English and American Studies

Статья посвящена актуальным проблемам изучения сленга. В статье описаны результаты анализа использования сленга американскими учащимися старшей школы, их родителями и учителями в возрастном, гендерном, ситуативном и эмоциональном аспектах (кроме прочего, учитывалось ментальное здоровье коммуниканта). Анализ произведён на разных уровнях языках(фонетическом, лексическом, синтаксическом).

sity (USU), I was entirely unfamiliar with the idea of undergraduate research. Although I was adept at literary analysis and criticism, as far as empirical research was concerned, I knew nothing. In my mind, research was something that scientists did. What could there possibly be to research within the world of English? As I would soon discover, a great number of avenues are available to pursue, especially within my emphasis area, English education. I was in for a challenging, yet eye-opening, semester that would set me on the path to eventually becoming an undergraduate teaching fellow for this same research methods class two years later. While I by no means consider myself an authority on research, my journey from novice to expert to mentor changed my perspective on research in English studies and proved to me just how beneficial participating in undergraduate research can be for a student. The fast-paced nature of the Research in English Studies class meant that I had to learn how to conduct research by simply doing it. The class used scaffolding to teach the steps of the research process through a whole-class project, which we started early in the term, about two weeks before launching our own independent research projects. 1 In preparation, we all received certification to conduct human-subjects research. The class research project, aptly titled "Undergraduate English Studies Students' Knowledge of and Anxiety about Empirical Research," sought to explore English majors' perceptions of

The character of this interesting monograph is best captured (or should we say “alluded to”?) by its somewhat catchy subtitle: this is not yet another history of the emergence and character of Canadian English (CanE); there are plenty, high- quality and useful ones, both in article and in book length, for example Avis (1973), Chambers (1975), Bailey (1982), Boberg (2010), and many more. Instead, it showcases the story of the growth of awareness of the variety, its discovery, codi- fication, and acceptance, by pioneers of Canadian linguistics. It is said to offer an “intellectual history [...] [of ] the ‘founders’ of Canadian English” (p. xiii), focus- ing mostly upon the twentieth century. The book is more than that, in fact. It not only adds historiography to history but is based upon thorough, comprehensive and original archival research, and has a distinctive focus on the development of the lexicography of CanE, thus also contributing more generally to the history, methodology and impact of dictionary making in general.

A jelen munka nem kevesebbre vállalkozik, mint arra, hogy címszavak köré csoportosítva megismertesse az olvasóval a mai angol nyelv legkurrensebb idiómáit és közmondásait. Ha az adott kifejezés amerikanizmusnak számít - tehát leginkább csak az USA területén használatos - arról a kifejezés utáni (US) rövidítés informál. A szavakról, a kifejezésekről azonban csak akkor mondhatjuk el igazán, hogy ismerjük őket, ha mondatot is tudunk alkotni velük. Ez magyarázza, hogy az egyes idiomatikus szólások és kifejezések jelentését mindig példamondatokkal is illusztráljuk, sőt egyes esetekben kiegészítő információkat közlünk vagy történetüket ismertetjük. Ez utóbbira  persze csak akkor van lehetőségünk, ha kideríthető, felfejthető az a mögöttes tartalom, ami az adott idióma létrejöttét eredményezte.
A kötet második részében az ismertebb angol közmondásokból találunk egy reprezentatív válogatást. Abban bízva adjuk közre e művet, hogy hasznos segítője lesz majd az angol nyelvet tanítóknak, tanulóknak és fordítóknak egyaránt.

Analysis of Syntactic  structures in AAVE, the dangers of angauge reclamation, and the impact of conversation/shift of perspective the United  States today

-"all up in my grill" "ain't nobody got time for that" "nigga"

This study aims at analysing the differences between two lexicological databases for English language, the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and the British National Corpus (BNC). Taking as a starting point the lexemes LEARN and TRAVEL, we study the differences between 'traveling' vs 'travelling' and 'learned' vs 'learnt' in COCA and the BNC, i.e. in American and British English, respectively. We also explore the functions and possibilities each corpus has, taking always into consideration the differences and similarities they present between them. Likewise, we try to explain why there are differences in the results between both databases, and how we can make the most of both of them. Our findings show that the best would be to know beforehand the characteristics that each corpus has, since each corpus contains different texts with a different English variety, covers different periods, and contains as well a different number of words. To put it in a nutshell, we conclude that both corpora complement each other, and depending on the goal of our research, we may want to use one or another, or even both of them.

(ES)
Este estudio tiene por finalidad analizar las diferencias entre dos corpus lexicológicos de la lengua inglesa, el Corpus de Inglés Americano Contemporáneo (COCA) y el Corpus Nacional Británico (BNC). Tras tomar como punto de partida los lexemas LEARN y TRAVEL, estudiamos las diferencias entre 'traveling' vs. 'travelling' y 'learned' vs. 'learnt' en el COCA y el BNC, es decir, en inglés americano y británico, respectivamente. Asimismo, exploramos las funciones y posibilidades que tiene cada corpus, sin dejar de tener en cuenta en ningún momento las diferencias y similitudes que presentan entre ellos. También tratamos de explicar las causas de las diferencias de los resultados entre ambas bases de datos, y cómo podemos sacar el máximo provecho de ambas. Nuestras conclusiones muestran que lo mejor sería conocer de antemano las características que tiene cada corpus, puesto que cada corpus contiene diferentes textos con una variedad de la lengua inglesa diferente, cubre diferentes períodos, y contiene también un número diferente de palabras. Finalmente, concluimos que ambos corpus se complementan entre sí y que, dependiendo del objetivo de nuestra investigación, podemos querer usar uno u otro, o incluso ambos.

This work however, is presented from a different perspective. It does not see English as only one of several languages that emerged from Germanic heritage, grew into a distinguished culture, and spread its influence by global expansion, but also as the most influential European language in the world since the time of the Romans. With demonstration of how English is similar to and different from Greek, Latin, modern European languages, Arabic, and Chinese and through the examination of the historical events that cultivated these distinctive characteristics, it explains the reason why English, rather than French, German, or Italian has become the most widely spoken and read language in the world. It traces this exceptional and lasting influence less in the terms of colonial expansion or cultural imperialism than in the diverse, adoptive and adaptive capacity of English as a literary language. In short, instead of surveying the soil that nurtured English, this work provides a panoramic glimpse from a place where the world seems remote and its long span of history has shortened and became almost immediate. From this spot, English differs from other languages, as demonstrated by the following unique features.

Praise by Peter Trudgill: "For this brilliantly researched book, Stefan Dollinger bravely ventured to parts of the archives other scholars had never reached. He emerged with the fascinating story of how the "Lennon & McCartney of Canadian English", Walter S. Avis and Charles J. Lovell, persuaded Canada - and then the world - to recognize Canadian English as the distinctive language variety that it truly is."

Advance praise by Jack Chambers (University of Toronto): "Stefan Dollinger has undertaken heroic archival sleuthing to resuscitate the coalition of amateur logophiles and English professors that succeeded in bringing Canadian English into print and, more important, into our consciousness. Through him, this small, almost forgotten band of scholars come to life with their foibles, their labours and above all their dedication."

Synopsis:
"Two fatal heart attacks are among the many reasons why the names of Walter S. Avis and Charles J. Lovell, the Lennon-McCartney of Canadian English, have not become the Canadian household names they should perhaps be. This book tells their stories and those of the other Big Sixers from the 1940s to the 1990s, with a good helping of present-day hindsight. This book also writes into disciplinary history the few women researchers in early 20th-century Canada. The main goal of the book is more generally to enrich and correct the social and linguistic histories concerning some long-forgotten individuals. This exercise is thrilling and enlightening at the same time, presenting the relatively small field of Canadian English linguistics in a new, fully contextualized light, telling the stories of how Canadian English was "discovered" and eventually lifted from ridicule and disdain to — cautious, because Canadian — appreciation."

This article analyses Philip Roth's The Human Stain (2000), alongside Zadie Smith's On Beauty (2005), as campus novels that respond to wider socio-political issues. In particular, both texts reflect racial anxiety on the American campus at the turn of the century. The Human Stain focuses on Coleman Silk, a classics professor at the fictional Athena College who is, towards the end of his career, unjustly charged of using a racial slur against African Americans in the classroom. Ironically, the novel reveals that Silk himself is an African American that has been passing for a Jewish American for his whole academic career. Similarly, On Beauty deals with two art professors fighting on the opposite sides of the Culture Wars at the fictional Wellington College. While the liberal one is a white Englishman who has married an African American woman, his conservative opponent is an anglicized Trinidadian visiting lecturer who condemns affirmative action. Thus, both novels illustrate not only the complexity of how race is perceived in academia, but especially the problematic attitudes to race both individuals and institutions embrace.

""" Slam poetry, which first came into being in Chicago in 1986 as a competitive form of performance poetry, is only the latest development in a series of poetry movements in the United States that radically turned away from the written-to-be-silently-read to a written-to-be-performed poem. The book investigates contemporary American performance poetry as a continuation of poetry as an oral and social medium that finds its cultural realization in an interaction between the poet, the poem and the audience. After a survey of the historical development as well as different performance movements in the United States, the author provides an analysis of representative audio and visual poems of these movements by Jerome Rothenberg, Allen Ginsberg, Gil Scott-Heron, Ntozake Shange, Laurie Anderson, and Patricia Smith. The book is highly recommended to teachers who want to take poetry ,,off the written page in their classroom and engage their students in a multimedia experience with poetry, but will be of interest to anyone who wants to know more about this particular performance genre.
"""

This essay offers a personal, quasi-lyrical portrait of Arif Dirlik as an organic world-crossing Marxist intellectual whose mentorship and leadership proved crucial to a cross-disciplinary array of scholars and writers, including the writer. A Benjaminian mode of "constellation" is activated to portray some of the historical contexts, outlets, sites, and works Dirlik was long connected to and helped to provoke into realization across his career.

Considering slavery and freedom in relation to the question of recovery and the archive invites inquiry into what is to be recovered and under what conditions. 1 This serious provocation gestures toward the promise of recovery yet sets this promise within the limits of an archive that authorizes knowledge about the history of slavery and freedom in terms of particular interests-those of slave owners and citizens, and not the enslaved-which denies enslaved people the humanity and presence it accords free liberal persons and society. To focus the inquiry on recovery mobilizes the different valences of the term: a sense of the retrieval of archival evidence and the restoration of historical presence, on the one hand, and the ontological and political sense of reparation, on the other, that is, the possibility of recuperation, or the repossession of a full humanity and freedom, after its ultimate theft or obliteration. Yet in framing recovery as a question, and not as an established project or tradition, the occasion not only underscores the contingency of recovery but also frames the reflection on recovery as a paradox. This paradox involves a divergence either between the affirmation of the recovered presence of enslaved people and the many terrains of freedom struggle, or the refusal of the temptations of recovery, owing to suspicions that not only modern positivist methods of historical recovery, but also the promises of liberal political enfranchisement to emancipate and redeem, risk subjecting the enslaved to the dominant terms under which they had so long suffered and within which they have been deemed lacking, indebted, or failed.

If you aced the American Civilization Course (ACC-X), The American Studies Research centre rewarded you with an all-expenses paid 6 week resident fellowship at the centre in the woods of Osmania University campus in Hyderabad, India, to research a topic of your choice. So I decided to delve into the interface of Architecture, Poetry & Philosophy via the works of Louis Kahn, Rainer Marie Rilke and Martin Heidegger.

I also used the opportunity to teach myself roller skating by hijacking the Centre’s unutilized basketball court. At the Seminar while interfacing architecture, poetry and philosophy, I was skating on thin ice.

The typewritten paper was in the ASRC archives all these decades, while all along an unseen cyclostyled draft lay in my files. It is now seeing the light of the day in response to my recent session (Dec. 29, 2021) with graduate students of Cairo University.

Η εργασία έχει θέμα την συγκριτική προσέγγιση της αλληγορικής ερμηνείας των Ομηρικών Επών Ιλιάς και Οδύσσεια από τους Στωϊκούς και τους Νεοπλατωνικούς φιλοσόφους αντίστοιχα, με ενδεικτικές κειμενικές αναφορές σε έργα των Κορνούτου, Ηράκλειτου του Αλληγοριστή, Πορφύριου και Πρόκλου. Η αλληγορική ερμηνεία του πλούσιου μυθολογικού υλικού που εμπεριέχεται στα Έπη αποτελεί έναν αρχαίο τρόπο ανάγνωσης και ερμηνείας ενός «κρυμμένου» νοήματος φιλοσοφικής υφής που τα διέπει. Ο τρόπος αυτός εξυπηρέτησε επί μακρόν την προσπάθεια υπεράσπισης του Ομήρου έναντι των πολυάριθμων επικρίσεων που δέχτηκε το έργο του ανά τους αιώνες. Παράλληλα, όμως, έγινε και φορέας έκφρασης των φιλοσοφικών πτυχών που κάθε φιλόσοφος ανάλογα με τη Σχολή στην οποία ανήκει επιθυμούσε να αναδείξει. Οι Στωικοί, στα πλαίσια της θεωρίας τους για την γλώσσα και την υλοζωϊστική τους αντίληψη, δίνουν έμφαση στην ετυμολογία και την αντιμετώπιση του Ομηρικού ποιητικού λόγου ως έκφραση θεϊκή, ενώ οι Νεοπλατωνικοί - αν και συνεχίζουν να ενεδύονται τα στοιχεία αυτά και να τα εξελίσσουν- επιχειρούν να συνδέσουν τον Ομηρικό λόγο με την ενατένιση του θείου, μέσα από τα σύμβολα και τα Μυστήρια προς τα οποία αυτός ομοιάζει, προσδίδοντας έτσι μια καθαρά μεταφυσική διάσταση στην αλληγορική ερμηνεία των Επών. Και στις δύο περιπτώσεις παρατηρείται μια σύγκλιση μεταξύ φιλοσοφίας, θεολογίας και ποίησης που δίνει έμφαση στην αναγνώριση των ιδιοτήτων του Φιλοσόφου, Θεολόγου και Ποιητή στο πρόσωπο του Ομήρου. Αυτή, αν και έχει αναγνωριστεί από τους μελετητές, συνεχίζει να αποτελεί πρόσφορο έδαφος για περαιτέρω μελλοντικές μελέτες
The present paper’s subject is the comparative approach of the Homeric Epics’ - Iliad and Odyssey- allegorical interpretation made by Stoic and Neoplatonist philosophers respectively, with indicative textual references to the works of Cornutus, Heraclitus the Allegorist, Porphyry and Proclus. The allegorical interpretation of the rich mythological material involved in the Epics is an ancient way of reading and interpreting a “hidden” meaning of a philosophical texture contained in the Epics. This way of reading has served for a long time as an endeavor of defending Homer against the numerous instances of criticism that his work has received throughout the centuries. Simultaneously, though, it also became a carrier of expressing the philosophical folds that each philosopher wished to be emerged according to the School he belonged to. The Stoics -within the frame of their language theory and their hylozoistic concept - emphasize etymology and the view of the Homeric poetical word as a divine expression, whereas the Neoplatonists – though continuing to adopt and evolve these elements- also attempt to connect the Homeric word with divine contemplation, through symbols and mysteries to which it resembles, this way offering a clearly metaphysical dimension to the allegorical interpretation of the Epics. In both cases a convergence of philosophy, theology and poetry is to be observed that emphasizes the recognition of the properties of a Philosopher, Theologian and Poet in Homer’s figure. This convergence, though having already been recognized by scholars, it is still a fertile ground for further future studies

In this article we explore the narrative features of The Turn of the Screw by Henry James. This work is considered to be one of the most controversial in relation to the author's design and description of the characters. Until recently, the controversy was focused only on whether the events in the narrative are really mystical (within the reality of the text), or the ghosts described by the heroine are the product of her imagination. In recent years there has been a tendency to consider this work in the light of narratology and structuralism. We consider this approach to be appropriate, because for Henry James as a writer and a literary critic the form and content of the text were inextricably linked, and in his later writings he sometimes favored a form over content. The Turn of the Screw is known primarily for its ambiguity. Written in the genre of "scary tales," it not only reveals events in Bly, but, which is typical of late James, draws a psychological portrait of...

Language and power have been interlinked and are noticeable in the form of presence of languages like English, French and Spanish in different countries around the world due to rules of British, French and Spanish colonies. The colonial empires made systematic attempts for linguistic and cultural colonization as well making people believe that the language of colonial rulers was superior to their local languages. The spread of English around the globe today had its roots in the colonial empire of British. Through the power, which these rulers enjoyed, they established the hegemony of their language. And in the present day, the economic and military powers of these hegemonic powers are also serving as the tools to establish their linguistic hegemony. With this background, the present paper seeks to review how hegemony of power, which Britain and America enjoyed and enjoy, is correlational with the hegemony of English language spread and use around the globe.

Malaysians of various ethnic origins have used standard British English (SBrE) in both its spoken and written variants in the postcolonial era but current globalisation discourses appear to be increasingly colonised by American English, including in ESL/EFL settings, perhaps powered largely by the “mcdonaldisation” of the world’s economy and the attendant shifts in geopolitical balance of power. Hence, despite the putative universals of academia in terms of its normative values and conventions, discourse communities both at the centre and the periphery may be said to be “divided by one language” with respect to the British and American standards. Assuming that there is an emergent trend towards the appropriation of extant linguistic norms into a “glocal” variety of English as Lingua Franca (ELF), which of the two dominant varieties do Malaysian academic users prefer, in what contexts of their academic discourse practice, and with what outcomes in terms of global/local identity construction? The study reported here drew on recent questionnaire survey data pertaining to selected spelling, pronunciation and vocabulary/grammar items, as well as identity construction vis-à-vis geopolitical entities and aspects of potential multilingual competence to find the expected preferences for British English for sustained use in various areas of academic activity amongst the university faculty in question. However, it also found alternative lexical forms enjoying currency with the standard British/American English standards in selected situations. Further, while there was only limited support for significant correlates in identity formation orientated towards British/American cultures as well as geopolitical entities other than the local/regional but with a possibly expedient orientation towards acquiring multilingual competence. The study concluded that the findings were consistent with a World Englishes perspective on the continuing development of a local Malaysian English standard, and another on a global standard that is subject to local/regional variation but which is evolving in the periphery as a strategic albeit resistant variety in the ELF mould. Perspectives on further research are considered.

Nel XVIII secolo, la società dell’America coloniale era fortemente gerarchizzata e in molti soffrivano questa
condizione. Il Grande Risveglio accese in loro speranze di rivalsa e nuove consapevolezze che, più tardi,
sarebbero detonate con la Rivoluzione. La chiave è da ricercarsi in quell’uomo che trovò in Dio una forza
legittimante, capace di spingerlo alla ricerca della propria felicità; in quello che venne pervaso dall’Altissimo
e in colui che, forte di tutto questo, divenne Creatore della propria vita e dell’America di oggi

Resumo: O autor modernista Raul Leal (1886-­1964) inicia em 1909 a sua atividade crítica nos campos da literatura, artes plásticas e música, com o lançamento da sua primeira obra A "Apassionáta" de Beethoven e Viâna da Móta, não havia concluído o curso de Direito na Universidade de Coimbra. Ao longo de sensivelmente duas décadas de intervenção sistemática no panorama cultural português, colabora nas principais revistas do modernismo português e toma parte ativa nas suas manifestações e polémicas, sendo um dos mais dinâmicos na produção de manifestos. A apresentação do manifesto ultrafuturista "A Visão de Dois Artistas e a Luxuriosa Loucura de Deus" é um contributo para o conhecimento desta personalidade complexa, tratando-­se da primeira aparição oficial do Paracletianismo, Religião do Espírito Santo ou Divino Paracleto proposta por Leal.
Keywords: Raul Leal, "The Vision of Two Artists" , Mário Eloy, Alberto Cardoso, Astraledia, Vertiginism, Avant-­garde, F.T. Marinetti, Ultrafuturism, Paracletianism. Abstract: The modernist author Raul Leal (1886-­1964) begins his activity in the fields of literary, fine arts and musical criticism in 1909, with the release of his first book A "Apassionáta" de Beethoven e Viâna da Móta, before finishing his Law degree at the University of Coimbra. During a period of nearly two decades of regular participation in the Portuguese cultural scene, he collaborates in the chief magazines of Portuguese modernism and plays an active role in its happenings and controversies, being one of the most prolific in the production of manifestoes. The presentation of the ultrafuturist manifesto "The Vision of Two Artists and the Luxurious Folly of God" is an approach to the disclosure of such a complex personality,

C'est deux ans après la publication de son ultime roman, Route des Indes, qui est aussi son chef-d'œuvre, que E. M. Forster donna au Trinity College de Cambridge la série de conférences dont Aspects du roman reproduit la quintessence. Pas plus que la somme romanesque de Forster, ces essais qui n'ont pas pris la moindre ride, évoquent Chaucer et Virginia Woolf, Daniel Defoe et James Joyce ou encore Dickens et Max Beerbohm. On y retrouve sa lucidité, son humour et cette absence de " bon ton " qui en fit le maître à penser d'une génération. Pour Forster, " il n'existe pas de règle, pas d'art du roman, rien que l'art exigé par le romancier pour mener à bon port sa propre œuvre ! "

https://open.upress.virginia.edu/projects/the-american-revolution-and-the-habsburg-monarchy

In 1783, the Peace of Paris treaties famously concluded the American Revolution. However, the Revolution could have come to an end two years earlier had diplomats from the Habsburg realms—the largest continental European power—succeeded in their attempts to convene a Congress of Vienna in 1781. Bringing together materials from nearly fifty American, Austrian, Belgian, British, Czech, Dutch, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Slovak, and Swedish archives, Jonathan Singerton reconstructs the full sweep of relations between the nascent United States and one of the oldest European dynasties during and after the American Revolution.

The first account to analyze the impact of the American Revolution in the Habsburg lands in full, this book highlights how the American call to liberty was answered across the furthest reaches of central and eastern Europe. Although the United States failed to sway one of the largest, most powerful states in Europe to its side in the War for American Independence, for several years, the Habsburg ruling and mercantile elites saw opportunity, especially for commerce, in the news of the American Revolution. In the end, only Thomas Jefferson’s disdain for Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II and avoidance of Habsburg diplomatic representatives in Paris prevented Vienna’s formal recognition of the United States, resulting in a half century of uneven Habsburg-American relations.

By delineating the earliest social and economic exchanges between the Habsburg monarchy and the United States after 1776, Singerton offers a broad reexamination of the American Revolution and its international reverberations and presents the Habsburg monarchy as a globally-oriented power in the late eighteenth century.

ABSTRACT
In light of the United States' 2011 declaration of an economic and military policy refocus-ing on the Asia-Pacific region, Kuan-Hsing Chen's argument for Asia as method can be expanded in Asian American critique to consider Asia and the Pacific as method. A critical analysis of Asian American settler colonialism in Hawai‘l
and in the United States constitutes one such methodology that mobilizes a mode of self-reflexive inquiry in Asian American critique and conjoins it to a decolonizing and deimperializing movement in Asia and the Pacific, underscoring the need for Asian American settlers to challenge the US settler state and its assault on indigenous peoples and to enact a future beyond empires. On a global scale, US settler colonialism and its seizures of indigenous lands enable and are enabled by US imperialist practices in Asia and the Pacific. The Moana Nui 2011 conference in Honolulu countered the militarized capitalism of empires represented by APEC and the TPP, illustrating the ways that peoples of Asia and the Pacific can build on each other's struggles and enact economies that will sustain us beyond empires, economies premised not on the production of scarcity that drives capitalism but on the restoration of abundance.

Traduire le théâtre, c’est se projeter sur une scène, dans le corps des acteurs. C’est aussi partir de son propre corps pour trouver les mots qui créeront du jeu, et faire l’expérience de sa place, parfois instable, dans une communauté.
Au fil de témoignages, de réflexions théoriques et pratiques, cet ouvrage collectif s’attache aux rôles multiples des traducteurs au théâtre. Il analyse la mission de celles et ceux qui, par leur travail solitaire ou collaboratif, à la table ou en répétition, donnent sa première matérialité au texte ; il questionne les faisceaux de relations qu’ils entretiennent, tant avec des auteurs, metteurs en scène, acteurs, qu’avec des producteurs ou des éditeurs.
Se trouve ainsi interrogée la place même du traducteur, au croisement de perceptions divergentes, voire conflictuelles, dans la communauté d’expérience que représente le théâtre.

Winner of the 2018 Advancement of Knowledge Award from the Conference on College
Composition and Communication

Winner of the 2018 Lavender Rhetorics Book Award for Excellence in Queer Scholarship from the Conference on College Composition and Communication

Winner of the 2017 Outstanding Book Award from the Conference on Community Writing

Fashioning Lives: Black Queers and the Politics of Literacy analyzes the life stories of sixty Black lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people along with archival documents, literature, and film, author Eric Darnell Pritchard provides a theoretical framework for studying the literacy work of Black LGBTQ people. Pritchard discusses how literacy is used to inflict harm and how these harmful events prompt Black LGBTQ people to ensure their own survival through a process he calls “restorative literacies.” He highlights restorative literacies in literacy institutions, historical records repositories, religious and spiritual spaces, parties, community events, activist organizations, and digital spheres. This trailblazing study draws connections between race and queerness in literacy, composition, and rhetoric and provides the basis for a sustainable dialogue on their intersections in the discipline.

We all know that there is such a thing as British English; it is the progenitor of all subsequent "Englishes" (as professional linguists awkwardly call national and sub-regional varieties of the English language) in the world. And we do, of course, know that there is American English, not only because it is the earliest national variety to rebel against some of the quirky conventions of British English-a fact that inspired the celebrated Irish writer George Bernard Shaw to famously remark that "England and America are two countries divided by a common language" (see Pinto, 2000, p. 19)-but also because America's current preeminent position in the world ensures that its variety of English is now relentlessly universalized through a scarcely perceptible but nonetheless powerful process of pop-cultureinduced linguistic osmosis. What of Nigerian English? Is there such a thing as Nigerian English? If there is, how is it different from and similar to British and American English? If there isn't, why do Nigerians have such radically idiosyncratic usage patterns that set them apart from other users of the English language? Well, John Ogu (1992) has pointed that as early as 1967 N. G. Walsh called attention to the existence of a distinct variety of English called "Nigerian English." He quoted Walsh to have observed that "The varieties of English spoken by educated Nigerians, no matter what their language, have enough features in common to mark off a general type, which may be called Nigerian English (1992: 88).

The English translation for the word Besa is "faith". The personal code of honor established by the Albanian culture emanated deeply within the people who lived within its borders, and for this reason, both civilian and government officials felt it necessary to go through great lengths to provide protection and sanctuary at all costs. This code of honor was ritualized and fermented into the spirit of the people, demonstrating an altruistic heroism, kindness, and responsibility, developing a strong and effective sanctuary that kept the Jewish people safely insides its tiny borders, and away from being deported into concentration camps. the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CCBY 4.0), which allows for the unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

A presente edição da Revista Muitas Vozes abre espaço para
reflexões teórico-analíticas sobre Literatura e cultura em Língua Inglesa,
fórum de discussões que, indubitavelmente, ocupa espaço de destaque na esfera sociocultural há várias décadas. Isso se dá porque as obras literárias, produtos das línguas e das linguagens, não apenas figuram espaços, identidades e imaginários, mas também compõem o mosaico de múltiplas influências que afetam o processo histórico de desterritorialização de espaços, de rearticulação de identidades e de transformação de imaginários. Nesse sentido, o debate proposto pelos textos desta edição não se esgota na caracterização da influência cultural disseminada e recebida pelas comunidades anglófonas – sejam elas ex-metrópoles ou ex-colônias –, mas se estende para a análise de como as reações a essa influência são absorvidas pela arte literária, definindo posicionamentos, questionamentos e relativizações.

This book, which sprang from collaborative effort, marks a tendency in the limelight of humanitarian scholarship in recent decades: the tendency to look at phenomena in language and literature from a broader cultural perspective. It put together texts, which though set in linguistic and literary studies, address issues and display interpretations oriented towards cultural studies approaches. A variety of them have been stimulated to look at interruptions – or continuities, as the case may be – in the general cultural sense as well as from the perspective of schools, trends and scholarly traditions in English and American studies that bridge the 19 th and the 21 st century.

Frames and Framing in Documentary Comics explores how graphic narratives reframe global crises while also interrogating practices of fact-finding. An analog print phenomenon in an era shaped by digitalization, documentary comics formulates a distinct counterapproach to conventional journalism. In what ways are ‘facts’ being presented and framed? What is documentary honesty in a world of fake news and post-truth politics? How can the stories of marginalized peoples and neglected crises be told? The author investigates documentary comics in its unique relationship to framing: graphic narratives are essentially shaped by a reciprocal relationship between the manifest frames on the page and the attention to the cognitive frames that they generate. To account for both the textuality of comics and its strategic use as rhetoric, the author combines theories of framing analysis and cognitive narratology with comics studies and its attention toward the medium’s visual frames.