Digitisation

Since it first appeared in literature in the early nineties, the Circular Economy (CE) has grown in significance amongst academic, policymaking, and industry groups. The latest developments in the CE field have included the interrogation of CE as a paradigm, and its relationship with sustainability and other concepts, including iterative definitions. Research has also identified a significant opportunity to apply circular approaches to our rapidly changing industrial system, including manufacturing processes and Industry 4.0 (I4.0) which, with data, is enabling the latest advances in digital technologies (DT). Research which fuses these two areas has not been extensively explored. This is the first paper to provide a synergistic and integrative CE-DT framework which offers directions for policymakers and guidance for future research through a review of the integrated fields of CE and I4.0. To achieve this, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR; n = 174) of the empirical literature related to digital technologies, I4.0, and circular approaches is conducted. The SLR is based on peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and early 2018. This paper also summarizes the current trends in CE research related to manufacturing. The findings confirm that while CE research has been on the increase, research on digital technologies to enable a CE is still relatively untouched. While the " interdisciplinarity " of CE research is well-known, the findings reveal that a substantial percentage is engineering-focused. The paper concludes by proposing a synergistic and integrative CE-DT framework for future research developed from the gaps in the current research landscape.

The big and increasingly complex problems faced by governments around the world do not fit neatly into the internal structures by which governments have divided and organized themselves. As a result, many governments are struggling to respond effectively. In this blog post, we summarize the findings of our recent paper "Abandoning Silos: How innovative governments are collaborating horizontally to solve complex problems" which explores how three countries (Estonia, the United Kingdom, and New Zealand) are successfully overcoming this challenge.

Lecture at the University of Colorado at Boulder:
Architect’s roles and profiles will need to change in order to meet the changing nature of our society, the technologies driving it and the expectations of our clients. Professor Peter Russell describes the impact of technologies on Architecture as an object, a profession, a process, a business and as a field of study.

Abstract (ENG):
On November 14th and 15th 2017, at the Stabat Mater room of Archiginnasio Public Library of Bologna, the conference "Il libro antico. Limiti e prospettive dei censimenti", coordinated by Regione Emilia-Romagna-Istituto per i beni artistici, culturali e naturali (IBC), took place. On the first day there has been two sessions: one morning session titled "I fondi librari antichi: un patrimonio da conoscere, promuovere, valorizzare, tutelare" ; and one afternoon session titled "Catalogare per conoscere, promuovere, valorizzare, tutelare: le banche-dati". The second and last day has introduced a session titled: "Catalogazione e digitalizzazione: situazione presente e prospettive future". This conference represents a great opportunity to reflect on a still open way about early printed book. A lot of proposed speeches have often reminded that forty years passed since the introduction of automation in libraries related to early printed book; a setting which deserves to be studied and discovered again, above all in the light of the latest innovations and the evolutionary process of information technology and Web. Although information technology has made remarkable progresses on creation of ad hoc software environment, as well as in the definition of "open" and flexible metalanguages to create metadata and codify in a digital way hierarchically ordered and organized text contents, there is still much to do, especially for early printed books, with the specific goal to simplify and increase the census of item data and the connection between these data (which they often elude the strict mechanism of databases and/or forms of census) and digital copies on the Web.


Abstract (ITA):
Nelle giornate del 14 e 15 novembre 2017, presso la Sala Stabat Mater della Biblioteca comunale dell’Archiginnasio di Bologna, si è celebrato il convegno dal titolo “Il libro antico. Limiti e prospettive dei censimenti”, organizzato dalla Regione Emilia-Romagna - Istituto per i beni artistici, culturali e naturali (IBC).
L’evento, dalla tematica assai vasta e di sicuro interesse grazie alla qualità degli interventi proposti e dei relatori intervenuti dall’Italia e dall’estero, ha riscontrato una grande affluenza da parte della comunità dei bibliotecari e degli studiosi, che hanno partecipato molto numerosi.
Per la giornata d’avvio il programma ha proposto due sedute: una seduta antimeridiana dal titolo: I fondi librari antichi: un patrimonio da conoscere, promuovere, valorizzare, tutelare; e una seduta pomeridiana dal titolo: Catalogare per conoscere, promuovere, valorizzare, tutelare: le banche-dati. La seconda e ultima giornata del convegno ha proposto una seduta dal titolo: Catalogazione e digitalizzazione: situazione presente e prospettive future.
Questo convegno non deve essere inteso come un’occasione celebrativa posta a chiusura di un programma di attività: esso rappresenta, invece, una preziosa opportunità di riflessione su un percorso a tutt’oggi aperto e incentrato sul libro antico. Molti degli interventi proposti, infatti, hanno spesso richiamato alla memoria dei presenti come siano trascorsi ben quarant’anni dall’introduzione della tematica dell’automazione in biblioteca e relativa al libro antico; uno scenario che merita di essere analizzato e riscoperto, soprattutto alla luce delle recenti innovazioni e dei processi evolutivi della tecnologia informatica e del Web.
Per quanto l’Informatica abbia fatto notevolissimi passi avanti nella creazione di ambienti software ad hoc, così come nella definizione di metalinguaggi “aperti” e flessibili per la metadatazione e la codifica digitale di contenuti testuali e gerarchicamente ordinati e strutturati, c’è ancora molto da fare, specialmente quando l’oggetto di studio sono i libri antichi, con l’obiettivo specifico di facilitare e potenziare il censimento dei dati d’esemplare e il collegamento di tali dati (che spessissimo sfuggono alle logiche stringenti dei campi a selezione fissa delle banche-dati e/o delle schede dei censimenti) alle copie digitali che popolano il Web.

Digitisation of cable television in India is an important and necessary step for regulating cable television sector in India and to bring transparency in the system to benefit all stakeholders, including consumers and cable operators.

The Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2011 mandated that all Cable companies should convert their analogue systems to digital in four metros by 31 March 2012 and whole country should go digital by 31 December 2014. The Act also requires the cable operators to submit reports on the total number of subscribers, subscription rates, and the number of subscribers for free-to-air and pay channels.

In analogue systems, it was difficult to ascertain how many households are subscribing to cable services. The actual number was known only to the local cable operators who also worked as bill collection agents. TRAI mandated that revenues gathered by cable operators should be split among broadcasters, Multi Service Operators and Local Cable Operators. But cable operators undervalue the amount collected which was great loss for broadcasters.

With the digitisation of cable television every household accessing signals is counted and cable operators are forced to share their collections with MSOs and broadcasters. Consumers are also able to select and pay only for the channels they wish to see.

This research paper will study the impact of digitisation on broadcasters, MSOs, LCOs and viewers. Its advantages and disadvantages to various stakeholders, changes it will bring into television sector.

Since the 1990’s the digital revolution has inspired the prophecies of Silicon Valley pundits that we are about to enter a leaderless society. Yet, the cyberutopian excitement about the ‘wisdom of the crowd’ has given way to an unprecedented disillusionment since 2016 at the latest. If we want to learn from this sobering experience, we must face the decisive problem: Every democracy is founded on practices of acclamation and praise. Social networks like Facebook have turned such practices into a manipulative tool that undermines the democratic pursuit of the true and the good. What can we learn from the premodern cultivation of practices of worship and praise if we want to overcome the life-threatening crisis of contemporary democracies?

In this written transcript of a conversation with Keith Krause, Professor at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (IHEID) in Geneva, Switzerland, Director of its Centre on Conflict, Development and Peacebuilding (CCDP), and – until 2016 – Programme Director of the Small Arms Survey, central aspects of the contemporary use and study of technologies of violence are highlighted. The ways in which technology informed Keith's research and how it altered the character of international violence are addressed, before the conversation moved to how technology affects patterns of knowledge creation and dissemination in the IR discipline more generally.

In the past couple of decades technology in the scanning of film has developed rapidly and opened doors to the digitisation of archival films. The century old motion picture films can now be resurrected in their former glory but with this wide array of options available, users are in constant inevitable dilemma: which scanner technology to use? What is a telecine and a film scanner?

This paper will present the different scanning technologies, its benefits and limitations as a crucial process in the digitisation of motion picture film. Some history on the development of the technology and essential technical specifications will also be explained to aid in selecting the best technology in archival film scanning as well as some film basics to fully understand the medium used for this process.

Digital archival information systems can be planned and designed by following the most prominent records management methodologies like ISO 15489, related standards and DIRKS, or by following project management approach. Project management approach means planning and designing of digital archival information system as a cost and time-bound project and performing monitoring and evaluation activities in these perimeters. This approach can be done by following different project management methodologies like PRINCE2 or Project Cycle Management. The aim of this article is to explain these available options, to compare them and to make recommendations based on assessment of capabilities of an organisation in which the potential digital archival information system is to be planned and designed. Project cycle management is suitable methodology for organisations in which digital archive developers do not have sufficient administrative capabilities or enough staff with technical know-how to develop digital archive without outsourced technical assistance, but are allowed to apply for European financial aid, such as IPA or other funds in the future.

The Brabant map maker and geographer Abraham Ortelius (1527-1598) would have gained only a small position within the cartographic discipline, if he didn’t conceive the pioneer’s idea to compose the best actual maps in a uniform format in a book. His modern world atlas 'Theatrum orbis terrarum', of which the first edition appeared in 1570, was compiled and printed in Antwerp, at the time the very heart of the worldwide economy, but also of commercial cartography. Ortelius’s atlas became a great success, setting the trend for a rich trade in maps and atlases for the centuries to come.

While struggling to succeed in today’s complex market environment and provide better customer experience and services, enterprises encompass digital transformation as a means for reaching competitiveness and foster value creation. A digital transformation process consists of information technology implementation projects, as well as organizational factors such as top management support, digital transformation strategy, and organizational changes. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is little evidence about digital transformation endeavors in organizations and how they perceive it – is it only about digital technologies adoption or a true organizational shift is needed? In order to address this issue and as the first step in our research project, a literature review is conducted. The analysis included case study papers from Scopus and Web of Science databases. The following attributes are considered for classification and analysis of papers: time component; country of case origin; case industry and; digital transformation concept comprehension, i.e. focus. Research showed that organizations – public, as well as private ones, are aware of change necessity and employ digital transformation projects. Also, the changes concerning digital transformation affect both manufacturing and service-based industries. Furthermore, we discovered that organizations understand that besides technologies implementation, organizational changes must also be adopted. However, with only 29 relevant papers identified, research positioned digital transformation as an unexplored and emerging phenomenon in information systems research. The scarcity of evidence-based papers calls for further examination of this topic on cases from practice

The present study proposes a theoretical investigation concerning the digitization of art works, situated in the frame of the relationship between technology, museum and the contemporary art world. The new technologies of information and communication are changing the social and cultural landscape, bringing under discussion the museum function, that of the museology and of art, as well as its representation in the public sphere. From museum sites to online museums and the more recent virtual tours, the internet proves to be a useful tool for art and museums, trustees, experts, museographers being thus able to envisage new forms of cooperation between the exhibitions creators and the visitors - users. The virtual tour is an interactive tool allowing a 360 degrees view of a museum space or an exhibition, the online collections of the Romanian National Art Museum being an example.

Key-words: digitization, art, internet, virtual tours, new technologies of information and communication

The Digital Repository Project, initiated by the National Film Archive in 2010, is just finishing its fifth year. The project’s aims were to digitize, archive, catalogue and make available the Polish cinema to a broader audience. The digitization for the project The National Film Archive’s Digital Repository was possible due to the support of the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage and its programs: the Digitalizacja materiałów audiowizualnych (2010) and the Wieloletni Program Rządowy KULTURA+ (2011-2014) directed by the National Audiovisual Institute.

Depuis que les pratiques culturelles sont entrées dans l'ère numérique en France, la vie musicale a été affectée dans tous ses aspects par cette révolution technologique. Or, si les pratiques numériques modifient la façon dont nous créons, jouons, diffusons et écoutons la musique, elles questionnent aussi les apprentissages musicaux et bousculent les façons d’enseigner la musique.
Les pratiques numériques concernent les façons dont nous enseignons la musique depuis le confinement et l’organisation urgente d’un enseignement à distance, sans formation préalable des enseignants aux outils numériques, pour assurer une « continuité pédagogique ». Mais le numérique est-il le moyen de continuer ce qui ne peut plus l’être autrement, ou de faire autre chose, autrement ?

Digital libraries depend on digital content. There are information objects which are “born digital”, having been created by computational technologies and never existing in analogue format, but the majority of holdings offered by digital libraries were created through the process of digitization, “the conversion of an analog signal or code into a digital signal or code” (Lee 2002, 3).
The information, culture, and heritage sectors were quick to embrace digitization technologies as they became available, primarily to facilitate access to items in collections by providing them in electronic format. Producing digital versions of holdings through digitization has become an industry in itself, and there has been much effort devoted to producing guides to best practice for undertaking the digitisation of library and archive material.
This chapter provides an overview of the rise of digitization, demonstrating the phenomenal recent uptake of digital technologies within the library sector, laying the foundations for the digital libraries of the future.

This article discusses, from a theoretical and philosophical perspective, the meaning and the importance of basic literacy training for education in an age in which digital technologies have become ubiquitous. I discuss some arguments which I draw from the so called literacy hypothesis approach (McLuhan, Goody, Havelock, Ong), in order to understand the significance of a ‘traditional’ initiation into literacy. I then use the work of Bernard Stiegler on bodily gestures and routines, related to different (traditional and digital) technologies, in order to elaborate and criticize the claims the literacy hypothesis makes. Bringing together insights from both the literacy hypothesis approach and Stiegler’s work, I defend the view that there exists an essential difference between traditional and digital literacy, and I try to argue for the introduction of a spelling and grammar of the digital in the educational curriculum.

This article reflects on the process of digitising a collection of almost 1800 Victorian Valentines cards. The Museum of London’s card collection is only a fraction of an individual’s extensive collection of greetings cards. This article argues that the work of documenting and photographing the cards revealed information about the nature of collecting. There have always been inconsistencies between professional and personal collecting activities: the museum acquired just part of the collection because the entire collection was so vast it was considered unmanageable. Collections online and digitisation work has suggested several points about the nature of the collection as context and this short article discusses some of these ideas.

Since the 1970s, the gallery, library, archive, and museum sector has promoted and encouraged digitization - the conversion of analog into digital information - to increase access to cultural heritage material through various incarnations of digital media.  Indeed, it is now expected by both users and professionals that institutions should be undertaking digitization programs, and best practices in this area are now well documented and understood. This chapter scopes out the background to the current digitization environment, giving an overview of the methods and approaches involved. It points to current developments, highlighting the use of both two and three dimensional capture methods for the creation of digital surrogates of objects and artefacts, indicating the potential for further development in the sector, whilst drawing attention to current issues faced when digitizing objects and artefacts including cost, sustainability, impact evaluation, and expectation management in the changing information environment.  The affordances of previously prohibitively expensive techniques – such as multi-spectral imaging and 3D scanning – are now available at relatively inexpensive rates, which also raises questions about digital literacy and our understanding of what it means, for both the end user and information professional, to create digital versions of our cultural inheritance.

This (simulated) Project proporal aims to identify key reasons behind the low usage of the DigiLocker Facility in India and its poor adoption by various organisations, both public and Private. It will then identify the root causes, their effect and suggest an intervention logic. The Project is planned as a ‘revitalization’ strategy for the dying DigiLocker Program., launched by the Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology.

This Document is an academic endeavor in simulating a Project Managment task and its related proposal. It explores potential problems plaguing the present DigiLocker Program and how they might be solved. While all care has been taken to try and keep all information relevant, and the timelines and costs realistic, it should not be considered as absolute. The Project Proposal has NO involvement from the Govt. of India or its related organs.

Digitisation - the conversion of an analogue signal or code into a digital signal or code – is the
bedrock of both Digital Library holdings and Digital Humanities research. It is now commonplace for
most memory institutions to create and deliver digital representations of cultural and historical
documents, artefacts, and images to improve access to and foster greater understanding of the
material. This chapter focuses on the developing role of digitisation to provide resources for research
within the humanities, highlighting issues of cost, purpose, longevity, use, and value, and providing a
roundup of sources for guidelines and standards. The recent interest from and investment by
commercial information providers is juxtaposed with institutional concerns about the creation of
digital resources for the humanities, and two case studies - one succinct and focussed, one federated
and large scale - are provided regarding specific projects which have undertaken a digitisation
program in order to provide digital resources predominantly for use by humanities scholars.

In: Warwick, C., Terras, M., Nyhan, J. (eds) (2012). "Digital Humanities in Practice". Facet.

Potentials of scientific research in general are obviously subject to changes in accordance with current digital information and communication environment, which is capable to give new, advanced performances, or those essentially different from the traditional ones, even in the domain of humanities, including literary studies as well. In this connection, developing a digital heritage repository, as a way of organizing and composing objects of heritage in selected thematic entities, is demanding, but also inspiring possibility in the case of literary heritage as well. The aim of the proposed paper is to examine potentials and advantages of developing a digital repository of Meša Selimović’s literary work. The focused problem is going to be approached in a holistic manner, which means in terms of its practical and cultural values, but also in terms of its feasibility. The authors of the proposed paper are taking interdisciplinary methodological sides, which is caused by the authors’ d...

Luxury brands have been reluctant to adopt technology-enhanced multi-actor interactions at the customer interface. This article synthesizes research on luxury and multi-actor interactions in non-luxury contexts to explore how luxury brands can adopt digitally enabled multi-actor service encounters. The literature is further supplemented by interviews with managers in luxury firms. Our findings caution against simply adopting approaches from non-luxury contexts as they risk undermining the luxury service experience. Rather, we develop a set of propositions at the intersections of the physical, digital, and social realms on how luxury brands can adapt the use of digital multi-actor interactions to augment rather than imperil their brand image. Specifically, our propositions help luxury managers to enhance the customer experience through hedonic escapism, strengthen their brand communities, and use digitization to simultaneously provide conspicuous customers with greater visibility and discreet customers with social exclusivity.

This paper will focus on the challenges and opportunities of digitisation and how digital preservation stands as the next frontier that awaits archivists as they traverse the digitisation experience. Zimbabwean Archivists must be aware of the challenges that inadvertently arise with any digitisation project. In particular, the enormous costs and time involved; the gap in professional skills and training, obsolescence of digitisation technologies, a vacuum in institutional infrastructure and indistinct strategies for a holistic programme for preserving the digitised materials. As a consequence most digitisation projects are foreign donor funded and regrettably exhibit a lack of skills and technological transfer to local archivists. Recommendations to the National Archives of Zimbabwe to consider working partnerships with on-going digitisation programmes in the region and collaborate with regional partners to ensure that future digitisation projects are home-grown and sustainable in the long-term.

Information is the key driver for gaining competitive advantage in the corporate world. Access to relevant information and its effective use facilitates building up the information capability of employees. Information Literacy (IL) provides an opportunity to personnel to acquire knowledge and motivates them to become life-long learners. The opportunities for implementing Information Literacy programme in a large steel manufacturing company are explored in this paper.  The paper highlights the growing importance of information in industrial organizations and reviews the status of IL initiatives at the workplace.  Suggestions have been made to expand information literacy programmes to enable the employees improve their knowledge and skills.

In jüngerer Vergangenheit ist eine vitale Debatte um den Zusammenhang zwischen der Digitali- sierung der Arbeit und der Polarisierung der Sozialstruktur entstanden. Dabei stehen sich Stu- dien zu Makroentwicklungen sozialer Ungleichheit und Befunde zu Veränderungen betrieblicher Sozialstrukturen (Mikroebene) bisher unverbunden gegenüber. Die vorliegende Metastudie ver- sucht daher, die Brücke zwischen diesen beiden Forschungsfeldern zu schlagen. Über eine um- fassende Literaturauswertung kommen wir zu dem Schluss, dass die soziale Polarisierungsbe- wegung, die im Zeichen der fortschreitenden Digitalisierung in der Öffentlichkeit befürchtet wird, bereits seit Jahrzehnten real und ihre Fortsetzung mit oder ohne fortschreitende Digitali- sierung wahrscheinlich ist. Von einer beschleunigten Digitalisierung könnten gleichwohl Impulse für eine weitere Verschärfung dieser Dynamik ausgehen.

In: Ewa Mazierska, Leslie Gillon and Rigg Tony (Eds.) Popular Music in the Post-Digital Age: Politics, Economy, Culture and Technology. London; Oxford; New York; New Delhi; Sydney: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018, 253-267. (Music and Sound Studies) ISBN: 9781501338397

This chapter explores intermediation and taste within the context of the digital music industries, analysing the role of music “curators” – online DJs, creators of playlists on streaming platforms – as taste entrepreneurs, primarily through the example of the former online music platform 22tracks. It asks the questions of, firstly, how exactly we should of the relationship between ‘curating’ and the displaying of taste. And secondly, how the current debates around gatekeeping, representation, diversity, and competition are related to the restructuring of the music industries along with digitisation, in particular to the emergence of new intermediaries between producers and consumers. I argue that online music curators be viewed as a group of new music professionals carving out positions in the expanding intermediary space between producers and consumers.

The growth and health of our digital economies and societies depend on the core protocols and infrastructure of the internet. This technical and logical substructure of our digital existence  is now in need of protection against unwarranted interference in order to sustain the growth and the integrity of the global internet. The internet’s key protocols and infrastructure can be considered a global public good that provides benefits to everyone in the world. Countering the growing state interference with this ‘public core of the internet’ requires a new international agenda for internet governance that departs from the notion of a global public good. Core ingredients of this strategy are:
• To establish and disseminate an international norm stipulating that the internet’s public core – its main protocols and infrastructure– must be safeguarded against unwarranted intervention by governments.
• To advocate efforts to clearly differentiate at the national and international level  between internet security (security of the internet infrastructure) and national security (security through the internet).
• To broaden the arena for cyber diplomacy to include new coalitions of states (including the so-called ‘swing states’) and private companies, including the large internet companies as well as internet intermediaries such as Internet Service Providers.

This paper examines how the adoption of hiring algorithms expands gender inequality in the labour force. It hypothesises that, given its nature in predicting the future based on historical data, hiring algorithms exhibit the risk of discriminating women. Its proneness in repeating, if not expanding, societal bias is predominantly geared by its propensity in blindly feeding on (1) data misrepresentation, (2) correlational errors, and (3) the limitation of datasets. The study presents that, firstly, despite the identical qualifications, skills and experience, hiring algorithms rank male candidates higher than female. This includes ‘passive’ submissions on online candidate profiling. Secondly, despite the overrepresentation of women in parenthood and non-traditional workforce, hiring algorithms discriminate both male and female candidates with parental leave in comparison to those without. Thirdly, it reveals that hiring algorithms are significantly more prone to conceiving gender discrimination in assessing gender-based key-worded resumés compared to the entirely identical resumés. This paper has demonstrated that the rise of digitalisation should redefine the meaning of ‘fairness’, ‘discrimination’ and ‘accountability’. Despite the seriousness of these problems, however, the lack of cross-disciplinary study in this particular issue pertains. This paper’s contentions are a mere reprise of arguments that offer complex theories. It has sought to start a new conversation about the acute problems faced by women.