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Christoph Luetge
  • Technische Universität München
    Institute for Ethics in Artificial Intelligence
    Peter Löscher Chair of Business Ethics
    Arcisstrasse 21
    D-80333 Munich
    Germany
  • +49.89.289.25130
Page 36. Das Gefangenendilemma und seine ethischen Impli-kationen bei Aristoteles, Locke und Hume Christoph Lütge Die Versuche der Vermittlung zwischen ethischen Normen und ökonomischer Rationalität-oder einfach ...
Contract-based approaches have been a focus of attention in business ethics. As one of the grand traditions in political philosophy, contractarianism is founded on the notion that we will never resolve deep moral disagreement. Classical... more
Contract-based approaches have been a focus of attention in business ethics. As one of the grand traditions in political philosophy, contractarianism is founded on the notion that we will never resolve deep moral disagreement. Classical philosophers like Hobbes and Locke, or recent ones like Rawls and Gaus, seek to solve ethical conflicts on the level of social rules and procedures. Recent authors in business ethics have sought to utilize contract-based approaches for their field and to apply it to concrete business dilemmas. However, the application of contractarianism to management contexts can cause difficulties. Our article discusses this conceptual problem of contractarian business ethics and presents the idea of order ethics as an alternative. Order ethics, as we argue, can make a difference by conceptually bridging the gap between contractarianism and business ethics.
Page 1. Kapitel 20 Zur Ethik von Napster, Gnutella und anderen Internet-Musiktauschbörsen CHRISTOPH LÜTGE I. Funktionsprinzipien von Napster und anderen Intemet-Musiktauschbärsen 11. Ethische Probleme der Musiktauschbärsen 111. ...
Der Suffizienzgedanke entstammt dem vormodernen Denken und hat in der heutigen Gesellschaft keinen Platz. Vielmehr zeitigt die Forderung nach Mäßigung kontraproduktive Folgen für Mensch und Umwelt. Ressourcen sparen ist zweifellos... more
Der Suffizienzgedanke entstammt dem vormodernen Denken und hat in der heutigen Gesellschaft keinen Platz. Vielmehr zeitigt die Forderung nach Mäßigung kontraproduktive Folgen für Mensch und Umwelt. Ressourcen sparen ist zweifellos wichtig, klappt aber nur innerhalb der ökonomischen Logik – und braucht den Wettbewerb.
Companies increasingly deploy artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in their personnel recruiting and selection processes to streamline them, thus making them more efficient, consistent, and less human biased (Chamorro-Premuzic,... more
Companies increasingly deploy artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in their personnel recruiting and selection processes to streamline them, thus making them more efficient, consistent, and less human biased (Chamorro-Premuzic, Polli, & Dattner, 2019) . However, prior research found that applicants prefer face-to-face interviews compared with AI interviews, perceiving them as less fair (e.g., Acikgoz, Davison, Compagnone, & Laske, 2020) . Additionally, emerging evidence exists that contextual influences, such as the type of task for which AI is used (Lee, 2018) , or applicants’ individual differences (Langer, König, Sanchez, & Samadi, 2019) , may influence applicants’ reactions to AI-powered selection. The purpose of our study was to investigate whether adjusting process design factors may help to improve people's fairness perceptions of AI interviews. The results of our 2 x 2 x 2 online study (N = 404) showed that the positioning of the AI interview in the overall selectio...
Diversity as a topic of business ethics has undergone a number of changes in recent years, primarily in reaction to political and societal events. Christoph Luetge begins his chapter by outlining the fundamentals of two prominent European... more
Diversity as a topic of business ethics has undergone a number of changes in recent years, primarily in reaction to political and societal events. Christoph Luetge begins his chapter by outlining the fundamentals of two prominent European approaches to business ethics: discourse ethics and order ethics. Then, he explores how these approaches have articulated responses to a current key challenge to inclusive diversity issues in Europe, namely the migrant crisis. Finally, he posits some lessons for an ethical, yet realistic, European migration policy.
The idea of the honest businessman is a very old one in the European tradition. Its roots go back to medieval Northern Europe and Italy. This idea has also been taken up in literature: prominent writers have included depictions, analysis... more
The idea of the honest businessman is a very old one in the European tradition. Its roots go back to medieval Northern Europe and Italy. This idea has also been taken up in literature: prominent writers have included depictions, analysis and criticism of the honest businessman in their works, such as Thomas Mann („Buddenbrooks“, “Joseph the Provider”), Goethe (“Wilhelm Meister”) and others. Some of these depictions are presented, along with a discussion of the concept’s relevance for today’s globalized economy.
Teaching experiments are valuable when it comes to sensitizing students for business ethics that addresses the behavior of agents in modern societies. Many students are coined by the often predominantly individualistic ethical reasoning... more
Teaching experiments are valuable when it comes to sensitizing students for business ethics that addresses the behavior of agents in modern societies. Many students are coined by the often predominantly individualistic ethical reasoning that they are accustomed to from their living environments. In our classes, we confront them with the volatility of their own ethical behavior by the use of experiments that ideally work with real incentives. We believe experiments to be a powerful tool not only to illustrate theoretical concepts, but also to make students experience the compulsion of economic incentives first-hand. This may lead to the insight that one is more prone to the contingencies of the situation than expected. Experiments may make students question their own behavior and re-evaluate the implementability of their moral ideals - as consumers, citizens and managers.
Chapter 1: Introduction: The Challenge of Globalization to Philosophy Chapter 2: Normativity Under Conditions of Globalization: The Conception of Order Ethics Chapter 3: Society Requires Capacities of the Individual Chapter 4: Society... more
Chapter 1: Introduction: The Challenge of Globalization to Philosophy Chapter 2: Normativity Under Conditions of Globalization: The Conception of Order Ethics Chapter 3: Society Requires Capacities of the Individual Chapter 4: Society Requires a Sense of Justice (John Rawls) Chapter 5: Society Requires Incentives and Rules Chapter 6: Conclusion: Normativity ex nihilo?
Probleme solcher hybrider Rechtsformen und ihre möglichen Lösungen diskutiert, wobei auch auf explizit rechtsökonomische Analysen zurückgegriffen wird. Insgesamt gelingt es dem Autor in diesem letzten Kapitel in überzeugender Weise, die... more
Probleme solcher hybrider Rechtsformen und ihre möglichen Lösungen diskutiert, wobei auch auf explizit rechtsökonomische Analysen zurückgegriffen wird. Insgesamt gelingt es dem Autor in diesem letzten Kapitel in überzeugender Weise, die Hayeksche (und Schumpetersche) Dimension des Wettbewerbs als eines innovativen Experimentierungsprozesses im Wettbewerb der Gesellschaftsrechte konkret anhand von spezifischen neuen Gesellschaftsrechtsformen zu belegen. Zu Recht sieht der Autor dabei die Kautelarjuristen als zentrale Innovationsakteure, da sie die neuen Kombinationen von Gesellschaftsformen entwickeln. Insofern hat die Centros-Rechtsprechung des EuGH mit der faktischen Einführung der Rechtswahlfreiheit zwischen den Gesellschaftsrechten der Mitgliedstaaten das innovative Potenzial für neue hybride Rechtsformen gravierend erweitert. Diese Konsequenzen klar und überzeugend herausgearbeitet und in den theoretischen Kontext des institutionellen Wettbewerbs gestellt zu haben, ist das zentrale Verdienst dieser Arbeit. Kritischer ist zu sehen, dass der Autor meines Erachtens zu schnell und zu kurz über die durch solche neuen hybriden Rechtsformen eventuell entstehenden Probleme der Umgehung notwendiger zwingender Regeln und möglicherweise daraus folgender race to the bottom-Prozesse hinweggeht. An dieser Stelle wären noch weitere vertiefende kritische Analysen notwendig. Allerdings war es auch nicht das Ziel der Arbeit, eine umfassende Analyse und Bewertung der bisher stattgefundenen Regulierungswettbewerbsprozesse im europäischen Gesellschaftsrecht vorzunehmen. Für alle diejenigen, die sich für Regulierungswettbewerb bzw. institutionellen Wettbewerb interessieren, ist diese Dissertation auch deshalb besonders zu empfehlen, weil der Autor in hervorragender Weise mit einem klaren theoretischen Analyserahmen den konkret stattfindenden Wettbewerb der Gesellschaftsrechte in Europa untersucht und dabei auch die Komplexität sowohl des europarechtlichen Rahmens als auch der auftretenden rechtlichen Probleme herausgearbeitet hat.
ABSTRACT
Research Interests:
In an increasingly globalized world, business ethics continues to gain importance as a field of study. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the essential concepts of business ethics related to the economy as a whole, as well as... more
In an increasingly globalized world, business ethics continues to gain importance as a field of study. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the essential concepts of business ethics related to the economy as a whole, as well as more closely understood corporate ethics related to the individual company. In contrast to more casuistic works on the topic, special emphasis is placed on a coherent theoretical foundation that puts economic analysis tools at the centre of the consideration. Both classical and experimental economic approaches and results are called upon. The importance of often-neglected dilemma structures and the resulting implications for an ethics of the modern age are given wide scope, while special attention is also paid to the value of empirical research for business ethics. A substantial portion of the book is devoted to corporate ethics and explores issues that encompass corporate responsibility in the context of compliance, corporate social responsibility, corporate citizenship, and creating shared value. This is intended to provide students and academics with an aid in the theoretical classification of the variety of concepts that often coexist incoherently in contemporary debate. As the topic has evolved, it has extended far beyond narrow disciplinary boundaries. This book is intended for students in the social sciences, particularly economics, business, and psychology, as well as the computer sciences, engineering, and the natural sciences.
Purpose This paper aims to examine dynamic multi-stage post-merger integration (PMI) evolutions by Chinese multinational enterprises (CMNEs) in the German market and their potential influencing factors. Design/methodology/approach A data... more
Purpose This paper aims to examine dynamic multi-stage post-merger integration (PMI) evolutions by Chinese multinational enterprises (CMNEs) in the German market and their potential influencing factors. Design/methodology/approach A data set was collected from 25 interviews with 21 respondents from six Chinese acquisition cases in Germany, and a comparative multi-case study and content analysis were applied. Findings The results reveal that Chinese acquirers take segmented linear integration path in Germany from nearly no integration to organisational integration and then to production integration. It contains three sub-paths: the P-O-O path (partnering–organisational optimisation–production optimisation), the P-P-P path (preservation–organisational preservation–production preservation) and the P-C-C path (preservation–organisational centralisation–production confusion). The initial nearly no integration condition is mainly impacted by asymmetric information and the targets’ strateg...
We elicit punishment after competition. Our experiment creates a setting in which winners and losers are assigned in a pairwise speed-based calculation task. As in Abbink and Sadrieh’s (2009) joy-of-destruction game punishment is executed... more
We elicit punishment after competition. Our experiment creates a setting in which winners and losers are assigned in a pairwise speed-based calculation task. As in Abbink and Sadrieh’s (2009) joy-of-destruction game punishment is executed by burning parts of another participant’s endowment. We manipulate the target of punishment to investigate whether it is driven by discrimination of the direct opponent, the outgroup or by joy of destruction. Furthermore, we analyze the role that the clarity of victory or defeat plays for punishment after competition. Our findings suggest that losers face punishment from particularly dominant winners and—to a lesser degree—from particularly frustrated losers. Winners face undifferentiated punishment from all sides. Our results have implications for the prevention of destructive behavior within organizations which use competitions in order to induce effort.
Companies increasingly deploy artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in their personnel recruiting and selection process to streamline it, making it faster and more efficient. AI applications can be found in various stages of... more
Companies increasingly deploy artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in their personnel recruiting and selection process to streamline it, making it faster and more efficient. AI applications can be found in various stages of recruiting, such as writing job ads, screening of applicant resumes, and analyzing video interviews via face recognition software. As these new technologies significantly impact people’s lives and careers but often trigger ethical concerns, the ethicality of these AI applications needs to be comprehensively understood. However, given the novelty of AI applications in recruiting practice, the subject is still an emerging topic in academic literature. To inform and strengthen the foundation for future research, this paper systematically reviews the extant literature on the ethicality of AI-enabled recruiting to date. We identify 51 articles dealing with the topic, which we synthesize by mapping the ethical opportunities, risks, and ambiguities, as well as the ...
Throughout its age-old tradition, philosophy has continuously been presented with new challenges. The latest one in this series comes from the experimental disciplines and their methodology: experimental philosophy has, during the last 10... more
Throughout its age-old tradition, philosophy has continuously been presented with new challenges. The latest one in this series comes from the experimental disciplines and their methodology: experimental philosophy has, during the last 10 to 15 years, increasingly gained reputation, and it has certainly been a controversial issue. Within this movement, the field of ethics deserves more attention. This article aims to give not a complete overview of, but at least an introduction to, the newly rising field of ‘Experimental Ethics’, the chances it offers, the problems for discussion, and the criticism to be expected.
In the ethical discourse about financial markets, the terms “investment”, “speculation” and “gambling” often seem confusing and lack a clear distinction. The inconsistent use of this terminology has concrete consequences for the public... more
In the ethical discourse about financial markets, the terms “investment”, “speculation” and “gambling” often seem confusing and lack a clear distinction. The inconsistent use of this terminology has concrete consequences for the public perception. We attempt to establish a concept which draws a clear line between these activities and can serve as a baseline for discourse about how to assess investment, speculation and gambling on a normative level. We analyze existing literature and develop a conceptual framework to provide an overview of the differences between investment, speculation and gambling. We conclude that gambling differs structurally from investment and speculation in terms of the classic distinction between risk and uncertainty and the separation between consuming and non-consuming activities. Moreover, we arrive at the conclusion that investment and speculation share too many similarities to be separated in a consistent way.
This paper draws a connection between recent developments in naturalized philosophy of science and in economics. Social epistemology is one part of the naturalistic enterprise that has become especially important. Some approaches in this... more
This paper draws a connection between recent developments in naturalized philosophy of science and in economics. Social epistemology is one part of the naturalistic enterprise that has become especially important. Some approaches in this field use methods borrowed from economics, a fact that has often been overlooked. But there are also genuinely economic approaches to the problems of science and knowledge. Some of these approaches can be seen as contributions to an "economic epistemology." While these contributions are certainly fruitful, they have also raised criticism from economists. I overview of these points of criticism and outline possibilities to deal with these problems. In particular, the Buchanan research program offers some help.
Contents: Part I: Deliberation and Constitutional Theory: Deliberative institutional economics, or does Homo Oeconomicus argue? A proposal for combining new institutional economics with discourse theory, Anne van Aaken Deliberative... more
Contents: Part I: Deliberation and Constitutional Theory: Deliberative institutional economics, or does Homo Oeconomicus argue? A proposal for combining new institutional economics with discourse theory, Anne van Aaken Deliberative institutional economics: mind the gap! Comment on Anne van Aaken, Michael Wohlgemuth What do we learn by asking whether Homo Oeconomicus argues? Comment on Anne van Aaken, Matthias Meyer Constitutionalism and its alternatives, John S. Dryzek Democracy, discourse and constitutional economics: comment on John S. Dryzek, Viktor J. Vanberg Deliberation as a discursive feature of contemporary theories of democracy: comment on John S. Dryzek, Axel Tschentscher Constitutional economics in constitutional jurisprudence, Axel Tschentscher. Part II: Deliberation and Social Choice: A dilemma for deliberative democrats, Philip Pettit Collective rationality: a dilemma for democrats with a solution through deliberation? Comment on Philip Pettit, Natalie Gold Deliberativ...
Thomas Hobbes hat als einer der ersten einen Mechanismus beleuchtet, der das soziale Zusammenleben massgeblich bestimmt: Dilemmastrukturen sind in Interak-tionen allgegenwaertig. Dies gilt auch fuer die Maerkte von heute. Zur UEberwindung... more
Thomas Hobbes hat als einer der ersten einen Mechanismus beleuchtet, der das soziale Zusammenleben massgeblich bestimmt: Dilemmastrukturen sind in Interak-tionen allgegenwaertig. Dies gilt auch fuer die Maerkte von heute. Zur UEberwindung von Dilemmastrukturen entscheiden sich immer mehr Wirtschaftssubjekte fuer die Kooperationsform ‚Franchising‘. Damit ist die erfolgreiche Evolution des Franchis-ings nachhaltig erklaerbar. Franchising ist aus ordnungsethischer Sicht wuenschens-wert, weil es Beteiligten (Franchisegebern, Franchisenehmern) und Betroffenen (Kon-sumenten, Kapitalgebern, Lieferanten, Produzenten) zusaetzliche Kooperationsge-winne verschafft. (Thomas Hobbes was one of the first to systematically explore the concept of dilemma situations and its role in human interactions. These situations are widespread on contempo-rary markets. A growing number of economic actors decide to overcome these situations by making use of the cooperation type ‘franchising’. This explains the s...
This article discusses two major approaches to business ethics which rest on the foundation of social contract theory: The contractualist position of Integrative Social Contract Theory (ISCT) and the contractarian position of Order... more
This article discusses two major approaches to business ethics which rest on the foundation of social contract theory: The contractualist position of Integrative Social Contract Theory (ISCT) and the contractarian position of Order Ethics. Both are summarized and analysed critically. It turns out that Order Ethics might remedy some defects of ISCT.
This chapter discusses two major approaches to business ethics which rest on the foundation of social contract theory: the contractualist position of Integrative Social Contracts Theory (ISCT) and the contractarian position of Order... more
This chapter discusses two major approaches to business ethics which rest on the foundation of social contract theory: the contractualist position of Integrative Social Contracts Theory (ISCT) and the contractarian position of Order Ethics. Both are summarized and analyzed critically. It turns out that Order Ethics might remedy some defects of ISCT.
This paper draws a connection between recent developments in naturalized philosophy of science and the Buchanan research program in economics. Economic approaches in naturalized philosophy of science can be combined to form an economic... more
This paper draws a connection between recent developments in naturalized philosophy of science and the Buchanan research program in economics. Economic approaches in naturalized philosophy of science can be combined to form an economic philosophy of science. After giving an overview of some of these approaches, I lay out the fundamentals of the Buchanan research program. I argue that its main elements are a theory of interactions and a normative foundation in consensus which help to answer some important criticisms of economic philosophy of science.
The theme arises from the legal-academic movement "Law and Literature". This newly developed field should aim at two major goals, first, to investigate he meaning of law in a social context by questioning how the cgaracters... more
The theme arises from the legal-academic movement "Law and Literature". This newly developed field should aim at two major goals, first, to investigate he meaning of law in a social context by questioning how the cgaracters appearing in literary works understand and behave themselves to the law (law and literature), and second, to find a theoretical solution of methodological question whether and to what extent the legal text can beinterpreted objectively in comparision with the question how literary works should be interpreted (law as literature). Yhe subject of justice and injustice has been covered not only in treatises of low and philosophy, but also in many works of literature: On the one hand, poets and writers have been outraged at the social condition of their time. on the oher hand, some of the have also contributed fundamental reflections on the idea of justice itself.

And 70 more

In an increasingly globalized world, business ethics continues to gain importance as a field of study. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the essential concepts of business ethics related to the economy as a whole, as well as... more
In an increasingly globalized world, business ethics continues to gain importance as a field of study. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the essential concepts of business ethics related to the economy as a whole, as well as more closely understood corporate ethics related to the individual company. In contrast to more casuistic works on the topic, special emphasis is placed on a coherent theoretical foundation that puts economic analysis tools at the centre of the consideration. Both classical and experimental economic approaches and results are called upon. The importance of often-neglected dilemma structures and the resulting implications for an ethics of the modern age are given wide scope, while special attention is also paid to the value of empirical research for business ethics. A substantial portion of the book is devoted to corporate ethics and explores issues that encompass corporate responsibility in the context of compliance, corporate social responsibility, corporate citizenship, and creating shared value. This is intended to provide students and academics with an aid in the theoretical classification of the variety of concepts that often coexist incoherently in contemporary debate. As the topic has evolved, it has extended far beyond narrow disciplinary boundaries. This book is intended for students in the social sciences, particularly economics, business, and psychology, as well as the computer sciences, engineering, and the natural sciences.
Zum Werk Wirtschaftsethik gewinnt auch in den Lehrplänen deutscher Hochschulen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Hinter diesem schillernden Begriff verbirgt sich allerdings eine Fülle immer schwieriger zu überblickender, teils eher heterogener... more
Zum Werk
Wirtschaftsethik gewinnt auch in den Lehrplänen deutscher Hochschulen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Hinter diesem schillernden Begriff verbirgt sich allerdings eine Fülle immer schwieriger zu überblickender, teils eher heterogener Konzepte. Das vorliegende Lehrbuch möchte Studierenden und allen an Wirtschaftsethik Interessierten Orientierung in diesem theoretischen "Dschungel" bieten.

Daher legen die Autoren Wert darauf, wirtschaftsethische Konzepte in einem Gesamtzusammenhang zu diskutieren. Sie verstehen Wirtschaftsethik nicht als Bindestrich-Ethik, sondern als Ethik mit ökonomischer Methode und beginnen deshalb mit systematischen Überlegungen zu der Frage, was eine Wirtschaftsethik für die Moderne leisten muss. Die wichtigsten Konzepte der eher anwendungsorientierten Unternehmensethik, die sich mit moralischem Handeln in Unternehmen beschäftigt, finden ebenfalls breiten Raum. Themenfelder wie Compliance, Corporate Social Responsibility und Creating Shared Value werden diskutiert und voneinander abgegrenzt.

Aus dem Inhalt:
Begriffliche Grundlagen und Geschichte
Werkzeuge der Wirtschaftsethik
Themen der Wirtschaftsethik
Themen der Unternehmensethik
Instrumente der Unternehmensethik

Zielgruppe:
Das Buch richtet sich an Studierende der Wirtschaftswissenschaft, außerökonomische Studiengänge die sich mit den Fragen der Wirtschafts- und Unternehmensethik beschäftigen.
Research Interests:
The past few decades have confronted businesspeople, politicians and citizens with many moral issues of great concern. The worldwide financial crisis that followed the collapse of the American subprime mortgage market is merely one... more
The past few decades have confronted businesspeople, politicians and citizens with many moral issues of great concern. The worldwide financial crisis that followed the collapse of the American subprime mortgage market is merely one prominent example. The complex problems that are given rise to by hunger and poverty, global warming, corruption and international crime are others. These issues raise ethical questions that affect society as a whole and the way in which we organize it. Many people look towards economic and business ethics to find answers. The conception of Order Ethics, to which the present volume is devoted, seeks to organize such answers in a systematic way that is consistent with both economic and philosophical theories.
Research Interests:
Sowohl die wissenschaftliche als auch die öffentliche Diskussion über die Beziehungen zwischen Wirtschaft und Ethik werden von zahlreichen Illusionen beherrscht: Ethik sei als Mäßigung zu verstehen, Moral könne sich dauerhaft gegen... more
Sowohl die wissenschaftliche als auch die öffentliche Diskussion über die Beziehungen zwischen Wirtschaft und Ethik werden von zahlreichen Illusionen beherrscht: Ethik sei als Mäßigung zu verstehen, Moral könne sich dauerhaft gegen Anreize behaupten, der Wettbewerb müsse gezähmt werden, eine Gesellschaft benötige gemeinsame Werte, unsere sozialen Systeme könnten so wie bisher weiterbestehen und einige andere mehr.
Christoph Lütge wendet sich gegen solche Illusionen und zeigt Möglichkeiten einer realistischen Wirtschaftsethik unter modernen Bedingungen auf. Die hier vorliegenden Beiträge spannen den Bogen von Grundlagenfragen der Ethik über Anwendungsprobleme der Wirtschaftsethik bis hin zu ethischen Problemen des Internets.


Inhaltsübersicht

A) Wirtschaftsethik
1. Wirtschaftsethik in der Bankenkrise: Gegen eine Ethik der Mäßigung (2009)
2. Die Deutschen und die Ökonomie
3. Wirtschaftsliberalismus und Soziale Marktwirtschaft (2008)
4. Der Umbau des Rentensystems und die Generationengerechtigkeit
5. Konsum und Ethos (2006)
6. Managergehälter und Mindestlöhne

B) Ethische Grundlagen

7. Ordnungsethik als philosophischer Entwurf
8. Ordnungsethik – naturalistisch konzipiert (2004)
9. Moralische Mehrwerte und soziale Stabilität (2008)
10. Philosophie als Interface der Wissenschaften (2003)

C) Informationsethik

11. Wie verändert das Internet die Gesellschaft? Philosophische Überlegungen (2002)
12. Schattenseiten des Internets? Zensur und Kontrolle (2009)
13. Zur Ethik von Internet-Musiktauschbörsen (2002)
Viele Menschen lehnen das Wettbewerbsprinzip mit ethisch motivierten Argumenten ab. Sie prangern das Konkurrenzdenken an, rufen nach Mäßigung und wenden sich gegen zu viel Ökonomisierung. Wettbewerb verderbe die Moral, so die Behauptung.... more
Viele Menschen lehnen das Wettbewerbsprinzip mit ethisch motivierten Argumenten ab. Sie prangern das Konkurrenzdenken an, rufen nach Mäßigung und wenden sich gegen zu viel Ökonomisierung. Wettbewerb verderbe die Moral, so die Behauptung. Dagegen vertritt Christoph Lütge, Professor für Wirtschaftsethik an der TU München, die These, dass verstärkter Wettbewerb ethischen Zwecken in vieler Hinsicht dienen kann.
Antipathien gegen Wettbewerb beruhen dagegen auf falschen Vorstellungen über die Funktionsweise unserer Gesellschaft und ihrer Ökonomie: Sie wird noch immer weitgehend in Nullsummen gedacht, bei denen der eine verliert, was der andere gewinnt. Dieses Denken ist historisch als Reaktion auf eine bestimmte soziale und ökonomische Situation zu verstehen und in der aktuellen Lage völlig überholt. Lütge begründet dies historisch und systematisch. Er führt seine These an Beispielen wie Ökologie, Bildung, Gesundheitswesen aus und hält ein Plädoyer für mehr Unternehmertum in allen Bereichen der Gesellschaft
Christoph Luetge takes on a fundamental problem of contemporary political philosophy and ethics. He questions the often implicit assumption of many contemporary political philosophers according to which a society needs its citizens to... more
Christoph Luetge takes on a fundamental problem of contemporary political philosophy and ethics. He questions the often implicit assumption of many contemporary political philosophers according to which a society needs its citizens to adopt some shared basic qualities, views or capabilities (here termed a moral surplus). Luetge examines the respective theories of, among others, Habermas, Rawls, Gauthier, Buchanan, and Binmore with a focus on their respective moral surpluses. He finds that each moral surplus is either not necessary for the stability of societies or cannot remain stable when faced with opposing incentives. Binmore’s idea of empathy is the only one that is, at least partly, not confronted with this dilemma. Luetge provides an alternative view termed order ethics, which weakens the necessary assumptions for modern societies and basically only relies on mutual advantages as the fundamental basis of society.
Research Interests:
This study provides a representation of the broad spectrum of theoretical work on topics related to business ethics, with a particular focus on corporate citizenship. It considers relations of business and society alongside social... more
This study provides a representation of the broad spectrum of theoretical work on topics related to business ethics, with a particular focus on corporate citizenship. It considers relations of business and society alongside social responsibility and moves on to examine the historical and systemic foundations of business ethics, focusing on the concepts of social and ethical responsibilities. The contributors explore established theories and concepts and their impact on moral behaviour. Together, the contributions offer varied philosophical theories in approaches to business ethics. The book will be a valuable resource for academics and researchers with an interest in the theoretical development of business ethics.
Deliberation and Decision explores ways of bridging the gap between two rival approaches to theorizing about democratic institutions: constitutional economics on the one hand and deliberative democracy on the other. The two approaches... more
Deliberation and Decision explores ways of bridging the gap between two rival approaches to theorizing about democratic institutions: constitutional economics on the one hand and deliberative democracy on the other. The two approaches offer very different accounts of the functioning and legitimacy of democratic institutions. Although both highlight the importance of democratic consent, their accounts of such consent could hardly be more different. Constitutional economics models individuals as self-interested rational utility maximizers and uses economic efficiency criteria such as incentive compatibility for evaluating institutions. Deliberative democracy models individuals as communicating subjects capable of engaging in democratic discourse. The two approaches are disjointed not only in terms of their assumptions and methodology but also in terms of the communication - or lack thereof - between their respective communities of researchers. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the recent debate between the two approaches and makes new and contributions to that debate.
Many social philosophers and ethicists contend that a modern society cannot remain stable merely by its citizens obeying all of its rules. Such prominent theoreticians as J. Habermas, J. Rawls, D. Gauthier or R. Rorty hold the view that... more
Many social philosophers and ethicists contend that a modern society cannot remain stable merely by its citizens obeying all of its rules. Such prominent theoreticians as J. Habermas, J. Rawls, D. Gauthier or R. Rorty hold the view that the citizens of a modern society must exhibit additional anthropological qualities which are termed moral surpluses here. Christoph Lutge argues, however, that no moral surplus is immune to erosion by systematic counter-incentives and that anthropological qualities in general cannot serve as a basis for ethics in the globalized world. An order ethics, which is based on weaker prerequisites, namely the characteristics of situations and their basic conditions (orders), is more likely to count on cross-cultural approval in the era of globalization.

German description: Viele Sozialphilosophen und Ethiker behaupten, dass eine moderne Gesellschaft nicht allein durch allseitige Befolgung ihrer Regeln stabil bleiben kann. Prominente Theoretiker wie J. Habermas, J. Rawls, D. Gauthier oder R. Rorty vertreten die Ansicht, dass die Burger einer modernen Gesellschaft uber zusatzliche anthropologische Eigenschaften verfugen mussen, die hier als moralische Mehrwerte bezeichnet werden. Beispiele sind Werte und Tugenden, eine rationale Motivation oder ein funktionierender Gerechtigkeitssinn.Christoph Lutge untersucht die Tragfahigkeit dieser moralischen Mehrwerte im Zeitalter der Globalisierung. Die Frage ist zum einen, ob moralische Mehrwerte hinreichend sind, d.h. ob sie gegen Erosion durch systematische (Fehl-) Anreize gefeit sind. Zum anderen wird untersucht, ob moralische Mehrwerte fur gesellschaftliche Stabilitat notwendig sind. Beide Fragen werden letztlich verneint. Keine der untersuchten anthropologischen Eigenschaften kann damit die Grundlage fur Normativitat in der globalisierten Welt abgeben.Diesem zunachst negativen Ergebnis stellt Christoph Lutge jedoch ein positives zur Seite: Der Ansatz der Ordnungsethik baut fur die Stabilitat von Gesellschaften nicht auf Eigenschaften von Menschen, sondern auf Merkmale von Situationen und deren Rahmenbedingungen (Ordnungen). Er liefert damit die Grundlage fur eine nicht-anthropologisch begrundete Normativitat, die voraussetzungsarmer ist und im Zeitalter der Globalisierung eher auf kulturubergreifende Zustimmung rechnen kann.
Die Ökonomik konnte in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten ihren Gegenstandsbereich in beispielloser Weise auf Bereiche wie Politik, Recht oder Familie ausweiten. Es erscheint daher lohnenswert und geradezu zwangsläufig, sie auch auf die... more
Die Ökonomik konnte in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten ihren Gegenstandsbereich in beispielloser Weise auf Bereiche wie Politik, Recht oder Familie ausweiten. Es erscheint daher lohnenswert und geradezu zwangsläufig, sie auch auf die Wissenschaft anzuwenden. Einen solchen Ansatz, zu dem bereits Ernst Mach und Charles S. Peirce Beiträge geliefert haben, verfolgen heute führende Wissenschaftstheoretiker wie Philip Kitcher, Larry Laudan und Nicholas Rescher. Im Rahmen einer naturalistischen, d.h. auf die Einzelwissenschaften gestützten, Wissenschaftstheorie bauen sie sowohl Methoden als auch Ergebnisse der Ökonomik in ihre Ansätze ein.
Die vorliegende Arbeit diskutiert diese bisherigen Ansätze und entwickelt die ökonomische Wissenschaftstheorie systematisch auf der Basis eines spezifischen Verständnisses von Ökonomik, der konstitutionellen Ökonomik, die auf James Buchanan und Karl Homann zurückgeht. Mit Hilfe dieser Konzeption lassen sich u.a. folgende wissenschaftstheoretische Probleme neu angehen:
Erstens wird innerhalb der Wissenschaftstheorie die traditionelle Aufgabe, Qualitätskriterien für Wissenschaft aufzustellen, zunehmend anders gesehen. Seit Thomas Kuhn und Imre Lakatos ist ein systematisches Aufweichen der Kriterien und eine Betonung der Heuristik zu beobachten. Beides legt die Anwendung von ökonomischen Kosten-Nutzen-Betrachtungen nahe.
Zweitens besteht eine zentrale Aufgabe der Wissenschaftstheorie gegenwärtig darin, eine Antwort auf die Herausforderung des sogenannten „starken Programms“ der Wissenschaftssoziologie zu finden, das alle Normativitätsansprüche dekonstruieren und alle Erkenntnis als soziale Konstruktion entlarven will. Die Ökonomik bietet demgegenüber die Aussicht auf eine einheitliche, bereits erfolgreich auf andere Disziplinen übertragene Theorie der Rationalität und somit auf eine neue Basis für den normativen Anspruch der Wissenschaftstheorie.
In Auseinandersetzung mit neueren Ansätzen aus der naturalistischen Wissenschaftstheorie wird die Möglichkeit einer ökonomischen Wissenschaftstheorie diskutiert und in Fallstudien erprobt.
"Competition" is a concept which many ethicists cast a sceptical eye on. Often, it is associated with the erosion of values and morality under competitive pressure, with "marketisation" or with commercialization. I will shed a... more
"Competition" is a concept which many ethicists cast a sceptical eye on. Often, it is associated with the erosion of values and morality under competitive pressure, with "marketisation" or with commercialization. I will shed a differentiated light on this concept, both from an economic, an ethical and an intercultural point of view. Competition, after all, can be instrumental for ethical goals.
Prof. Christoph Lütge (Technical University of Munich, Germany) Interview with Prof. Stefaan Verhulst (New York University, US)
Data for Policy Conference 2019 11th June
University College London, supported by UCL Digital Ethics Forum

Keynote Lecture:
"Ethics of AI and Autonomous Decision Making" – Christoph Luetge, Technical University of Munich, Germany
Vortrag am Ifo-Institut: Münchner Seminar am 07. Mai 2018 mit Prof. Dr. Christoph Lütge, Inhaber des Lehrstuhls für Wirtschaftsethik an der Technischen Universität München.
Prof. Dr. Christoph Lütge, Director of the Institute for Ethics in Artificial Intelligence (IEAI) introduces the IEAI and its research groups at the Welcome Address for the launch of the TUM Institute for Ethics in Artificial Intelligence