Public Ethics

This theme issue has the founding ambition of landscaping Data Ethics as a new branch of ethics that studies and evaluates moral problems related to data (including generation, recording, curation, processing, dissemination, sharing, and use), algorithms (including AI, artificial agents, machine learning, and robots), and corresponding practices (including responsible innovation, programming, hacking, and professional codes), in order to formulate and support morally good solutions (e.g. right conducts or right values). Data Ethics builds on the foundation provided by Computer and Information Ethics but, at the same time, it refines the approach endorsed so far in this research field, by shifting the Level of Abstraction of ethical enquiries, from being information-centric to being data-centric. This shift brings into focus the different moral dimensions of all kinds of data, even the data that never translate directly into information but can be used to support actions or generate behaviours, for example. It highlights the need for ethical analyses to concentrate on the content and nature of computational operations—the interactions among hardware, software, and data—rather than on the variety of digital technologies that enables them. And it emphasises the complexity of the ethical challenges posed by Data Science. Because of such complexity, Data Ethics should be developed from the start as a macroethics, that is, as an overall framework that avoids narrow, ad hoc approaches and addresses the ethical impact and implications of Data Science and its applications within a consistent, holistic, and inclusive framework. Only as a macroethics Data Ethics will provide the solutions that can maximise the value of Data Science for our societies, for all of us, and for our environments.

"Teologia pública" é um termo que não é comumente utilizado na América Latina, mais aos poucos está conquistando seu espaço entre abordagens acadêmicas, currículos de seminários e prédicas eclesiais. Além de representar um paradigma que vem sendo desenvolvido há décadas por teólogos e teólogas em várias latitudes, neste livro não queremos nos ater a introduzir mais uma escola no mercado da teologia. Antes, ao falar de "teologia pública" nos interessa fomentar uma sensibilidade teológica - dentro de outras possibilidades - na qual convergem leituras contextuais, entrelaces filosóficos e propostas bíblico-teológicas de distintos tipos. Nesta breve obra desafioamos vários teólogos e teólogas latino-americanos/as com de propor um exercício nesta direção, desde a chave da teologia pública como marco geral, para analisar diversos contextos e problemáticas imbricados nas diferentes regiões.

The European Medical Information Framework (EMIF) project, funded through the IMI programme (Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking under Grant Agreement No. 115372), has designed and implemented a federated platform to connect health data from a variety of sources across Europe, to facilitate large scale clinical and life sciences research. It enables approved users to analyse securely multiple, diverse, data via a single portal, thereby mediating research opportunities across a large quantity of research data. EMIF developed a code of practice (ECoP) to ensure the privacy protection of data subjects, protect the interests of data sharing parties, comply with legislation and various organisational policies on data protection, uphold best practices in the protection of personal privacy and information governance, and eventually promote these best practices more widely. EMIF convened an Ethics Advisory Board (EAB), to provide feedback on its approach, platform, and the EcoP. The most important challenges the ECoP team faced were: how to define, control and monitor the purposes (kinds of research) for which fed-erated health data are used; the kinds of organisation that should be permitted to conduct permitted research; and how to monitor this. This manuscript explores those issues, offering the combined insights of the EAB and EMIF core ECoP team. For some issues, a consensus on how to approach them is proposed. For other issues, a singular approach may be premature but the challenges are summarised to help the community to debate the topic further. Arguably, the issues and their analyses have application beyond EMIF, to many research infrastructures connected to health data sources.

News stories about so-called 'paedophile hunters' have become common. The number of prosecutions based on evidence from paedophile hunters has risen rapidly in England and in Scotland (BBC 2019b), and there are organized hunter groups in various countries (Hadjimatheou 2019). The Netherlands has recently seen an upsurge in violence by paedophile hunters. In 2020, Jan Kruitwagen died of an aneurysm a few hours after having been assaulted when he went to meet a 15-year-old boy (Kraak 2021; Panorama 2021). Various cases of non-fatal assaults by members of hunter groups have also been reported (Kraak 2021; Kwai & Moses 2020). As with all sexual abuse, it is difficult to measure, or even estimate, the extent of the production and circulation of images of the sexual abuse of children. It is clear, though, that the widespread ownership of internet-enabled devices has enabled a boom in this kind of crime. People, including the police, often think that the problem has become too big for the authorities to tackle (Hadjimatheou 2019).

Amaç: Kamu yönetiminde etik, idarecilerin uymaları gereken ahlaki değerler bütünü olarak ifade edilmektedir. Kamu yönetimi kapsamındaki sağlık hizmetleri alanı da etik ikilemlerin sık yaşandığı alanlardan birisi olmuştur. Dolayısı ile bu çalışma
söz konusu noktadan hareketle, etik sorunlara yaklaşım konusunda istatistiksel olarak güvenilirlik ve geçerliliği sınanmış bir ölçeğin geliştirilmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır.
Materyal ve Metot: Çalışmanın kuramsal altyapısı tamamlandıktan sonra, analizlerde kullanılacak verilerin toplanacağı anket geliştirilmiş ve bir kamu tıp fakültesinde yapılan araştırma ile de gerekli veriler toplanmıştır. Analizler SPSS 16.0 ve Amos 21.0 paket istatistik programları vasıtasıyla yapılmıştır. Bu aşamada toplanan veriler üzerinde açımlayıcı faktör analizi, doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ve Cronbach Alfa içtutarlılık testi uygulanmıştır.
Bulgular: Çoklu değişkenlere geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik
testleri uygulandıktan sonra, başlangıçta sorulan soru sayısı, üç faktör altında toplanan 13 soruya indirilmiş ve istatistiksel olarak güvenilir ve anlamlı sonuçlar elde edilmiştir.
Sonuç: Yapılan çalışmanın, Türkiye örnekleminde
kullanabilecek ve sağlık çalışanlarının karşılaşabileceği
birtakım etik sorunların önem derecesinin ve tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin etik ikilemlere ilişkin algılarının belirlenmesinde kullanılabilecek ve alandaki muhtemel araştırmacıların çalışmalarına katkı sağlayacak bir ölçek olduğu değerlendirilmektedir.