Electric Bicycles

Abstract Despite significant interest and large-scale deployment in major cities worldwide, urban bicycle sharing systems suffer from significant drawbacks resulting in a reduction in overall impact. Foremost among these problems are the difficulties presented in re-balancing the bicycle fleets to optimally serve demand with bicycle supply in real-time, the cost and footprint of sharing station infrastructure, as well as the substantial costs of damage and theft. The AutoBike technology platform aims to solve rebalancing, damage, kiosk space, and real-time demand management problems by enabling bicycles to cruise autonomously while rider-less, and provide route guidance and rider monitoring while ridden. The AutoBikes are designed to be self-driving when not being ridden, removing the need for traditional rental kiosks thereby saving significant infrastructure and land rental costs. The AutoBikes are able to recognize road boundaries and to avoid collision with both static and dynamic obstacles. They can be automatically rented via RFID cards either on-the-fly, or via pre-booking on a smartphone, and are only marginally more expensive than standard electric bicycles. The work presented in this paper will cover the mechanical, electrical, and control architecture for the AutoBike design. The results of various computer-vision experiments will be presented illustrating success in performing vision-only autonomous vehicle control in both dynamic and static environments through statistical machine learning approaches. Finally, the overall system architecture and business models will be treated.

Politicile publice sunt considerate a fi actiuni guvernamentale ce vin in sprijinul populatiei, acestea fiind mai degraba o reactie la necesitatile societatii. Ele au un scop anume, de obicei sunt realizate de un grup de actori pentru beneficiul comun al intregului grup. Politica publica presupune printre altele si existenta unui set de masuri concrete cu privire la un anumit domeniu. Trebuie luat in calcul atat scopul, misiunea unei politici publice, cat si resursele alocate cu privire la acest proiect. Scopul principal al unei politici publice este acela de a satisface nevoile a unei mase cat mai largi de populatie. Pentru ca o politica publica sa poata fi pusa in aplicare, ea trebuie sa treaca printr-un anumit ciclu si sa indeplineasca anumite conditii. In primul rand trebuie formulata problema ce necesita atentie sporita. Aceste probleme trebuie sa fie analizate si trecute pe agenda publica a guvernului. Stabilirea agendei se face in functie de anumite puncte strategice, trebuie realizata in conformitate cu prioritatile stabilite la nivel politic central. O nouta etapa este aceea de identificare a problemelor de interes public ce trebuie analizate si mai apoi trecute pe agenda institutiei guvernamentale. Problemele trebuie formulate oficial, mai apoi devenind prioritati strategice. Urmatoarea etapa consta in formularea optiunii de politici publice in care se ofera solutii legislative. Tot acum trebuie stabilite obiectivele propuse, modul in care ele trebuie sa se realizeze si modul in care se va aplica strategia politicii publice. Dupa ce se va stabili cadrul legislativ si limitile in care politica se va implementa vor rezulta proiecte de acte normative. Se va face o repartizare a sarcinilor in cadrul institutiei si totodata o estimare cu privire la costurile totale pentru punerea in practica a politicii. Ultima etapa este aceea de monitorizare si evaluare a politicilor publice. Monitorizarea se ocupa de evaluarea in baza mai multor surse informative. Procesul de evaluare este practic un proces in care se examineaza sistematic impactul in societate pe care le au politicile.

Change is the law of life. And those who look only to the past or present are certain to miss the future.” (25.06.1963 J.F. Kennedy) Eine Chance, diesen Blick in die Zukunft zu richten und den Wandel voranzutreiben sowie unsere Mobilität nachhaltiger zu gestalten, bietet eine neue technologische Entwicklung im Zweiradbereich: das Pedelec. So war es auch das Ziel des Dissertationsprojekts, auf Grundlage empirischer Analysen zum (Mobilitäts-)Handeln von Pedelecbesitzern Ansatzpunkte zu identifizieren, wie die Pedelecpraktik und ihre Diffusion unterstützt werden können. Im Laufe der empirisch-theoretischen Auseinandersetzungen wurden der Grounded Theory folgend zwei gegenstandsorientierte Modelle entwickelt: das Modell der individuellen Mobilitätspraxis (MiMP) und das Modell der Mobilitätskarrieren von Pedelecbesitzern (MoKa). Während das MoKa einen Rahmen für den prozessualen Ablauf der Herausbildung der Pedelecpraktik darstellt, bietet das zweite Modell, das MiMP, ein Gerüst zur Analyse der Elemente, die die Pedelecpraktik konfigurieren und charakterisieren. Basis des MiMP bilden praxistheoretische Grundannahmen, die um handlungstheoretische Ansätze erweitert wurden. Während der Arbeit konnten sowohl Adoptionsfenster als auch –risiken identifiziert werden, die wesentlich die Adoptionswahrscheinlichkeiten von Pedelecs und damit die Diffusion beeinflussen. Des Weiteren wurde festgestellt, dass die Effekte des Pedelecs sich nicht nur auf das Mobilitätshandeln beschränken, sondern als Artefakt entfaltet die technologische Neuheit eine Wirkkraft, die darüber hinausgehend soziale Handlungs- und Alltagszusammenhänge verändert und Lebenswirklichkeiten beeinflusst. Generell zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass das Pedelec nicht nur auf individueller Ebene positive Effekte hervorruft, sondern auch auf kollektiver Ebene einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Erreichung vieler umwelt-, gesundheits- und verkehrspolitischer Ziele leisten kann. Eine Chance hat das Pedelec jedoch nur, wenn die Pedelecpraktik im Wettbewerb mit anderen Mobilitätspraktiken so komfortabel wie möglich durchführbar ist und die in der Arbeit identifizierten bestehenden Adoptionsrisiken minimiert werden. Alfred SCHÜTZ folgend ist die „Wirklichkeit mannigfaltig“ – und so auch die Zukunft. Daher liegt es auch an uns, diese zu gestalten. Besser gestern als heute sollten also die vielfältigen Chancen, die das Pedelec bietet genutzt werden.

In this project, we are designing normal bicycles into smart electric bicycles. In upcoming years looking towards rises in petrol and diesel as it is a limited resource, electric bicycle is going to be a new sensation in the market. So security-related issues with electric bicycles will be considered. In this project, we are using RFID to lock and unlock the system, using GPS and Bluetooth to locate the place. This will help to solve electric bicycle issues to some extent.

• Use of electrically assisted bicycles is rapidly increasing.
• Use of electric bicycles is associated with an increased risk to be treated at an emergency department due to a crash.
• Crashes with electric bicycles are about equally severe as crashes with classic bicycles.

Change is the law of life. And those who look only to the past or present are certain to miss the future.” (25.06.1963 J.F. Kennedy) Eine Chance, diesen Blick in die Zukunft zu richten und den Wandel voranzutreiben sowie unsere Mobilität nachhaltiger zu gestalten, bietet eine neue technologische Entwicklung im Zweiradbereich: das Pedelec. So war es auch das Ziel des Dissertationsprojekts, auf Grundlage empirischer Analysen zum (Mobilitäts-)Handeln von Pedelecbesitzern Ansatzpunkte zu identifizieren, wie die Pedelecpraktik und ihre Diffusion unterstützt werden können. Im Laufe der empirisch-theoretischen Auseinandersetzungen wurden der Grounded Theory folgend zwei gegenstandsorientierte Modelle entwickelt: das Modell der individuellen Mobilitätspraxis (MiMP) und das Modell der Mobilitätskarrieren von Pedelecbesitzern (MoKa). Während das MoKa einen Rahmen für den prozessualen Ablauf der Herausbildung der Pedelecpraktik darstellt, bietet das zweite Modell, das MiMP, ein Gerüst zur Anal...

Toplumlar, enerji kaynaklarına karşı gösterilmesi gereken saygı noktasında zayıflık göstermektedir. Gün geçtikçe artan haraketlilik, daha çok enerji tüketimine sebep olmaktadır. Otomobiller, yararlı ağırlık ile karşılaştırıldığında daha çok faydasız (ölü) yük taşımaktadır. Elektrikli bisikletler, daha az enerji tüketimi sağladıkları için ulaşımda çeşitlilik getirebilir. Elektrikli bisiklette kilometre başına elektrik tüketimi yaklaşık, küçük arabalardan 55 kat, büyük arabalardan 75 kat daha azdır. Elektrikli bisikletler, trafik sıkışıklığı, gürültü ve çevre kirliliğinde önemli oranlarda azalış sağlar. Kullanım amaçlarından bir kaçı, yerel hava kalitesini ve erişilebilirliği artırmak, yaşanabilirliği geliştirmek, gürültü rahatsızlığını azaltmak, sera gazı salınımı düşürmek ve enerji verimliliğini sağlamaktır.
Bu çalışmada, geçmişten günümüze elektrikli araç ve bisiklet hakkında bilgiler verilmektedir.

Objective: The number of e-bike users has increased significantly over the past few years and with it the associated safety concerns. Because e-bikes are faster than conventional bicycles and more prone to be in conflict with road users, e-bikers may need to perform avoidance maneuvers more frequently. Braking is the most common avoidance maneuver but is also a complex and critical task in emergency situations, because cyclists must reduce speed quickly without losing balance. The aim of this study is to understand the braking strategies of e-bikers in real-world traffic environments and to assess their road safety implications. This article investigates (1) how cyclists on e-bikes use front and rear brakes during routine cycling and (2) whether this behavior changes during unexpected conflicts with other road users.

Methods: Naturalistic data were collected from 6 regular bicycle riders who each rode e-bikes during a period of 2 weeks, for a total of 32.5 h of data. Braking events were identified and characterized through a combined analysis of brake pressure at each wheel, velocity, and longitudinal acceleration. Furthermore, the braking patterns obtained during unexpected events were compared with braking patterns during routine cycling.

Results: In the majority of braking events during routine cycling, cyclists used only one brake at a time, favoring one of the 2 brakes according to a personal pre-established pattern. However, the favored brake varied among cyclists: 66% favored the rear brake and 16% the front brake. Only 16% of the cyclists showed no clear preference, variously using rear brake, front brake, or combined braking (both brakes at the same time), suggesting that the selection of which brake to use depended on the characteristics of the specific scenario experienced by the cyclist rather than on a personal preference. In unexpected conflicts, generally requiring a larger deceleration, combined braking became more prevalent for most of the cyclists; still, when combined braking was not applied, cyclists continued to use the favored brake of routine cycling. Kinematic analysis revealed that, when larger decelerations were required, cyclists more frequently used combined braking instead of single braking.

Conclusions: The results provide new insights into the behavior of cyclists on e-bikes and may provide support in the development of safety measures including guidelines and best practices for optimal brake use. The results may also inform the design of braking systems intended to reduce the complexity of the braking operation.

Abstract- The electric bikes are one of the transport began to glance at this time. As a healthy transport, in Indonesia alone electric bicycles used for activities people in urban areas. Which is the focus of this design is the means of transport used teenage high school student in urban areas. In addition to a shuttle transfer by both parents and students and a high school student now obtained some of them use their own motorcycle. Whereas a motorcycle with middle school teens still do not have a driver's license until the age of at least 17 years. Adolescence also tend to carelessness in driving on the road as easily negligent and ran a red light so as to endanger themselves and other motorists. Currently public transport is an alternative students are still not attractive enough for them to use to the school on the grounds of irregular and jammed. By looking at this opportunity, it needs to be made means of transport as a means of driving the high school adolescents in urban areas. this researchopen up considerable opportunities for the local bicycle industry players SMEs. Information gathered from a consumer research can also be used as a reference in formulating Design Requirements and Objectives (DR & O) an electric bicycle products for middle school girls.

Keyword: Transport, Secondary School, electric bikes

Full paper available at http://goo.gl/0mzbrl.
This paper presents the project of a Mobile Cockpit System (MCS) for smartphones, which provides assistance to Electric Bicycle (EB) cyclists in Smart Cities’ environment. The presented system introduces a mobile application (MCS App) with the goal to provide useful personalized information to the cyclist related with the EB’s use, including EB range prediction considering the intended path, management of the cycling effort performed by the cyclist, handling of the battery charging process and the provisioning of information regarding available public transport. This work also introduces the EB cyclist profile concept, which is based on historical data analysis previously stored in a database and collected from mobile devices sensors. From the tests performed, the results show the importance of route guidance, taking into account the energy savings. The results also show significant changes on range prediction based on user and route taken. It is important to say that the proposed system can be used for all bicycle in general.

While cycling is promoted as a sustainable and active mode of transportation, its use is limited to short intra-urban distances and as a feeder mode to access public transit. A limitation that potentially could be conquered through the provision of unobstructed cycling infrastructures. An example of such is the fast cycling route connecting the twin cities of Nijmegen and Arnhem in the Netherlands, offering a lucrative and healthy alternative to driving or using public transit to work. However not everyone can cycle as fast even when the route is unobstructed owing to either physical or weather conditions or both. To that end, e-bikes and solar bikes can offer superior alternatives ensuring speed, safety and low emission at a relatively reasonable cost. Along these realizations, cycling is gaining its long overdue attention in shaping sustainable urban regions of the future. Increasingly urban regions are offering innovative and shared modalities including cycling to improve the living and travel choices in a more sustainable way. Motivational campaigns to promote cycling have also evolved to be more innovative, involving social media and smartphone applications, by means of using kilometer traveled as currency to exchange for retail purchases, for example. Such initiatives, however, often is seen outside of the mainstream transportation planning. Even in a country like Netherlands, bicycle-friendly policies often depend on the activities of the so-called policy entrepreneurs . The recent interest for cycling in the Netherlands and the rapid increase in bicycle use in many cities around the world can in part be attributed to a new generation of active inventive forms of ‘policy entrepreneurship’. With this view in mind, in this study, we present the ongoing cycling innovations in urban regions, taking the Netherlands as the case study. Further to that we highlight the need for specific policy interventions, the ongoing innovations around it and delineate the role of policy entrepreneurs.

Recent technological advances has led electric bicycles to represent novel opportunities to replace car journeys. However, despite the potential for societal gains, there is relatively little research that studies why potential users either choose to ride an electric bicycle, or not. Accordingly, this study investigates drivers and barriers of using an electric bicycle for everyday trips through a case study in western Sweden.

Bereits vor ein paar Jahren ist das Pedelec (Elektrofahrrad) neu auf den Fahrradmarkt getreten und hat das Spektrum unserer möglichen Verkehrsmitteloptionen erweitert. Verschiedene empirische Studien haben bereits festgestellt, dass Pedelecs einen Beitrag zur Reduktion des Autoverkehrs leisten können. Pedelecs bieten eine Vielzahl verschiedener Einsatzmöglichkeiten und ihre Nutzung ist keinesfalls auf eine bestimmte Altersklasse beschränkt (wie z.B. die sog. „Silver Ager“). Insbesondere die Zielgruppe Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene hat bisher jedoch nur wenig Beachtung erfahren. Im Vordergrund der wissenschaftlichen Begleitforschung des Azubi-E-Bike Projekts stand daher die Analyse der Akzeptanz und des Potenzials von Pedelecs bei der Zielgruppe „Junge Auszubildende und Erwachsene“ in der Region Neckaralb.
Insgesamt haben 1214 Personen an der Studie teilgenommen, davon 881 Azubis, Schüler und Praktikanten bis zu 26 Jahren. Wie die Erhebungen zeigen, weist das Mobilitätsverhalten der Zielgruppe Azubis und junge Erwachsene eine stark ausgeprägte Autoorientierung auf, während das Fahrrad bisher nur eine sehr geringe Rolle spielt.
Im Rahmen des Projekts hatten die Azubis die Möglichkeit eine Woche lang ein Pedelec auf ihrem Weg zur Arbeit zu nutzen. Die intensive Probemöglichkeit würde als überaus positiv bewertet. Zudem zeigen die statistischen Analysen, dass die Testerfahrung einen signifikanten Einfluss auf Einstellungen gegenüber Pedelecs ausübt. So wurde beispielsweise nach der Testerfahrung der Faktor Spaß am Pedelecfahren wesentlich höher bewertet als noch zuvor. Ebenso lassen sich signifikante Unterschiede in der Bedeutung von Ladesäulen feststellen, denen nach der eigentlichen Nutzungserfahrung wesentlich weniger Bedeutung für die weitere Verbreitung beigemessen wird.
Die Ergebnisse der Befragung liefern wertvolle Ansatzpunkte für eine pedelecorientierten Radverkehrsförderung. Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei nicht nur Marketingaktivitäten, die ein modernes Image schaffen und die Vorteile von Pedelecs bewusst machen, sondern zentraler  Aspekt ist das Erleben und Ausprobieren der neuen Technik sowie die Gestaltung von Sozialisierungsprozessen und Entwicklung innovativer Finanzierungsmodelle.
Projektwebseite: www.azubi-e-bike.de

Recent technological advances has led electric bicycles to represent novel opportunities to replace car journeys. However, despite the potential for societal gains, there is relatively little research that studies why potential users either choose to ride an electric bicycle, or not. Accordingly, this study investigates drivers and barriers of using an electric bicycle for everyday trips through a case study in western Sweden.

This paper presents a design of the wireless charging system for e-byke applications. The double-side LCC compensation circuit is used to achieve high efficiency and reduce the volt-ampere rating. A new constant current/voltage (CC/CV) charging control method at the transmitter side is proposed to avoid dual side wireless communication. This paper also presents a simple method of estimating both the coupling coefficient and load impedance only from the transmitter side. A wireless charging system of 2.5kW is built. Error in the CC/CV charging mode is 3.3% and 1.12%, respectively. System efficiency reaches 92.1% in CC charging mode.

In the context of exhausting oil reserves a gradual shift towards electric propulsion systems appears to be inevitable in the long term. Path dependency of political regulation policies in transport and economy, as well as a habituated mobility behavior cause a comprehension of electric mobility still within the category of the conventional passenger vehicle with its obsolete spatial and social usage patterns. E-mobility has often been discussed as the panacea to solve all transport related environment problems. Sustainable mobility, however, demands more than just a replacement of conventional through electric propulsion systems. In an integrated mobility system, electric vehicles will complement other sustainable transport options, as e.g. walking, cycling, bus or rail transit, in order to shift and reduce car trips. While electric cars are still costly, pedelecs or e-bikes provide a technically mature and inexpensive form of highly energy-efficient and user-friendly mobility, which can ideally be integrated into a holistic mobility concept.