, and for a broader understanding of the geographic and temporal reach of Mughal gardens. This includes sources on colonial and postcolonial garden practices, contemporary Mughal gardens outside of South Asia, and vernacular kitchen gardens.Significant progress has been made in broadening the types of sources considered and making them more accessible on platforms such as academia.edu, researchgate.net, and archnet.org. The underlined articles in this bibliography are linked to PDFs that are available online for free.

A number of investigative loose ends remain. While advances in scientific method were used to great effect in Mughal garden research of the early 2000s, a broader exploration of methods across disciplines is necessary, particularly in the realms of digital humanities and anthropology. On the one hand, urban infrastructure development in Lahore raises new challenges for heritage conservation. On the positive side, conservation projects carried out by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture has demonstrated successful integration of heritage conservation and community concerns, of those whose lives and livelihoods intersect with historic Mughal gardens, which opens the door for further research on urban landscape heritage conservation in South Asia.

List of Sections in the 2008-2018 Update
1. General Indo-Islamic History, Geography, and Culture
2. General Mughal Gardens, Art, Architecture, and Conservation
3. Cultural Landscape Heritage of Punjab
4. Cultural Landscape Heritage of Lahore
5. Cultural Landscape Heritage of Kashmir
6. Cultural Landscape Heritage of Himachal Pradesh
7. Cultural Landscape Heritage of Rajasthan
8. Cultural Landscape Heritage of the Deccan
9. Cultural Landscape Heritage of Colonial and Postcolonial India
10. Contemporary Islamic Gardens
11. Selected Water References
12. Selected References on Plants and Vegetation of Southwest Asia
13. Older Materials on Lahore

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- by Rachel Hirsch and +2
  Abdul Rehman
  James Wescoat
- •
- 20
  Water, Postcolonial Studies, South Asia, South Asian History

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- by Karl Baier
- •
- 19
  Cultural History, Postcolonial Studies, Yoga, Cultural Transfer Studies

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- by Brian A Hatcher
- •
- 5
  Hinduism, Colonial India, Upanishads, Rabindranath Tagore

This book explicates long-standing literary celebrations of 'India' and 'Indian-ness' by charting a cultural history of Indianness in the Anglophone world, locating moments (in intellectual, religious and cultural history) where India and... more

Rabindranath Tagore’s literature spanned the most glorious years of Indian history. Large-scale social reforms were introduced, both by the colonial rulers and the colonized society, the prime target of which were women. Tagore, in his... more

A native of Bruges (now part of Belgium), Jacques de Coutre was a gem trader who spent nearly a decade in Southeast Asia in the early 17th century. In addition to a substantial autobiography written in Spanish and preserved in the... more

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- by Peter Borschberg
- •
- 309
  Business, Military History, Cultural History, Economic History

Themes of The Love of Dust comprise a few intregrated strands. The story shows us that the path of true love never runs smooth, but loss and tribulation make one realize how precious the good things in one’s life really are. The value of... more

Themes of The Love of Dust comprise a few intregrated strands. The story shows us that the path of true love never runs smooth, but loss and tribulation make one realize how precious the good things in one’s life really are. The value of land, and of a woman, and of wealth and community respect, are best known to those who develop a deep personal bond and then lose what they love most and must struggle to regain it. Life’s treasures must be guarded well; all too often the conniving and violent bear what is precious away after the weak have patiently gathered and nurtured those treasures for years or even centuries. But in this tale, The Love of Dust, justice prevails, aside from the character Venkataraman losing his life. Perhaps Venkataraman’s fate reflects the truth that a new time is dawning in India– a new generation is taking the reins, and the promise of new life is in the young, not the aged who have already seen their best days.

The title chosen by Shankar Ram, The Love of Dust, itself contains the themes in a provocative seed-like way. “Manaccai” literally means Love of Dust, or Desire for Soil, or Affectionate Bond with the Land. The wording is like the familiar phrases “greed for gold,” or “hope for joy,” or “lust for life.” The choice of that title and English rendering by Shankar Ram— Love of Dust— may seem a little quizzical at first. Why dust? Dust is normally something unloved. We sweep dust away, spit it out, try not to disturb it and carefully remove each speck of it from our eyes. We close our windows and doors to keep it out. But it is also true that all earth is dust, especially if you take away the water, and so, love of dust makes affection for soil seem like a loyalty to something passing, feelings spent in caring for something ephemeral. Dust is a metaphor for transience, as in “Ashes to ashes and dust to dust” and “from dust we come and to dust we shall return.” Nevertheless deep bonds are formed, and we treat our ever-changing little patch of earth as if it were an eternal possession. Like the title of a famous novel by Kamala Markandaya, Nectar in a Sieve (1954), “the love of dust” suggests that sweet human feelings are destined to pass all too soon, like dust in the wind; by their very nature they are too fleeting to last. It expresses the poignant realization that our hearts long for and become attached to what ultimately can be blown away by the unpredictable force of the fickle wind—sheer particles of transience—mere dust motes through which sunrays poke their probing beams. And of course the dust of earth in the title means not only a literal plot of earth to be owned, soil to be worked and made fruitful. The particles of earth also suggest earthly relationships with family and neighbors, ecological communities of creatures and plant life, changing conditions of fertility and unpredictable weathers. The local patches of the cosmos which human beings know best are what they love most. But we should never take them for granted, because they are all too easily lost.

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- by William J Jackson
- •
- 18
  Globalization, Literature, Migration, South Asian History

Historians have studied adivasis principally in the context of rebellion, environmental history and the politics of identity. However, preoccupations with definitions and notions of identity, while important in themselves, tend to shift... more

Abstract: The objective of the paper is to study in detail the ‘guild system’ followed by the traditional craftsmen of Kerala, the modes they adopted for the transfer of traditional knowledge systems down the generations and the... more

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- by Sharat Sunder Rajeev
- •
- 24
  Photography, Settlement Patterns, Arts, Traditional Crafts

The paper re-examines the pre-history and early history of Hindu College Calcutta ( later Presidency College) in the light of primary source material not noticed earlier.

Edited volume summary: This volume is one of the first comprehensive contributions to the rapidly developing cross disciplinary scholarship that connects visual studies with South Asian historiography. The key purpose of the book is to... more

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- by Teresa Segura-Garcia
- •
- 51
  History, Cultural History, Portraits, Photography

"This article argues that by using Michel Foucault’s conception of exteriority of discourse and disappearance of man in constructing colonial India, the South Asianists are overlooking the most important aspect of colonial experience,... more

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- by hussain ahmad khan
- •
- 8
  Postcolonial Studies, Discourse, Michel Foucault, Edward Said

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- by Navras J Aafreedi
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- 26
  South Asian Studies, South Asia, South Asian History, Pakistan

This essay contends that ‘Religion’ and ‘Hindu’ are extremely loaded notions, existing within frayed epistemologies. Each term has accrued and lost both social and academic meaning over time, and in answering the titular question, this... more

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- by Richard McDonald
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- 30
  Religion, Hinduism, Sociology of Religion, Epistemology

"The Industrial Development of Bengal, 1900-1939. By A. Z. M. IFTIKHAR-UL-AWWAL. Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1982. pp. 256 (Distributed in the U.S. and Canada by Advent Books, New York.) " PREFACE: The present work examines the... more

"The Industrial Development of Bengal, 1900-1939. By A. Z. M. IFTIKHAR-UL-AWWAL. Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1982. pp. 256 (Distributed in the U.S. and Canada by Advent Books, New York.) "

PREFACE:

The present work examines the industrial experience of Bengal during the period 1900 to 1939 with particular emphasis on the role of the government as the main instrument for growth. For this work, available statistical material has been utilized for the sake of precision as well as to strengthen the qualitative evidence. The book contains eight chapters. While Chapter I builds up the case for industrial development, Chapter II examines in detail the industrial policy of the Bengal government in the light of its own limitations as a subordinate authority to the Government of India and that of Whitehall. Chapter III is an investigation of the labour market in Bengal with emphasis on the supply of labour to jute, tea and coal industries in relation to wages and conditions of work. In Chapter IV, I have examined the rates of proﬁtability and security of industrial investments. In this chapter, I have also examined the ﬁnancial institutions of the time and their role in the industrial development of the province. Chapter V points to some of the difficulties experienced by Indian entrepreneurs, and in the above light looks at their contribution to the larger industrial establishments of Bengal. The next two Chapters VI and VII examine the growth and development of the two biggest manufacturing industries of our period--jute and handloom cotton weaving industries. The concluding chapter is an estimate of the industrial progress made in the province during the period under review.

This book is a slightly revised version of my Ph.D. thesis submitted to the University of London in 1978. In the preparation of this thesis, I have accumulated an enormous debt of gratitude to my Supervisor, Dr. K. N. Chaudhuri whose careful vigilance and timely intervention saved me from many factual errors and infelicities of style. My thanks are also due to Mr. I. B. Harrison, who went through some of my preliminary chapters during the absence of Dr Chaudhuri in 1975-76 and made many useful observations. I am also indebted to Dr. Sirajul Islam of Dacca University for helping me with some necessary corrections.

Here I take this opportunity also to express my deep gratitude to the UK Commonwealth Commission which offered me a scholarship for three years which enabled me to undertake this research work. Needless to say, without their ﬁnancial help it would have been virtually impossible to pursue this course of studies. I also wish to thank the University of Dacca for granting me the necessary study leave.

There remains also a special group of people - without whose co-operation, patience and tolerance, this work would not have seen the light of day. In this group belong the library staff of the British Library (including the Newspaper Section at Colindale), Senate House Library, the library of the School of Oriental and African Studies, and particularly, the India Office Library and Records (including their Newspaper Section at the Bush House). I take this opportunity to thank Mr. J. Sims of the India Office Library and Records for being so helpful in tracking down apparently untraceable official documents. I wish to thank the staff of the Bangladesh Secretariat Record Room and of the Secretariat Library, Dacca for extending me all possible facilities in carrying out my research work. Finally, I owe a special debt of gratitude to my wife, Lilly whose support and constant encouragement over these years was invaluable in completing this work.

Histories of the family and household in South Asia, while they appear at first to represent a micro‐historical and regional approach, have in recent years engaged with global histories of ideas and material culture. This article argues... more

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- by Leigh Denault
- •
- 6
  Legal History, Colonialism, History of the Family, Colonial India

An exploration of the complex development of gold mining in the Nilgiri–Wayanad region of southern India demonstrates how entwined histories disrupt simple taxonomic structures of “formality” and “informality.” Drawing on the long history... more

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- by Sashi Sivramkrishna and +1
  Amalendu Jyotishi
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- 8
  Informal Economy, Australian Gold Rush, Colonial India, New Institutionalist Economics

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- by Teresa Segura-Garcia
- •
- 42
  History, Transnationalism, History of India, Historiography

गेल्या दोन दशकात ब्रिटिश वासाहतिक सत्तास्थापनेच्या माहितीसंपादन पद्धतींवर झालेल्या "वसाहतोत्तर" संशोधनाचा आढावा.

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- by Naveen Kanalu
- •
- 8
  South Asian Studies, Legal History, South Asian History, Mughal History

In late colonial India, the bourgeoning middle class was getting increasingly invested in gendered notions of respectable behaviour and morality which ostensibly framed not only the national community but its culture as well. In this... more

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- by Meenal Tula
- •
- 5
  Gender Studies, Popular Music, Popular Culture, Colonial India

In this dissertation I examine the legal history of colonial rule in India between 1757 and approximately 1920 by discussing how the law was objectified as its own distinct form of normativity across this span. I argue that there was a... more

In this dissertation I examine the legal history of colonial rule in India between 1757 and approximately 1920 by discussing how the law was objectified as its own distinct form of normativity across this span. I argue that there was a basic shift in the ‘historical ontology’ of the legal that was increasingly noticeable in Britain’s India after 1850. This involved a transition from a formative period under the East India Company’s rule in which the focus was on ‘the laws’ that factored into the administration of justice more than it was on ‘the law’ considered as its own distinct, systematic, and infinitely generative norm order. Along with this went an idea of absolute property that focused more on entitlement over the land’s rent than it did on physical dominion and that was translated into doctrinal form less through an objectified notion of right than through the administration of the duty of revenue payment. By leaving property extrinsic to law, this situated the ontology of the legal in colonial India on a different footing than in the West, where a unitary and physicalist idea of propertied entitlement was extrapolated into a model for a distinctly legal kind of right in general starting in the late 18th-century. In Britain’s India, it was only after 1857—with changes in the political economy of colonial rule and new forms of ‘proprietary’ entitlement—that conditions ripened for ‘the law’ to emerge as its own distinct entity. As I argue, a key source for this was the growing importance in the subcontinent of what legal academicians have called ‘classical legal thought.’ Even more clearly than under the Company, therefore, with Crown Raj there were two distinct forms of discourse through which the ontology of the legal was in India being reconstituted around a globalizing notion of ‘the law’ as an object in its own right. As part of what I formulate as a more general historicist approach to jurisprudence, these are identified throughout in terms of doctrinal discourse that comprised propositions of the law and that had qualities of ‘administrability’ and ‘operativeness’ and discourse of the ordinary public sphere that comprised only propositions about the law.

This book presents an alternate history of colonial India in the 18th and the 19th centuries. It traces the transitions and transformations during this period through art, literature, music, theatre, satire, textiles, regime changes,... more

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- by Sutapa Dutta and +1
  Nilanjana Mukherjee
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- 7
  Cartography, Music, Identity (Culture), Social History

Believing as the British did in the exclusive notions of state authority contrary to 'divisible' or 'discrete' perception of authority practised by Indians, the British Raj tried from the very inception to impose their absolute supremacy... more

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- by A. Z. M. Iftikhar-ul-Awwal
- •
- 53
  History, Economic History, Sociology, Criminology

This book presents an alternate history of colonial India in the 18th and the 19th centuries. It traces the transitions and transformations during this period through art, literature, music, theatre, satire, textiles, regime changes,... more

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- by Nilanjana Mukherjee
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- 16
  History, Cultural Studies, Cartography, Music

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- by Albert Garcia-Balañà
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- 20
  Cuban Studies, Colonialism, Caribbean History, British Empire

Article published in the Times of India on William O'Shaughnessy

Cornelia Sorabji (1866-1954) was India’s first woman lawyer. Beyond that, she doesn’t fit easily into any one box. She was a tumble of cultures and ethnicities. “Controversial” is the label most often applied to her, but “woven” might be... more

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- by Cynthia Green
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- 14
  Women's Studies, Women's History, Fashion History, Modern Indian History

Anjuman Khuddam-i-Kaaba or Society of the Servants of Kaaba was established in May 1913 in colonial India. Colonial India witnessed mushroom growth in social socities or organizations but formed on communal basis since almost every... more

Anjuman Khuddam-i-Kaaba or Society of the Servants of Kaaba
was established in May 1913 in colonial India. Colonial India
witnessed mushroom growth in social socities or organizations but
formed on communal basis since almost every society owed its
members and resources to a particular community. The genesis and
growth of a large number of such anjumans were due to peculiar
socio-structure of Indian society, to use the words of Karl Marx.
Moreover, under the umbrella of British government, the Christian
missionaries had introduced model of social work and they were
reaping i ts results too. Individuals from various rel igious
communities were converted to Christianity. As a response, the
Indians established anjumans to work for the betterment of religious
communities of their affiliation. A pan Islamic element is also
impor tant wi th relat ion to the establ i shment of Anjuman
Khuddam-i-Kaaba. The contemporary declining conditions of
Muslims and their subjugation by colonial powers encouraged their
solidarity on the basis of ummah as increasingly relevant to take
refuge in. The establishment of Anjuman Khudam-i-Kaaba was but
once such expression of assertion of Muslim identity by bringing
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sanctity of the sacred places of Islam in political perspective. It
envisioned massive projects for the welfare of Muslim community of
India including making its own shi--making company to work for
pilgrims of Hajj besides its main function of the protection of holy
places of Islam in Makkah and Madina from any impending
aggression. The British government in India viewed this anjuman as a
corollary of the onging Indian political movement and perceived it as
a threat to the law and order in their Indian Empire. It was,
moreover, taken as a grave threat to the Muslim and non-Muslim
unity and cordial relations between religious communities. Since the
anjuman had outlined making a volunteer force of Shaidaian-i-Kaaba
(votaries of the Kaaba), the government viewd it as a tool of
politico-criminal propaganda in the hands of workers of anjuman.
The present paper is an endeavor to invest igate Anjuman
Khuddam-i-Kaaba with relation to its contribution in constructing
Muslim identity in colonial north India. It will also explain the way
this anjuman contributed in preparing ground for ensuing
pan-Islamic Khilafat movement in India because it was the platform
of this organization that provided the prominent leadership to
Khilafat movement.

Review of "Paper Jewels: Postcards from the Raj" by Omar Khan - a "sumptuous and pioneering book, Paper Jewels: Postcards from the Raj, is the first to trace the fascinating story of picture postcards in the subcontinent (today’s India,... more

Out of Bounds focuses on the crucial role that conceptions of iconic colonial Indian spaces—jungles, cantonments, cities, hill stations, bazaars, clubs—played in the literary and social production of British India. Author Alan Johnson... more

Out of Bounds focuses on the crucial role that conceptions of iconic colonial Indian spaces—jungles, cantonments, cities, hill stations, bazaars, clubs—played in the literary and social production of British India. Author Alan Johnson illuminates the geographical, rhetorical, and ideological underpinnings of such depictions and, from this, argues that these spaces operated as powerful motifs in the acculturation of Anglo-India. He shows that the bicultural, intrinsically ambivalent outlook of Anglo-Indian writers is acutely sensitive to spatial motifs that, insofar as these condition the idea of home and homelessness, alternately support and subvert conventional colonial perspectives.
Colonial spatial motifs not only informed European representations of India, but also shaped important aesthetic notions of the period, such as the sublime. This book also explains how and why Europeans’ rhetorical and visual depictions of the Indian subcontinent, whether ostensibly administrative, scientific, or aesthetic, constituted a primary means of memorializing Empire, creating an idiom that postcolonial India continues to use in certain ways. Consequently, Johnson examines specific motifs of Anglo-Indian cultural remembrance, such as the hunting memoir, hill station life, and the Mutiny, all of which facilitated the mythic iconography of the Raj. He bases his work on the premise that spatiality (the physical as well as social conceptualization of space) is a vital component of the mythos of colonial life and that the study of spatiality is too often a subset of a focus on temporality.

Johnson reads canonical and lesser-known fiction, memoirs, and travelogues alongside colonial archival documents to identify shared spatial motifs and idioms that were common to the period. Although he discusses colonial works, he focuses primarily on the writings of Anglo-Indians such as Rudyard Kipling, John Masters, Jim Corbett, and Flora Annie Steel to demonstrate how conventions of spatial identity were rhetorically maintained—and continually compromised. All of these considerations amplify this book’s focus on the porosity of boundaries in literatures of the colony and of the nation.

Out of Bounds will be of interest to not only postcolonial literary scholars, but also scholars and students in interdisciplinary nineteenth-century studies, South Asian cultural history, cultural anthropology, women’s studies, and sociology.

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- by Alan G Johnson
- •
- Colonial India

This article looks at a new conception of urban space, pivotal to late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Indian literatures and the emergent political culture of Indian nationalism, inscribed into the figure of the modern woman in a... more

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- by Manishita Dass
- •
- 7
  South Asian Studies, Gender, Modernity, Indian Cinema

This volume on the kitchens, dining and entertaining at the Rashtrapati Bhavan is part, the ninth in the series, of a multi-volume documentation project that seeks to capture and present various facets of life at the Rashtrapati Bhavan.... more

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- by Habiba Insaf
- •
- 5
  History, Politics, Food History, India

A pesar de la relevancia demográfica y geoestratégica de los principados de la India, la historiografía sobre estos territorios de la India no británica no los ha considerado hasta el momento como espacios determinantes en la... more

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- by Teresa Segura-Garcia
- •
- 54
  Hinduism, History, History of India, South Asian Studies

In this paper, the autobiographies of three women from twentieth century India are considered to uncover details about their everyday life.

American Historical Review 121, 1 (February 2016): 216-17

Colonial India

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