Ethic Codes

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ABSTRACT
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND ETHICS: PERENNIAL QUESTIONS
Okçu, Murat
Ph. D., Department of Public Administration
Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Şinasi Aksoy
October 2002, 286 Pages
Ethical approaches trying to define what is to be ethical for public administration are clustered around two rival theoretical frameworks: bureaucratic and democratic ethos. These ethical frameworks are foundational theories mainly because they try to establish universal foundations that help to derive appropriate moral conduct for public administrators. In this regard, the distinction between bureaucratic and democratic paradigms is the reflection of modernist foundational ethical cleavage to public administration. This thesis, however, asserts that an anti-foundational postmodern perspective completely rejecting foundational moral positions can be found and that only such a perspective can move the debate on administrative ethics to its right place. Instead of offering more ‘universal’ ethical standards, principles and rules, it forces us to ask more significant perennial questions and re-think organization, structure and processes of public administration in a framework which appeals to public administrators’ moral responsibility of ‘being for the Other’. This thesis also asserts that only anti-foundational perspective can offer an antidote to (administrative) ‘ethics in the form of law’.
Keywords: Bureaucratic Ethos, Democratic Ethos, Anti-foundationalism, Postmodern Administrative Ethics.
ÖZ
KAMU YÖNETİMİ VE AHLAK: KÖKLÜ SORULAR
Okçu, Murat
Doktora, Department of Public Administration
Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Şinasi Aksoy
Ekim 2002, 286 Pages
Kamu yönetimi için neyin ahlaki olduğunu tanımlamaya çalışan etik yaklaşımlar birbirine rakip iki kuramsal çerçevenin etrafında kümelenmektedirler: bürokratik etos ve demokratik etos. Bu etik çerçeveler kamu yöneticileri için uygun ahlaki davranışı ortaya çıkarmaya yardımcı olacak nihai temelleri kurmaya çalıştıkları için temel arayıcı kuramlardır. Bu anlamda bürokratik ve demokratik paradigmalar modern temel arayıcı ahlaki yarılmanın kamu yönetimine yansımasıdır. Oysa bu tez, temel arayıcı moral konumları bütünüyle reddeden temel arayıcı karşıtı postmodern bir yaklaşımın bulunabileceğini ve ancak böyle bir bakış açısının yönetsel ahlak üzerine yürütülen tartışmayı olması gerektiği yere taşıyabileceğini iddia etmektedir. Temel arayıcı karşıtı yaklaşım daha fazla ‘evrensel’ ahlaki standartlar, ilkeler ve kurallar sunmak yerine bizi çok daha anlamlı köklü soruları sormaya iter ve bizi kamu yöneticilerinin ‘Öteki için olmak’ şeklindeki ahlaki sorumluluklarına gönderme yapan bir çerçeve içerisinde kamu yönetiminin örgüt, yapı ve süreçlerini yeniden düşünmeye zorlar. Aynı zamanda bu tez yalnızca temel arayıcı karşıtı bakış açısının ‘yasa şeklindeki (yönetsel) ahlak’ anlayışına gerçek bir çözüm sunabileceğini iddia etmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Bürokratik Etos, Demokratik Etos, Temel Arayıcı Karşıtı Yaklaşım, Postmodern Yönetsel Ahlak.

Although long-established military virtues, such as honor, courage and loyalty, are what most armed forces today still use as guiding principles in an effort to enhance the moral behavior of soldiers, much depends on whether the military virtues adhered to by these militaries suit a particular mission or military operation. Clearly, the beneficiaries of these military virtues are the soldiers themselves, fellow-soldiers, and military organizations, yet there is little that regulates the behavior of soldiers towards civilian populations. As a result, troops trained for combat in today's missions sometimes experience difficulty in adjusting to the less aggressive ways of working needed to win the hearts and minds of local populations after major combat is over. It can be argued that today's missions call for virtues that are more inclusive than the traditional ones, which are mainly about enhancing military effectiveness, but a convincing case can be made that a lot can already be won by interpreting these traditional virtues in different ways.

This volume offers an integrated approach to the main traditional virtues, exploring their possible relevance and proposing new ways of interpretation that are more in line with the military tasks of the 21st century.

Ethics in engineering and science has become a hot topic not only on the agendas of academic institutions and funding agencies, but also among scientists and engineers themselves and the general public. Analysis of misconduct cases shows that fundamental issues concerning proper methodology as well as ethics are at stake. Traditionally, questions of methodology and ethics have been treated more or less as separate issues, or as being related but fundamentally different, while practitioners tend implicitly to see ethics as the underpinning of their methodology. I contend that methodological and ethical normativity are linked in a very fundamental way. I argue that the relationship between method and ethics deserves to be addressed more explicitly and can form the basis of a new approach towards ethical issues in science and engineering. In particular, a virtue-ethical based approach, defining the figure of the ‘good practitioner’, has many advantages. As an example, I consider the issue of the function and utility of ethical codes of conduct. Practice shows that these codes are seldom known to practitioners and, that when they are, practitioners have not internalised them. In other words, they do not match with notions of proper behaviour as experienced by scientists and engineers themselves. I argue that as long as the ethical codes are top-down regulations of an institution, rather than the ‘living morality’ of the virtuous community of scientific practice, they will remain of limited applicability.

The concept of distributed moral responsibility (DMR) has a long history. When it is understood as being entirely reducible to the sum of (some) human, individual, and already morally loaded actions, then the allocation of DMR, and hence of praise and reward or blame and punishment, may be pragmatically difficult, but not conceptually problematic. However, in distributed environments it is increasingly possible that a network of agents, some human, some artificial (e.g. a program) and some hybrid (e.g. a group of people working as a team thanks to a software platform) may cause distributed moral actions (DMAs). These are morally good or evil (i.e., morally loaded) actions caused by local interactions that are in themselves neither good nor evil (morally neutral). In this article, I analyse DMRs that are due to DMAs and argue in favour of the allocation, by default and overridably, of full moral responsibility (faultless responsibility) to all the nodes/agents in the network causally relevant for bringing about the DMA in question, independently of intentionality. The mechanism proposed is inspired by, and adapts, three concepts: back propagation from network theory, strict liability from jurisprudence, and common knowledge from epistemic logic.

The Proposed Model Code of Conduct for Mediators is based on a comprehensive theory of mediators’ ethics discussed, explained, and justified in A Theory of Mediators' Ethics. The theory presents the ethical norms that apply to all mediators in Anglo-American societies, and the Proposed Code sums up the minimum requirements applicable to them.           
The Proposed Code may be useful first and foremost to mediators who are not subject to a formal code of conduct and need guidance. As for mediators, mediator organizations, legislators, and scholars who think otherwise and adopt or advocate norms that differ from the Proposed Code, the Code and the Theory of Mediators' Ethics would be useful in two ways. First, the Proposed Code would provide them with resources for thinking critically about their decision, and challenge them to justify their decision on the basis of a competing theory of mediators’ ethics. And second, as codes of conduct for mediators are often vague, abstract, and have gaps, the Proposed Code may be useful for complementing existing codes by offering tools for interpreting such codes in a manner consistent as far as possible with the Proposed Code and for filling in lacunae in codes in light of the Proposed Code (pp. 121-122).

Ethical oaths for bankers, economists and managers are increasingly seen as successful instruments to ensure more responsible behaviour. In this article, we reflect on the nature of ethical oaths. Based on John Austin's speech act theory and the work of Emmanuel Levinas, we introduce a performative concept of ethical oaths that is characterised by (1) the existential self-performative of the one I want to be, which is (2) demanded by the public context. Because ethical oaths are (3) structurally threatened by the possibility of infelicity or failure, we stress (4) the behavioural aspect of ethical oaths in economics and business. We conclude that a performative concept of ethical oaths can contribute to more ethical behaviour in economics and business, because the performative involves action and behaviour. At the same time, it becomes clear that a radical new perspective on the nature, function and limitation of oaths is needed.

Purpose This paper reviews the world of ICT from its early days to the near future. The aim is to consider how successfully academia, industry and government have worked together in delivering ethically acceptable ICT which is accessible to those who might benefit from such advances. The paper concludes with suggestions of a fresh approach for the future. Design/methodology/approach The paper draws upon evidence from the history of computers, funded research projects, professional bodies in the field, the ETHICOMP conference series and reported ICT disasters. The author uses his experience as both an ICT practitioner and an academic in the ICT ethics field to synthesise the evidence so providing a foundation on which to build an outline global action plan. Finding The paper lays out the findings that there has been much detailed observation and analysis of the ethical challenges surrounding ICT but the transformation of this into widespread practical positive action remains elusive. It explores why progress has been difficult. Originality/value This review of the interconnecting landscapes of practical ICT, funded research and the ICT ethics community is new. The attempt to demonstrate what progress has been made and to identify the underlying factors which influence progress are valuable to future generations working in this area. The concluding suggestions for action offer a starting point for entering the next phase of ICT ethics.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate school principals’, teachers’, parents’, and students’ opinions, arising from participation in a pilot program which used a media literacy curriculum in Turkey. The research population covers all seventh grade students who attended the media literacy course during the 2006-2007 academic year, in five pilot cities and their teachers, principals, and families. A semi-structured one-on-one interview technique was used to collect data. In order to determine students’ opinions regarding media’s conformance to ethical codes, five ethical codes were determined and the “Basic Ethical Codes for Media to Follow Scale” was developed. The study results clearly show that prin cipals, teachers, and parents have serious concerns with the content and quality of national publishing and broadcasting. Participants’ critiques generally concentrate on media’s corrupting social values for the sake of ratings and circulation, and they violate individuals’ rights an...

This article aims to study the importance given to " core values " and " ethical values " in family firms when it comes to corporative values design or the most relevant values determination, in a slowing down economic environment. The ethical codes and the values declaration by the firms can turn into an adequate tool for decision making due to the significance that conduct models eradication in the firm has for the family. This is why we establish a comparative framework between the firms on Mid-cap stock Indexes in the United Kingdom (FTSE 250), Germany (MDAX 50), France (CAC 20) and Spain (IBEX 20). The data shows three main conclusions: In United Kingdom and Germany, family firms tend to express their values in a greater extent than non-family firms. It is not the same situation for French and Spanish firms. Moreover, the main " core values " declaration is different in each of the countries, although there are some exceptions. And finally, " ethical values " are hardly represented on the " core values " whole, giving priority to family values projected in the firm's functionality over ethical values.

Colombetti, Elena Assistant Professor and Lecturer of Moral Philosophy; Osimani, Barbara PhD; Aluas, Maria PhD; Pessina, Adriano Full Professor of Moral Philosophy, Director of The Centre for Bioethics UCSC; Musio, Alessio Assistant Professor and Lecturer of Theoretical ...

makes compelling arguments that it is time for bioethicists to assert the integrity of their field by developing a code of professional ethics. His article raises some questions that the profession needs to answer more fully. What can we learn from previously drafted, proposed, and adopted codes of ethics in similar or related professions? Do these codes purport to serve a greater public interest or do they primarily serve the members of the profession?

The survey defines the concept for responsible tourism and its implementation in Bulgaria. It is analyzed the situation with the overbuilding and the problems of the mass tourism development in Bulgaria and they are given proposals how the obstacles should be overcome. A special attention in the paper has the Memorandum for sustainable development of Bulgarian tourism, nature conservation and cultural heritage, its goals and principles, based on the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism.

Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde etik, iş etiği ve kamu yönetimi etiği tanımları ile etik ile ahlak
ve yasalar arasındaki farklar tartışılarak kavramsal çerçeve tanımlanmıştır. Bu bölümde
yine kamu etiğindeki yeni eğilimlerden bahsedilerek kamu yönetimi hareketi ve yeni
kamu yönetimi işletmeciliğinin etkileri üzerinde durulmuştur.
İkinci bölümde kamu ve özel sektörün etiğe yaklaşımlarındaki benzerlikler ve farklılıklar
tartışılmıştır, bu bölümde etiğe ve etik değerlere yaklaşım farklılıkları ayrı ayrı ele
alınmıştır, bu kapsamda kamu ve iş etiğinin ortak ve farklı değerleri belirlenmeye
çalışılmıştır.
İş etiği ve kamu etiği açısından sorun yaratan hususlar bir diğer alanımız olup, sorunlu
alanlar, risk göstergeleri, etik dışılığın nedenleri üzerinde özellikle durulmuştur. Etik
uygulamalar bakımından kamu ve özel sektör arasındaki işbirliği bir diğer ilgi alanımızı
oluşturmuş ve bu husus incelenerek öneri setleri geliştirilmiştir.
Kamu ve özel sektörde etik dışı davranışı engelleyici ve etik davranışı geliştirici
mekanizmalar olarak etik program kavramı ayrıntılı incelenmiştir.
Kamu ve özel sektördeki etik kodlara yaklaşım ve bu iki alandaki etik kodların
farklılıkları üzerine durulmuştur. Son bölümde değerlendirmelerimiz ve önerilerimize
yer verilmiştir.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate school principals’, teachers’, parents’, and students’ opinions, arising from participation in a pilot program which used a media literacy curriculum
in Turkey. The research population covers all seventh grade students who attended the media literacy course during the 2006-2007 academic year, in five pilot cities and their
teachers, principals, and families. A semi-structured one-on-one interview technique was used to collect data. In order to determine students’ opinions regarding media’s conformance
to ethical codes, five ethical codes were determined and the “Basic Ethical Codes
for Media to Follow Scale” was developed. The study results clearly show that principals,
teachers, and parents have serious concerns with the content and quality of national
publishing and broadcasting. Participants’ critiques generally concentrate on media’s corrupting social values for the sake of ratings and circulation, and they violate individuals’
rights and exaggerate in publishing and broadcasting. Students, especially from four of the pilot program cities, state that media has problems concerning processes and ethical codes, and it conforms to ethical codes sometimes or hardly-ever. The study results show that students’ opinions regarding media’s objectiveness, respect for individual rights, honesty,
congruence for responsible broadcasting, and strengthening social values in publishing
and broadcasting coincide with those of the principals, teachers, and parents.

The purpose of this chapter is to explore and invite further discussion of what we perceive as an ethical dilemma within the field of psychology: How do individuals and organizations proceed when there is a perceived conflict between the two important professional values of respect for religious diversity and respect for sexual diversity? In its most basic form, our question is, "What should psychologists do when students or colleagues perceive that their religion tells them it is wrong to be lesbian, gay, or bisexual?" To affirm religious diversity, we ought to be respectful of norms and ideals of religion as people experience it, but to affirm sexual diversity, we ought to emphasize respect for and normalcy of (American Psychological Association [APA], 1998) lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) identities.

We emphasize "perceived" conflict and take this perception as our starting point, rather than attempting to argue about whether such a perception is warranted. Readers interested in perspectives on LGB-affirming and LGB-oppressing aspects of various religious systems may refer to sources such as Ritter and Terndrup (2002) and Davidson (2000). In other words, our domain here is not the concordance between affirmation of sexual diversity and doctrine or sacred texts within any particular religious tradition, but rather is what we in the mental health fields might do when a conflict is perceived . . . . Thus, in this chapter we address this issue directly by articulating how we attempted to resolve parts of the conflict by working through the steps of an ethical decision-making model (Hill, Glaser, & Harden, 1995).

In this paper, information security assessment is analysed in terms of cultural categories and virtue ethics, in order to explain the cultural origin of certain types of security vulnerabilities, as well as to enable a proactive attitude towards preventing such vulnerabilities.

Vulnerabilities in information security are compared to the concept of “monster” introduced by Martijntje Smits in philosophy of technology. The applicability of different strategies for dealing with monsters to information security is discussed, and the strategies are linked to attitudes in virtue ethics.

It is concluded that the present approach can form the basis for dealing proactively with unknown future vulnerabilities in information security.