Courtesy

Inspired by informal observation of changes in social behaviour and personal propriety in Beijing in the 1980s and 2010s, this research assesses the view of young and educated Beijingers of the dynamics behind these changes, hypothesising government action and socio-economic development as key factors.
The data gathered shed light on the wider transformation that occurred in Beijing, deeming overly simplistic the assumed connection between economic development and civilisation and inviting a parallel between the magnitude of the transformation observed and its wide-ranging scope: as deep were changes in manners and propriety in Beijing as wide was the breadth of societal change. This reveals a refreshing version of modernity that helps relativising this concept, moving away from the isomorphism between modernity and westernisation.

Shakespeare and the Cultivation of Difference reveals the relationship between racial discrimination and the struggle for upward social mobility in the early modern world. Reading Shakespeare's plays alongside contemporaneous conduct literature—how-to books on self-improvement—this book demonstrates the ways that the pursuit of personal improvement was accomplished by the simultaneous stigmatization of particular kinds of difference. The widespread belief that one could better, or cultivate oneself through proper conduct was coupled with an equally widespread belief that certain markers, including but not limited to “blackness,” indicated an inability to conduct oneself properly, laying the foundation for what we now call “racism.” A careful reading of Shakespeare's plays reveals a recurring critique of the conduct system voiced, for example, by malcontents and social climbers like Iago and Caliban, and embodied in the struggles of earnest strivers like Othello, Bottom, and Dromio of Ephesus and Dromio of Syracuse, whose bodies are bruised, pinched, blackened and otherwise indelibly marked as un-cultivatable. By approaching race through the discourse of conduct, this volume not only exposes the epistemic violence toward stigmatized others that lies at the heart of self-cultivation, but also contributes to the broader definition of race that has emerged in recent studies of cross-cultural encounter, colonialism and the global early modern world.

Organizational citizenship behavior is voluntarily behavior. Even though it is not mandatory, it contributes to business goals and objectives which are important issues for organizations. The present study aims to determine organizational citizenship behavior and its dimensions with a detailed literature. The overall objective is to describe organizational citizenship behavior and its dimensions through the qualitative and quantitative research conducted on employees of a textile company in Adıyaman, Turkey. The study will begin with the qualitative research focus on the company's organizational citizenship behavior by using Schein's joint exploration method through iterative interviewing. The second part of research will be the quantitative section, which will study the company using the method of survey and will draw together the findings and present alternative evaluations.

The purpose of this research is to contrast the strategies that Chinese
and Spanish university students use to respond to compliments on
someone’s possession, appearance, personality traits or skills from a
heuristic approach. The analysis is based on a corpus that consists of
918 strategies. According to the results, the Spanish informants tend
to use complex responses, while the Chinese informants prefer simple
responses. The most used macro-strategies in both corpus are
positive evaluation and acceptance. Additionally, we have identified
specific strategies to each corpus. To sum up, despite studying two
different linguistic communities, there are many points in common
regarding the ways of responding to the speech act of compliment.

Organizational Citizenship behaviour is presumed as one of the emerging management concepts that  are being emphasized for the organizational effectiveness.The present study has been undertaken in order to determine the factors affecting the OCB and to develop a theoretical model on OCB by employing sophisticated multivariate technique- Varimax Rotated Factor Analytical Technique. The study has determined factors affecting the OCB: Organizational Loyalty, Altruism, Civic Virtue, Sportsmanship, Courtesy, Conscientiousness, Organizational Compliance, Problem Concern, Individual Initiatives, Self development. The study has suggested some policy guidelines by developing a conceptual model on OCB. Keywords: Organizational citizenship behaviour, Job satisfaction, Civic virtue, Altruism

Este trabajo es un estudio heurístico de carácter contrastivo sobre las estrategias que utilizan universitarios chinos y españoles para responder a un cumplido sobre habilidad, posesión, apariencia y personalidad.
En los años 80, tuvo lugar el desarrollo de la pragmática y de la sociolingüística. Se estudiaron diversos actos de habla y el fenómeno universal de la cortesía lingüística, un elemento de vital importancia en la comunicación intercultural, ya que ayuda a establecer, mantener o asentar relaciones interpersonales armoniosas, reduciendo la posibilidad de hallarnos frente a conflictos o malentendidos. Como resultado de este interés, diversos autores comenzaron a estudiar el acto de habla del cumplido, entendiéndose como un acto de habla que permite crear lazos de solidaridad entre el hablante y su interlocutor (Havertake, 1994) dentro de las estrategias de la cortesía positiva (Brown y Levinson, 1978; Holmes, 1988), si bien, se ve influido por diversos convencionalismos sociales.
Pese a la abundancia de estudios sobre este acto de habla en comunidades lingüísticas relacionadas con el mundo anglosajón, todavía no se ha profundizado en el estudio del cumplido en comunidades lingüísticas más alejadas como la china y, sobre todo, dentro del ámbito de la pragmática intercultural. Hasta el momento,
no se han realizado estudios contrastivos entre el español peninsular y el chino. Dado que el cumplido forma parte de la pragmática y la enseñanza de aspectos pragmáticos y socioculturales en el aula es una parte indisociable de la enseñanza de lenguas, consideramos que su estudio es esencial.
El análisis realizado en esta investigación se basa en un corpus formado por 918 estrategias expresadas a través de 600 respuestas a cumplidos realizadas por estudiantes universitarios: 25 chinos y 25 españoles; 12 hombres y 13 mujeres en cada grupo. Hemos utilizado la herramienta Test para completar el discurso (Discourse completion test) para recopilar los datos. El cuestionario se administró a los informantes desde finales del mes de junio hasta mediados de julio del año 2016,
quienes pudieron completarlo en línea. Las variables independientes cuyo impacto hemos analizado son: sexo, edad, lugar de origen, distancia social y poder social. Usamos metodología cualitativa para elaborar el cuestionario y metodología cuantitativa para desarrollar el estudio exploratorio con ayuda del programa Excel de Microsoft. Según los resultados de nuestra investigación, los informantes españoles
prefieren utilizar respuestas compuestas, es decir, formadas por varias estrategias, mientras que los informantes chinos tienden a usar respuestas simples. Las macroestrategias más utilizadas en los dos corpus son la elaboración positiva y la aceptación. No obstante, los informantes chinos tienden a usar más que los informantes españoles la categoría rechazo. Asimismo, hemos encontrado estrategias exclusivas en ambos corpus. En cuanto a las variables independientes, tanto en el corpus español como en el chino se aprecia cierto efecto del poder social, la distancia social y el sexo, si bien, influye de forma diferente en cada uno.
En definitiva, pese a estudiar dos comunidades lingüísticas alejadas entre sí y con modelos de cortesía particulares, encontramos bastantes puntos en común en relación a las formas de responder al acto de habla del cumplido.

Los estudiosos de la cortesía reconocen la importancia de los factores prosódicos en la producción de formas lingüísticas corteses; sin embargo, éstos han sido raramente analizados. El objetivo de este trabajo es acercarse a la relación entre prosodia y cortesía, mediante el análisis de un acto de habla específico, la petición, del cual se ha
sugerido que, al igual que las preguntas, presenta en español un tono de juntura ascendente. Comparo la producción de peticiones en dos estilos, que llamo “neutro” y cortés”; el interés es presentar una descripción detallada sobre el patrón entonativo de las peticiones en general, y, particularmente, el estilo cortés de la petición. Los datos en que me baso provienen de una prueba realizada con 12 hablantes nativos de la ciudad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.

Organizational support has become an increasingly important issue for organizations to become more productive and reaching targets. Members of the organization provide a significant contribution to the extent they feel they are supported by their organizations. However, an organization member who thinks that organizational support has been provided is one step ahead of their work. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) covers a number of factors based on voluntary but non-compulsory behaviors and attitudes of the organization's members. Whether the organizational support that employees perceive affects organizational citizenship behavior or not is subject worth to study. This study on the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior with its dimensions and perceived organizational support was revealed by a survey among glass factory employees operating in Ankara. In the study conducted, it was concluded that there is a positive relationship between organizational citizenship behaviors and perceived organizational support. In this context, as the perceptions of organizational support increase, the exhibitions of organizational citizenship behaviors towards the organization and individual also increase.

Courtesy expressions play an important role in Arabic culture. Therefore, a learner should be aware of them in order to fully master the Arabic language. The current research studies compliment responses in Colloquial Arabic and their use in teaching Arabic as a foreign language.
The first part of the research is a comparative ethnographic study on compliment responses in peninsular Spanish and in Lebanese Arabic. Secret recordings were used in order to register these communicative interactions and create a corpus formed with real language samples.
In the second part of the study, a corpus of courtesy expressions comprising of all Arabic dialects is built. Formulaic expressions and invocations against the ‘evil eye’ are used in all the various Arabic dialects. This shows the relationship between language and culture in Arabic societies and the importance of introducing the pragmatic and intercultural competence when teaching Arabic as a Foreign Language.
Keywords: Courtesy expressions, compliment/compliment responses, intercultural and pragmatic competence, colloquial Arabic.

The study of handwritten words is tied to the development of recognition methods to be used in real-world applications involving handwritten words, such as handwritten texts, bank checks, and postal envelopes, among others. In this paper an approach for Farsi bank ...

Organizational support has become an increasingly important issue for organizations to become more productive and reaching targets. Members of the organization provide a significant contribution to the extent they feel they are supported by their organizations. However, an organization member who thinks that organizational support has been provided is one step ahead of their work. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) covers a number of factors based on voluntary but non-compulsory behaviors and attitudes of the organization's members. Whether the organizational support that employees perceive affects organizational citizenship behavior or not is subject worth to study. This study on the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior with its dimensions and perceived organizational support was revealed by a survey among glass factory employees operating in Ankara. In the study conducted, it was concluded that there is a positive relationship between organizational ...

Kişilerin yaşadıkları olayların nedenlerini nelere atfettikleri, kişisel kontrol odakları ile ilgili olup, çalıştıkları örgütte sergileyecekleri nezaket ve yardım etme davranışlarını etkileyebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada çeşitli kamu kurum ve kuruluşlarında görev yapan 233 kişiye bir anket uygulanarak kişisel kontrol odakları, yardım etme ve nezaket davranışı gösterme eğilimleri ölçülmüştür. Elde edilen verilerin değerlendirilmesinde değişkenler arası korelasyonlar araştırılmış ve ortalamalar arası farklar bağımsız örneklem t-testi ile incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar, çalışanların çoğunluğunun iç kontrol odaklı olduklarını ve iç kontrol odaklı bireylerin dış kontrol odaklılarla kıyaslandığında yardım etme ve nezaket davranışı gösterme eğilimlerinin daha fazla olduğunu göstermiştir.

En este artículo se refuta el planteamiento de Brown y Levinson (1987), según el cual, cuando la posible amenaza a la imagen tiene un peso muy alto, los hablantes evitarían realizar un acto directivo para no imponer y evitar el daño a la imagen negativa del destinatario. Se mostrará –con datos empíricos– cuáles son las razones que aducen los hablantes d Guadalajara (Jalisco, México) para no realizar una petición. Veremos que las opiniones de los miembros de la comunidad son fundamentales para saber cuáles son las normas de interacción valoradas como socialmente apropiadas en comunidades específicas.

La bibliografía sobre la paradoja de trabajar con datos de cuestionarios para estudiar un fenómeno que tiene lugar en la interacción es extensa. Sin embargo, la discusión se ha centrado sobre todo en la validez de los datos lingüísticos que se obtienen y se ha dejado de lado los aspectos que tienen que ver con la representatividad de esos materiales. Al no tomar en cuenta estos aspectos, el sesgo de los resultados se incrementa. El objetivo de este trabajo es reflexionar sobre la necesidad de diseñar cuestionarios que cumplan con el criterio de representatividad.

En la primera parte presentaré un breve panorama sobre los datos con los que se trabaja en los estudios de cortesía y comentaré las ventajas y desventajas de cada uno de ellos. Enseguida me ocuparé de los cuestionarios (utilizo aquí cuestionario como término genérico para referir a diversos tipos de instrumentos que se emplean para elicitar datos sobre cortesía); veremos el tipo de datos que se obtienen al trabajar con ellos y las diferencias que existen entre los diversos tipos de cuestionarios. En la segunda parte me centraré en aspectos que han sido poco discutidos en relación con el empleo de cuestionarios y que tienen que ver con el muestreo, así como con el número y tipo de situaciones apropiados para obtener datos representativos de la estructura lingüística de un acto de habla así como de los factores que propician su variación. Por último, presentaré algunos ejemplos de la información que es posible obtener al servirse de la metodología sociolingüística para diseñar y aplicar cuestionarios sobre cortesía.

This article aims to offer some insights on how the issue of justice overrides inter-faith relations in Malaysia. Materials used for logical analysis include relevant verses of the Qurʾān and Ḥadīths and their authoritative interpretations including Ethics; official government records; and, baseline data of recent research. Of concern here is Justice in all its dimensions, such as the national language, democratic politics, fair economics, and acceptance of rich multi-cultural traditions. A brief analysis of the imperative character traits of courtesy and kindness-kesopanan dan kesusilaan in Rukun Negara or the Malaysian national principles-is carried out in the context of the Malaysian term muhibbah, identified as "affectionate friendship." The origin of such a friendship is the notion of "biological brotherhood" in the worldview of Islam. The article shall also examine social disunity and enmity from the moral and ethical lens, arguing thus that disunity is an effect of the moral vice of envy, which is caused by rancour, which in turn, resulted from anger.

For full article please visit
http://tafhim.ikim.gov.my/index.php/tafhim/article/view/90

El manejo del discurso didáctico es una de las competencias fundamentales en la formación de profesores de francés. Este comprende, además del saber erudito que legitima la enseñanza, la capacidad de construir relaciones interpersonales armónicas para el aprendizaje de la lengua y, en consecuencia, su motivación. A partir de este supuesto, nace el interés por conocer, desde la perspectiva de 25 estudiantes mexicanos de la materia de Pragmática en la Licenciatura en la Enseñanza de Francés de la Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (México), los aspectos de la cortesía que más contrastan entre los profesores mexicanos y franceses en las aulas. Se grabaron y transcribieron dos cursos de francés como lengua meta de profesoras activas de la planta docente de la licenciatura, una de origen mexicano y otra de origen francés, lo que constituyó el documento de partida. El análisis mostró que efectivamente hay una variación que depende del origen lingüístico del locutor. La aplicación de la metodología analítico-contrastiva permitió identificar algunos rasgos culturales que definen la cortesía del docente en el aula reconocidos por los discentes y la reacción que detonan.

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Management of didactic speech is one of the fundamental aspects in the formation of future teachers of French. This includes not only the necessary savoir-faire and savoir-être to legitimize education, but also some of the fundamental aspects such as the construction of interpersonal harmonic relations for the learning of the language and in consequence, motivation. Therefore, we are interested in exploring some of the most contrasting aspects in the specific management of courtesy in the classroom by teachers of different nationalities from the perspective of Mexican students. Two French foreign language courses given by teachers of the BA were recorded and transcribed; these transcriptions constitute the source document. The transcriptions of the courses given by teachers of two different nationalities (Mexican and French) were analysed through the eyes of 25 students of the BA in French Teaching (LEF) in Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP). The analysis was performed using the foundations of linguistic pragmatics. In this way, the differences between the teaching practices were identified. The application of the analytical- contrastive methodology allowed us to identify some of the cultural features that define the politeness of the teacher in the classroom and its effects on the students’ learning process.

Se presentan los resultados del empleo de las perífrasis con 'poder' en un corpus de peticiones. Se evidencia que éstas motivan el empleo de los llamados "tiempos corteses" y que su uso se ve favorecido por factores como el tipo de petición y la relación entre los interlocutores. Asimismo, se muestra que su uso es altamente convencional y, por tanto, forman parte de la llamada "cortesía codificada".

El manejo del discurso didáctico es uno de los aspectos fundamentales en la formación de futuros profesores de francés. Su realización conlleva, no sólo el saber erudito necesario para legitimar la enseñanza, sino aspectos fundamentales como la construcción de relaciones interpersonales armónicas para el aprendizaje de la lengua y, en consecuencia, su motivación.Siendo el manejo del discurso didáctico, un eje fundamental en el ejercicio docente, nos hemos interesado en conocer algunos de los aspectos que resultan más contrastantes, desde la perspectiva de los estudiantes mexicanos, del quehacer docente correspondiente a nacionalidades diferentes, en cuanto al manejo específico de la cortesía dentro del aula.Por el análisis de transcripciones de cursos de profesores de diferente nacionalidad (mexicanos y franceses), a través de la mirada de estudiantes de la Licenciatura en la Enseñanza del Francés de la Universidad Autónoma de Puebla y fundamentos de pragmática lingüística, podemos ...

The chapter is structured as follows. Section two briefly sketches Thomas Hill Green’s early attitudes to Russia. Section three analyses Green’s mature conception of “the state” and considers its influence on his mature attitude towards Czarism. Section four expands on that analysis by examining the contrasts that Green drew between that conception, the ancient polis and Hegel’s conception of the state. It will be shown that Green regarded the polis and the Hegelian state as highly imperfect entities. With this mind, section five explores the ways in which Green’s conception of the ideal state entailed an analysis of “true” and “false” patriotism. Section six explores the enabling role that the state should play for its citizens. The chapter concludes in section seven with an overview of the argument.

[EN] As conversation unfolds it is noticeable the recurrent mention by speakers to the act of linguistic formulation itself, either by commenting or evaluating their own speech or by negotiating the correct word with the interlocutor, either by explicating the labor in searching for the most adequate formulation or by qualifying the meaning of the choices being made. During this process, the speaker stops the ongoing content of the conversation and turns himself to a particular way of uttering this content. In other words, conversation unfolds instantiated by metaenunciation. Among the different manifestations of metaenunciation, one is highlighted by its interactive nature. By using this strategy, the speaker, explicit or implicitly, stages a dialog with his interlocutor about the convenience of what has been or will be uttered. In this sense, the speaker may apologize or ask for permission to use specific words or expressions, to approach specific topics, to allude to other topics, or even to justify discursive procedures. The speaker may even draw his interlocutor attention to what it will be conveyed, thus highlighting his own point of view. The analysis of this kind of metaenunciative activities, given its explicitly interactive nature, reveals that they are predominantly characterized as formulations marked by attenuation, configured, therefore, in acts of courtesy. The central aim of this paper is to identify and describe linguistic resources used in attenuation inherent to these metaenunciative interventions and therefore to provide evidence to the courtesy relations established among the participants in interaction.

[PT] No desdobramento de uma conversa chama particular atenção a recorrente remissão do falante ao ato da formulação linguística em si, ora comentando e avaliando o próprio dizer ou negociando a palavra certa com o interlocutor, ora explicitando o trabalho de busca da formulação adequada ou qualificando o sentido das escolhas feitas. Nesse processo, o falante, de certa forma, suspende o curso do conteúdo da conversa e se volta a algum aspecto relativo ao modo de dizer esse conteúdo. Em outras palavras, instala-se no desdobramento da enunciação um dizer sobre o dizer, uma enunciação sobre a enunciação, em suma, uma metaenunciação. Entre as diferentes manifestações metaenunciativas distingue-se uma por sua natureza destacadamente interativa. Nela o enunciador, explícita ou implicitamente, encena um diálogo com o seu interlocutor sobre a propriedade ou conveniência do que foi ou vai ser dito no curso da interação. Nesse sentido, o enunciador pode se desculpar ou pedir permissão para usar determinadas palavras ou expressões, tratar de determinados assuntos, fazer alusão a outros, ou ainda justificar certos procedimentos discursivos. Pode ele também chamar atenção do interlocutor sobre o que e como vai dizer, destacando, assim, a seu ponto de vista em relação ao de seu parceiro de interação. A análise das atividades metaenunciativas desse tipo, em razão de seu caráter explicitamente interacional, revela que elas se caracterizam, predominantemente, por uma formulação marcada por traços de atenuação, configurando-se, por isso, em atos de cortesia. O objetivo deste artigo é, justamente, o de identificar e descrever recursos linguísticos de atenuação inerentes a essas intervenções metaenunciativas e, dessa forma, dar evidência à relação de cortesia que elas estabelecem entre os participantes da interação.