Early Metallurgy

Metal artifacts from Selvicciola necropolis (Iscschia di Castro - Viterbo) - Among the findings of the Selvicciola necropolis, metal artefacts hold an important place. The excavations carried out since the year 1987 brought to light 30 aeneolithic chamber graves whether with single or multiple burials. Tombs form 2 groups, the Eastern and the Northern one. Topographical separation is confirmed by a series of features, among which artefacts distribution is apparent.
Besides pottery, grave goods comprise copper artefacts, three dagger blades and 5 awls, and a series of beads: one of silver, one of frit and several of stone (antimony oxide a.k.a. valentinite). The least were found in three tombs of the Eastern group close to each other, t. 21, t. 23 and t. 35. The grave t. 21 contained also an awl butt end and the frit bead, whilst t. 35 contained the silver one. On the basis of 14C dates and pottery style, this tomb group appears as the earliest one of the necropolis, closely related to the final Neolithic pottery complexes of the Italian Peninsula. Copper artefacts were found only in the Northern group: daggers and awls never appear together, nor are they exclusively related to single,
double or multiple burials. The three daggers from t. 14, t. 15 and t. 34 belong to different types whose distribution stretches all over the Italian Peninsula. Chemical analyses show that awls and daggers were produced using different ores and smelting techniques.
In questo lavoro viene presentato il considerevole nucleo di reperti metallici restituito fino ad oggi dalla necropoli di Selvicciola: perle d’argento e di ossido d’antimonio dalla t. 23, un frammento di punteruolo, un pendaglio a forma di trapezio in fritta e molte perline in ossido d’antimonio dalla t. 21, simili a quelle della t. 23. Molte perline eguali a quelle appena citate sono state restituite anche dalla t. 35. Per quanto riguarda la distribuzione di questi oggetti di ornamento si verifica una notevole concentrazione di oggetti di antimonio in tre tombe tra loro vicine, che si contrappone alla distribuzione degli oggetti di rame, che provengono, in sei casi su sette, da tombe del settore N. Alla differenza di materia prima si aggiunge quella relativa alla classe dei reperti: solo oggetti di ornamento sono prodotti con l’antimonio e l’argento, mentre 4 punteruoli sono concentrati nella fila N. Dal gruppo più occidentale provengono anche il pugnale della t. 15, la lamina della t. 14, per la quale è da valutare un’assimilazione ai pugnali a lama lunga e stretta dai contesti Gaudo e da Monte Bradoni, ed infine la lama di pugnale dalla t. 34. I reperti sono presentati in relazione ai loro contesti e ai risultati delle analisi chimiche e agli aspetti che riguardano i processi di fabbricazione.

This volume is dedicated to the 60th birthday anniversary of Igor Vasilyevich Manzura, leading Moldovan archaeologist and specialist in prehistory of South-Eastern Europe, Professor of the High Anthropological School University, member correspondent of the German Archaeological Institute, grantee of Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (Germany) and IREX (USA). The articles in this volume cover a wide range of topics to match Igor Manzura's scientific interests — from Neolithic, Eneolithic and Bronze Age of our region to archaeological theory and anthropology. This publication is meant for archaeologists, anthropologists, historians of culture, students and wider circles of readers.

CONTENTS

Tabula Gratulatoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

List of published works by Igor Manzura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

Album of Photos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

P. Biagi (Venice, Italy), E. Starnini (Turin, Italy). The Origin and Spread of the Late
Mesolithic Blade and Trapeze Industries in Europe: Reconsidering J. G. D. Clark’s
Hypothesis Fifty Years After . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

T. Saile (Regensburg, Germany), S. Ţerna (Kishinev, Moldova), M. Dębiec, M. Posselt
(Regensburg, Germany). On the Interpretation of Dwelling Complexes from the Eastern
Linear Pottery Cultural Area: new materials from fi eld investigations from
the Republic of Moldova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

S. Kadrow, A. Rauba-Bukowska (Kraków, Poland). Ceramics Technology and Transfer
of Ideas in the West Carpathian Region in Neolithic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65

C.-E. Ursu (Suceava, Romania). Precucuteni — a culture or a chronological horizon? . .73

B. Govedarica (Berlin, Germany). Confl ict or Coexistence: Steppe and Agricultural
Societies in the Early Copper Age of the Northwest Black Sea Area . . . . . . . . . . . .81

D. V. Kiosak, L. V. Subbotin (Odessa, Ukraine). On the Blade Detachment Technique
in the Bolgrad Variant of Gumelnita Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93

S. Hansen (Berlin, Germany). Innovationen und Wissenstransfer in der frühen
Metallurgie des westlichen Eurasiens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

I. V. Bruyako (Odessa, Ukraine). The Natural Landscape of the Settlement of Kartal
in the Eneolithic Epoch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

E. Kaiser (Berlin, Germany). Die ältesten Grabhügel in Ost- und Südosteuropa. . . . . 133

Yu. Rassamakin (Kiev, Ukraine). An Unique Eneolithic Cemetery on the Island Khortytsia
in the Dnieper Rapids Area (Ukraine): preliminary results of investigations . . . . . . 145

V. Nikolov (Sofi a, Bulgaria). The Chalcolithic Stone Fortress of Provadia-Solnitsata . . 169

N. B. Burdo, M. Yu. Videiko (Kiev, Ukraine). “Buried Houses” and Cucuteni-Trypillia
Settlements Incineration Ritual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

R. Hofmann (Kiel, Germany), A. Diachenko (Kiev, Ukraine), J. Müller (Kiel, Germany).
Demographic Trends and Socio-economic Dynamics: Some Issues of Correlation . . . 193

S. N. Korenevskiy (Moscow, Russian Federation). Оn Beakers and Amphora Type Vessels
of the Maykop-Novosvobodnaya Community and the Problem of their Analogies
in the West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

V. M. Bikbaev (Kishinev, Moldova). Painted Amphora with Scenes of Ritual Dances
from a Late Tripolian Settlement at Chirileni (Sângerei, Moldova) . . . . . . . . . . . 227

O. Leviţki, Gh. Sîrbu (Kishinev, Moldova), I. Bajureanu (Trinca, Moldova). Microzona
Trinca în contextul eneoliticului est-carpatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

S. V. Ivanova (Odessa, Ukraine). Barrows vs Settlements: Herdsmen vs Farmers . . . . 273

L. S. Klejn (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). The Problem of Archaeological
Identifi cation of Tocharians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

S. D. Lysenko (Kiev, Ukraine), S. N. Razumov (Tiraspol, Moldova), S. S. Lysenko (Kiev,
Ukraine), V. S. Sinika (Tiraspol, Moldova). New Finds of the Bronze Age Metal Items
near Ternovka Village on the Left Bank of the Lower Dniester. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

E. Schalk (Berlin, Germany). Die Doppelaxt aus der Toumba Agios Mamas,
Prähistorischem Olynth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

V. A. Dergaciov, E. N. Sava (Kishinev, Moldova). Investigations of Barrows near
Taraclia Township in 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

M. E. Tkachuk, D. A. Topal, E. Yu. Zverev (Kishinev, Moldova). Archaeological Field
Surveys near Palanka Village: a New Classical Settlement on the Lower Dniester . . . 367

S. V. Kuzminykh (Moscow, Russian Federation), A. N. Usachuk (Donetsk, Ukraine).
“My dear friend Michail Markovich!” (Helsinki collection of the letters written by
N. E. Makarenko to A. M. Talgren) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

L. Nikolova (Salt Lake City, Utah, USA). Theory in Prehistory and Prehistory in Theory
(Filling the Gaps) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429

A. I. Behr-Glinka (Moscow, Russian Federation). Serpent as a Bride and an Intimate
Partner of a Man. Once more about the semantics of serpent in European folk-lore . . 435

A. A. Romanchuk (Kishinev, Moldova). The East-Eurasian Hypothesis
of Dene-Caucasian Motherland in the Light of Genogeographical Data:
a Brief Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577

Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599

This article presents new data on metallurgical activity in area
of Gandía gleaned from archaeological excavations carried out at
Sanxo Llop from 2010 to 2016. The paper offers information on
three features (59, 105 and 126), one of them characterised by
an infant burial. All of them contain metallurgical remains and
artefacts whose study through elemental characterisation (XRF)
Se presentan nuevos datos sobre la actividad metalúrgica en el
término de Gandía obtenidos en las excavaciones de las parcelas de
Sanxo Llop durante los años del 2010 al 2016. El trabajo recoge la
información sobre tres estructuras (59, 105 y 126), una de ellas con
un enterramiento infantil. Todas ellas contienen restos metalúrgicos
y algunos objetos cuyo estudio mediante caracterización elemental
(XRF) y de análisis isotopos de plomo permiten reinterpretar el
modelo propuesto hace años para la metalurgia calcolítica del vecino
yacimiento de La Vital. La constatación de metalurgia precampaniforme y la aparición de mineral (arseniato de cobre) indican
que las estrategias de producción del metal pudieron ser diversas
y complementarias a lo largo del amplio tiempo de ocupación
de los yacimientos de Gandía en torno a la ribera del río Serpis.
Palabras clave: arqueometalurgia, Calcolítico, isótopos de plomo,
fluorescencia de rayos X.
and lead isotope analyses allow reinterpreting the model proposed
years ago for Chalcolithic metallurgy based on finds of neighbouring
settlement of La Vital. The confirmation of a pre-Bell Beaker metallurgy and the finds of ores (copper arsenates) indicate that metal
production strategies could have been diverse and complementary
throughout the long period of occupation of the sites of Gandía
along the banks of the Serpis River.
Keywords: archaeometallurgy, Chalcolithic, Lead Isotope Analysis, X Ray Fluorescen

At the same time as large axes made of Alpine jade (i.e. jadeitite, eclogite, omphacitite and other rock types) were circulating around much of western and central Europe, early metallurgy was undergoing a major development in southeast Europe. Heavy copper shafthole tools and abundant artefacts of gold played a significant role in the social and ritual life of the Chal-colithic populations there, just as the Alpine jade axes did at the opposite end of Europe. Even though the distribution areas of these two groups of artefacts are generally separated by a zone, several hundred kilometres wide, that is devoid of any finds of the categories in question, nevertheless various kinds of contact, both direct and indirect, between the two areas be can observed. This paper discusses these relations through an investigation of artefacts that were exchanged, in either direction, between the two groups. These may include a few copper and gold objects found in France as well as a comparatively large group of Alpine axes found in southeast Europe, especially Bulgaria. The paper also deals with imitations of Alpine jade axes in copper. These are extremely rare and are only known from Denmark and Italy. Direct imitations of early metal tools in Alpine rock are unknown, but several types of Alpine jade axes show clear typological influences from early metal artefacts. The same is true the other way around, as a comparatively large number of copper flat axes from central Germany, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia and northern and central Italy are clearly inspired by the shape of Alpine jade axes, without being true imitations. In the final part of the paper these observations are interpreted in an attempt, on one hand, to describe the role of Alpine jade axes in the early history of metallurgy in Europe, and on the other, to understand the importance of early metallurgy in the European perception of jade.

Dans le Jura français, une sélection typologique rapide a permis d'iso-ler six haches plates en cuivre qui, potentiellement, pouvaient appartenir au IV e millénaire. En combinant analyses métallographiques et comparai-sons typologiques, l'origine vraisemblable et la datation de ces objets néolithiques ont été précisées. La hache de Pont-de-Roide est attribuée au groupe de Pfyn ; elle a été produite à partir de cuivre du Mondsee entre 3700 et 3500 av. J.-C. La hache de Montmorot a probablement été impor-tée de France méridionale pendant le III e millénaire. Quatre autres haches de Chassagne-Saint-Denis, Myon, Rochefort-sur-Nenon et Salins sont des productions atlantiques, datées de la fin du Néolithique ou du tout début de l'Âge du Bronze, probablement à partir de sources cuprifères de Bre-tagne, ce qui est une surprise totale. Enfin une septième hache a été ajou-tée à cet inventaire, la hache géante de Seurre, qui se révèle une importation depuis l'Espagne sur une distance de 1 200 km, probablement au Campaniforme. La comparaison avec d'autres biens socialement valorisés (haches-marteaux en serpentinite, lames en silex de Forcalquier, poignards en silex du Grand-Pressigny) permet de suggérer les raisons de ces trans-ferts de haches en cuivre sur des distances de 200 km à plus de 1 000 km à vol d'oiseau. Abstract The likely provenance and dates for six flat copper axes from the Jura region in eastern France have been established with the aid of metallogra-phic and typological comparisons. The selection of the artefacts studied was based on a preliminary typological examination that was conducted to isolate specimens potentially dating from the 4th millennium BC. Only

Evidence for copper production dates back as early as the local Middle Neolithic (5th millennium cal BC), that is, earlier than in the surrounding countries. After a long hiatus, the spread of metallurgy was well established in the first half of the 3rd millennium cal BC. From the point of view of technology,
this early metallurgy is characterized by working oxide ores that were easy to reduce in open fire structures with the use of smelting crucibles. The facet that makes the Iberian Peninsula a singular place when compared to other European and Eastern Mediterranean regions is that this very simple metallurgical technology lasted without appreciable changes up to pre-Roman times, despite the fact that other metallurgical advances such as tin-bronze making were accepted and adapted very early to local needs. Some topics concerning the main subject here (the primitive traits of the prehistoric Iberian metallurgy) are discussed in this contribution.

Plusieurs découvertes d'objets métalliques antérieurs aux plus anciennes manifestations connues de métal-lurgie indigène ont été faites en France ces dernières années. Ces artefacts se rattachent aux cultures de Cor-taillod et de Pfyn et sont en « cuivre du Mondsee », démontrant ainsi qu'il s'agit d'importations sur des distances de quelques centaines de kilomètres. Néanmoins deux haches-herminettes de type Jászladány,datant du début du IV e millénaire av. J.-C., ainsi qu'une hache-marteau de type Čoka ont également été identifiées dans des collections anciennes. Une étude typo-chro-nologique fine, ainsi que des analyses élémentaires et isotopiques, sont consacrées à deux de ces objets. Si la provenance de la hache-herminette de type Jász-ladány trouvée à Meaux (Seine-et-Marne) ne fait aucun doute, celle de Bû (Eure-et-Loir) a été identifiée plus ré-cemment. Quant à la hache massive de type Čoka, son origine n'est pas assurée. Ces trois objets appartiennent au type « Schwergeräte » provenant du sud-est de l'Europe. Les haches-hermi-nettes de type Jászladány se rattachent à la culture de Bodrogkeresztúr, centrée sur la partie orientale de la Hongrie et datée du début du IV e millénaire ; quant à la hache-marteau de type Čoka, elle se rapporte probable-ment à la culture de Tiszapolgar ou à la transition avec Bodrogkeresztúr, à la fin du V e millénaire.