Winners and Losers

Stufen der Eskalation
Konfliktarten
Die Natur des Konflikts
Kreislauf der Konfliktbewältigung
Paul Watzlawick: Geschichte mit dem Hammer
Einstellungen und Verhalten
Wir wollen alle gewinnen
Gordon-Training
Beispiele von Ich-Aussagen
Umgang mit Konflikten
Checkliste Konfliktlösen
Literaturempfehlungen

This article reviews research on political consent of the loser´s on narrow margin elections. The aim is to make a general contribution to the theoretical studies on the political consent, dialoging the ancient and modern political literature of this topic. The goal is making a link between an actor that has been below studied so far: the electoral defeat, and a item underestimated by political theorists: the consent as an alternative to ensure political stability and prevent the electoral disputes. We put up a debate over the importance of the consent in the political democracy, coming to the conclusion that is the key of governance, citing emblematic cases and discussing the state of the question. Finally, there are some conclusions bringing a new debate on the political consent.

This chapter looks into the challenge of accepting election results by the losing candidate or party. It investigates one of the main drivers of electoral vioelence and explores the incentives towards conformity to electoral outcomes even in conditions of prolonged tensions and civil strife.

We elicit punishment after competition. Our experiment creates a setting in which winners and losers are assigned in a pairwise speed-based calculation task. As in Abbink and Sadrieh's (2009) joy-of-destruction game punishment is executed by burning parts of another participant's endowment. We manipulate the target of punishment to investigate whether it is driven by discrimination of the direct opponent, the outgroup or by joy of destruction. Furthermore, we analyze the role that the clarity of victory or defeat plays for punishment after competition. Our findings suggest that losers face punishment from particularly dominant winners and—to a lesser degree—from particularly frustrated losers. Winners face undifferentiated punishment from all sides. Our results have implications for the prevention of destructive behavior within organizations which use competitions in order to induce effort.

Current science and technology is a modern tool to extend influence and hegemony of the so-called developed countries upon the developing countries. Th is is a hot debate and therefore, questions should go beyond the mere benefits presented by science and technology to ask questions like, who appropriates these benefits? And for what purpose? This paper attempts to answer this question with a few recommendation on what should be done to appropriate the new age of science and technology because retreating is not the solution and giving up is neither the best solution.

The experience of COVID-19 raises questions about how management services practitioners could assist with responses to economic shocks. The contexts in which many practitioners work have changed. Traditional governance and management arrangements sometimes struggle to deal with fast moving and disruptive shocks to economic and social systems. A pandemic can expose the vulnerability and lack of resilience and flexibility of many business models, lean operation and extended and international supply chains, when countries and some companies prioritise safeguarding their own interests. The pandemic poses an existential threat across many sectors and presents directors and boards with both challenges and opportunities. Many of these are shared by stakeholders, competitors and Governments, and require common and/or collective responses.

Lockdown is a time for management services practitioners working from home and/or self-isolating to reflect on whether previous practices will return and former requirements remain if and when the pandemic finally passes, or whether behaviours, preferences and priorities will revert or move in new directions. Questions could be asked about whether operations and processes that have been analysed and improved or re-designed could or should now be replaced by digitally driven alternatives and new business models and services, or whether people whose work has been studied should be replaced by algorithms and automated fulfilment systems. Changes may be required to enable entities to be more resilient and flexible in the face of adversity and to quickly vary or switch production. Management services professionals may need to switch attention from the analysis and improvement of ‘what is’ to the design, scoping and planning of ‘what could or should be’.

During a recovery phase future priorities may need to change to put more stress upon considerations such as resilience, flexibility, speed of response, multi-tasking and transformation of activities and processes such as the development, approval, production and distribution of a new vaccine. Rigour and thought may still be required. Many management services practitioners will already be aware of the potential impact of digital technologies on work and productivity. Creative practitioners with a forte for designing new and better alternatives rather than improving existing ones should be in demand. In the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic distribution and other systems struggled to cope with sudden changes in demand. Practitioners can help managements to design more resilient, flexible and sustainable alternatives. They can also move into new areas, such as the development of operating models that avoid a trade-off between growth and environmental quality.

The rapid expansion of cities and urbanisation prior to COVID-19 is not sustainable. Many management services professionals have experience of redesigning layouts and flows, planning, human behaviour, and reducing waste and increasing efficiency. Their approaches, tools, techniques and rigorous analyses could support the development of more sustainable patterns of urban living. They could become valued members of multi-disciplinary task-forces, project groups and/or consultancy teams commissioned by city authorities and public and business leaders to design and build simpler, healthier, more fulfilling and less stressful and harmful alternatives to current urban models. They could aim to add value by investigating new and emerging needs; alternative sources of supply and/or means of operation and/or delivery; and how to increase productivity to produce more sustainable value from fewer scarce inputs. They could consider the relationship and welfare of stakeholders and look for ways of benefiting them and/or working with them to reduce harm and/or increase social and/or environmental benefits in particular situations.

This article identifies equity outcomes associated with three biofuel systems in Brazil, Ethiopia, and Guatemala. Acknowledging that winners and losers are socially and politically generated, the article identifies some of the factors behind the distribution of winners and losers along different stages of three sugarcane–ethanol supply chains. Analyzing the outcomes for equity within each case study reveals an uneven distribution that, we argue, is related to the procedure and structure of the given sugarcane–ethanol system, and the recognition of the impacts on different actors within those structures. Increasing equity in sugarcane–ethanol systems will require greater openness in decision-making processes, in order that multiple voices are taken into account in the promotion, production, and consumption of biofuels—particularly those of smaller and less powerful actors.

ABSTRACT This article reviews research on political consent of the loser´s on narrow margin elections. The aim is to make a general contribution to the theoretical studies on the political consent, dialoging the ancient and modern political literature of this topic. The goal is making a link between an actor that has been below studied so far: the electoral defeat, and a item underestimated by political theorists: the consent as an alternative to ensure political stability and prevent the electoral disputes. We put up a debate over the importance of the consent in the political democracy, coming to the conclusion that is the key of governance, citing emblematic cases and discussing the state of the question. Finally, there are some conclusions bringing a new debate on the political consent.

In the 1990s, many left-wing parties abandoned their traditional economic policies and adopted more pro-market economic stances. Central and Eastern Europe offers a useful context to explore the impact of these policies on the electoral fortunes of the left-wing parties that adopted them. Although rewarded at first with electoral victories, the adaptation of pro-market positions had a less straightforward impact on the left-wing parties’ electoral fortunes in the long run. CHES data on party positions and ESS survey data on party support show that pro-market left parties obtain reduced support; this effect is particularly pronounced among the economically vulnerable occupational groups. In countries with more pro-market left parties, these groups have a higher propensity to vote for right-wing parties. These findings highlight important parallels between the dynamics of Western and Central and Eastern European party systems.

Stages of Escalation       3
Types of Conflict       4
The Nature of the Conflict 5
Cycle of Conflict Resolution 6
The Story about the Hammer 7
Attitudes and Behavior 8
We all want to win 9
Gordon-Training       10
Examples of I-statements 11
Dealing with Conflicts 12
Recommended reading 13
Literature Recommendations 14

Covid-19 poses an existential threat to many business sectors and enterprises of all sizes. It presents directors and boards with both challenges and opportunities. Many of these are shared by stakeholders, competitors and Governments, and require common and/or collective responses. The ritual of monthly board meetings and other governance arrangements are insufficient for dealing with fast moving and disruptive shocks to economic and social systems. The pandemic has exposed the vulnerability and lack of resilience and flexibility of many business models, lean operation and extended and international supply chains when countries and companies give priority to safeguarding their own interests.

Lockdown is a time for reflecting on negative consequences of excessive and irresponsible growth and the impacts of recession. The author’s investigations show that the boards of more successful (top quartile) companies respond to economic slowdowns and recessions very differently from the least successful (bottom quartile) companies. Rapidly restoring pre-pandemic economic growth with a previous development model is neither desirable nor sustainable. The dilemma for many corporate boards in a recession is reconciling the need for short term savings with the desire to build longer term capabilities to address certain shared challenges and transition to a more sustainable business model. The case for simpler, healthier and more fulfilling lifestyles needs to be put. 

The global pandemic might represent a once in a lifetime opportunity to re-boot enterprise, re-purpose and re-engage with stakeholders and the communities and societies in which businesses operate. Some boards may get in the way of what needs to be done. Others may catch the moment and earn the trust and respect of the excluded, exposed, worried and vulnerable. Supporting a collective response to Covid-19, pursuing social as well as economic aims and working to ensure a more sustainable and inclusive future could make younger generations more aware of the role that caring capitalism could play in their lives.

This paper investigates the role of gender in shaping attitudes towards the European Union (EU) among young people living in Polish cities-the so-called 'winners of European integration'. Previously, little attention has been given to gender as an influence on views on the EU. Most studies apply the gender-based perspective on Western Europe, while Central and Eastern European countries remain understudied. Based on theories on public opinion, I employ a mixed-methods approach, conducting a survey among 815 MA students living in Polish cities, followed by 27 semi-structured interviews. This analysis of gender-related attitudes towards the EU offers nuanced insights into transitions within post-communist societies. My findings posit that the sampled well-educated women are more likely to support EU integration than men. Education, gender-based individual cost-benefit analyses, and the perceptions of national politics are possible explanations for the positive attitudes towards the EU among the sampled women.

One of the most profound consequences that occurred in relation to the rise of capitalism in the United States is the division of winners against losers. When looking at the history of capitalism after the Civil War, it is plain to see that there were circumstances and stipulations, knowingly or not, that determined who would be considered a winner or loser as it was situated in the capitalist economic system at that time.

Utgitt i Nytt Norsk Tidsskrift 1998. Etter at artikkelen var publisert, kom jeg over Jacques le Goffs artikler om smilet i middelalderen (utgitt i "Un Autre Moyen Age", Gallimard) i en tysk utgave på Klett-Cotta med forsidebilde fra Bamberg. Jeg synes at en henvisning til disse tekstene fra en total amatør i det historiske her er på sin plass.