Economic Globalization

In the present study, the effects of economic globalization on unemployment were examined for 16 emerging market economies by taking the period of 1991-2014. Within the scope of research, KOF economic globalization index as the economic globalization, unemployment rates based on the estimations of ILO for the unemployment were used. In the empirical analysis, the cross-sectional dependency was examined by using í µí° ¶í µí°·í µí°¿í µí±€ 1 and í µí° ¶í µí°·í µí°¿í µí±€ 2 , and then the stationarity of series was examined by using SURADF unit root test, whereas the long-term relationship between the series was analyzed by using Durbin-Hausman cointegration test. After proving the long-term relationship between the series, finally the cointegration coefficients were estimated by using DSUR method. The empirical analysis results indicated that the increase in economic globalization increased the unemployment rates in Colombia, Hungary, India, Malaysia, Poland, South Africa, and Turkey but the increase in economic globalization decreased the unemployment rates in Brazil, China, Indonesia, Mexico, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Russia, and Thailand.

This paper highlights the positive aspects of economic, financial, legal and cultural globalization. Then, it exposes the dangers and disadvantages that attend the rise in globalization. Specifically, it treats the ways that apathy and indifference become a new global phenomenon. It concludes  with a consideration of how a Franciscan imagination counteracts these increasingly globalized forms of indifference.

Globalization is seen as the cause of increasing economic growth in many countries. Country which adopts economic globalization values such as free trade is also seen as a success story in reducing poverty and creating equality among its society. However based on the facts, these are not always true. In many countries, economic globalization cannot bring prosperity to each person. Inequality still can be found ; the rich people control most capital, access to public service, and get higher salary than those poor people. This is also happened in Chile where economic growth keeps growing higher since the neoliberalism globalization took place in 1974. Even though they have reached a good economic growth each year, but inequality still exists. Based on this fact, in this paper the writer will explain that globalization may increase economic growth but it does not mean that globalization eradicates inequality. In this paper the writer will use the arguments proposed by scholars such as Robert Wade, David Harvey, Branko Milanovic, and Kavaljit Singh in which they opposed that globalization can eradicate inequality.

The following paper is due to review the economic impact of globalization on U.S. national security and national interests. Paper is considered to understand the negative and positive influences of economic globalization. The main question is whether Globalization presents a threat to national security.

The concept of globalization is interpreted by various authors in terms of its importance or content. This article presents results of an analysis of the influence of globalization trends on important macroeconomic indicators of selected countries. An examination of the level of globalization as a quantitative marker was enabled by the KOF Index of Globalization, which provides an indication of the economic, political and social globalization at global level. Research methods included time series analysis, trend analysis and nonparametric regression model (regression of panel data).

Corruption has been one of the most debated issues in the social science literature for decades. It has negative outcomes in economics such as: reducing private sector investments, tax revenue, economic growth and development; deterring foreign direct investments; causing misallocation of sparse resources; lowering the resources allocated for infrastructure, public services and anti-poverty programs; deteriorating environmental quality etc... Moreover, it may weaken political stability and democracy of a country. Because of its destructive effects, there are ample studies in the literature trying to identify determinants of corruption. Besides the already identified determinants of corruption (e.g., trade openness, bureaucratic inefficiency, rule of law, political rights, religion, democracy, freedom, political stability, poverty, education etc.), globalization level of a country may also affect corruption level in that particular country. Hence in this study we analyze the impact o...

Globalization may have positive and negative effects, causing expansion or bring about reduction and crisis. Due to globalization, economic development and economic crisis are spread all over the world much easier and much quicker. Globalization has increased the free trade between countries, but also rich countries now can sell more goods and products to poorer markets. Serbia and Japan had very different path and are taking very different positions in the globalized world. Japan is one of the leading exporter and importer in the world, and Serbia as a part of Europe, but not a part of the European Union, is still struggling to overcome the negative effects of the globalized market. Both economies are constantly changing and the results of those changes should bring
them better integration into the process of globalization.

Aggiornamento gennaio  2022….. oltre lo lasciamo all’Immaginazione Intuitiva
Postfazione: iniziamo dalla fine, poi -chi lo desidera- potrà approfondire, valutare, giudicare. Questo documento, redatto a partire dall 2021,  è stato scritto non tanto per i contemporanei, quanto per i posteri. E’ un contributo per la Storia, quando si analizzeranno gli eventi da un’ottica distaccata dalle passioni profane e dai condizionamenti di vario ordine del momento.
I contemporanei potranno utilizzarlo come esercizio di libero arbitrio basato sulla verifica puntuale dei dati e delle fonti citate.
Due sole certezze, a due anni dallo scatenamento di questa ‘strana’ pandemia annunciata’:
Non abbiamo ancora certezza e prove definitive, verificabili  ed inoppugnabili, di ‘dove e come’ il covid-19 abbia avuto l’effettiva genesi e le cause di essa.
Non abbiamo ancora certezza e prove definitive dell’esistenza di una ‘cura’ efficace, risolutiva, condivisibile che rispetti il comandamento fondamentale: ‘primum non nocere’.

Covid-19, Delta, Omicron, (πεῖ, ῥῶ, σῖγμα…. Ὦμέγα?). Green-pass (?) And Freedom.
Beyond Orwell… Great Reset and New World Order: A Disturbing Future?
Afterword: let's start from the end, then - whoever wishes - will be able to deepen, evaluate, judge. This document, drawn up in 2021, was written not so much for contemporaries as for posterity. It is a contribution to history, when events are analyzed from a perspective detached from the profane passions and conditioning of various orders of the moment.
Contemporaries will be able to use it as an exercise of free will based on the timely verification of the data and sources cited.
Only two certainties, two years after the unleashing of this' strange 'pandemic announced':
We still do not have certainty and definitive, verifiable and incontrovertible proofs of 'where and how' covid-19 had its actual genesis and causes.
We still do not have certainty and definitive proofs of the existence of an effective, decisive, shareable 'cure' that respects the fundamental commandment: 'primum non nocere'.

Covid-19, Delta, Omicron, (πεῖ, ῥῶ, …. Ὦμέγα?). Green-pass (?) Et Liberté.
Au-delà d'Orwell Grande réinitialisation et nouvel ordre mondial : un avenir inquiétant ?
Postface : commençons par la fin, puis - qui voudra - pourra approfondir, évaluer, juger. Ce document, rédigé en 2021, a été écrit moins pour les contemporains que pour la postérité. C'est une contribution à l'histoire, lorsque les événements sont analysés dans une perspective détachée des passions et des conditionnements profanes des divers ordres du moment.
Les contemporains pourront l'utiliser comme un exercice de libre arbitre basé sur la vérification en temps opportun des données et des sources citées.
Seulement deux certitudes, deux ans après le déclenchement de cette 'étrange' pandémie annoncée' :
Nous n'avons toujours pas de certitude et de preuves définitives, vérifiables et incontestables de « où et comment » covid-19 a eu sa genèse et ses causes réelles.
Nous n'avons toujours pas de certitudes et de preuves définitives de l'existence d'une « cure » efficace, décisive, partageable qui respecte le commandement fondamental : « primum non nocere ».


Covid-19, Delta, Omicron, (πεῖ, ῥῶ, σῖγμα…. Ὦμέγα?). Green-pass (?) Y Libertad.
Más allá de Orwell ... Gran reinicio y nuevo orden mundial: ¿un futuro inquietante?Epílogo: empecemos por el final, entonces, quien quiera, podrá profundizar, evaluar, juzgar. Este documento, elaborado en 2021, no fue escrito tanto para los contemporáneos como para la posteridad. Es un aporte a la historia, cuando los hechos se analizan desde una perspectiva desvinculada de las pasiones profanas y condicionamientos de diversos órdenes del momento.
Los contemporáneos podrán utilizarlo como un ejercicio de libre albedrío basado en la verificación oportuna de los datos y fuentes citadas.
Solo dos certezas, dos años después del desencadenamiento de esta 'extraña' pandemia anunciada ':
Todavía no tenemos certeza y pruebas definitivas, verificables e incontrovertibles de 'dónde y cómo' covid-19 tuvo su génesis y causas reales.
Aún no tenemos certezas y pruebas definitivas de la existencia de una 'cura' eficaz, decisiva, compartible que respete el mandamiento fundamental: 'primum non nocere'.

Il futuro delle relazioni economiche internazionali è un tema di grande rilevanza che richiama quello della ricerca di un nuovo ordine economico internazionale. Il volume, dedicato a Federico Caffè, raccoglie studi sui temi delle istituzioni economiche internazionali, del commercio internazionale e dei mercati finanziari alla luce delle trasformazioni economiche e istituzionali in atto dopo la creazione dell'Unione Economica e Monetaria Europea.

The future international economic relations are a very relevant issue which recalls that of the search for a new international economic order. International economic institutions, international trade and  financial markets vis à vis the institution of the European Monetary Union are the main issues dealt with in this volume dedicated to Federico Caffè.

Economic globalization has contributed immensely to economic growth and production efficiencies across the globe. However, the consequences depend on the nature and the manner in which different nations are integrated into the international market. There are many components of globalization that affect economic growth. However, this paper examined the impact of the major components of economic globalization: FDI, that is International Trade, International Portfolio Investment, International Technological Transfer and International Remittance on GDP growth in Kenya. The study’s objective was to assess the macroeconomic impact of economic globalization on the Kenyan economy. To achieve the desired objective, the study employed ARDL econometric estimation techniques using annualised secondary time series data from UNCTAD, and World Bank in Kenya from 1980-2017. The results indicate that Foreign Direct Investment, Portfolio Investment and International technological transfer have a positive and significant impact on economic growth in Kenya. However, Foreign Trade and International remittances were found to have a negative and impact on economic growth. In order to better harness the positive impacts of economic globalization, policies that boost International Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, Portfolio Investment, International Technological Transfer and International Remittances are encouraged in order to facilitate economic growth in Kenya.

F*ck May 68, Fight Now: Exploring the Uses of the Radical Past from 1968 to Today

Session 1: History is a Weapon

June 8, 2018

Department of History, University of Liverpool

https://archive.discoversociety.org/2018/09/04/circumnavigating-the-past-foreclosing-the-future-commemoration-of-the-radical-past-in-the-amnesiac-present/

This is a "big picture," a synthesis of material from several critical fields, including climate change, economics, digital technology, world governance, the global economy, economic benefits of a circular economy, the dangers of increasing electrification, and further strategies of improving societal resilience and sustainability. The even bigger picture, the spiritual perspective, is also discussed. The effects of catastrophic climate change have by now become so apparent and alarming that the topic has taken global center stage. COP26, in Glasgow, unsurprisingly, did not accomplish much, however. Once again, agreements were compromises, promises for doing too little, too late. But the conference did bring pressure upon nations to act with a greater sense of urgency. As has been reported, between 2015 and today, the "tribe" of COP attendees had been transformed from one of "environment ministers, scientists and activists" to one of "business leaders, financiers and monetary officials." Climate modeling remains flawed. The growth imperative still rules the day. Growth causes global ecological damage, including climate change and resultant biodiversity losses, altogether driving us faster toward the extinction of our own and other species. Add to that, a pandemic which has, to a large degree, crippled the circulatory system of a globalized society. A transnational capitalist class is emerging, uniting to create central control at the global level. Globalization is now in the next phase of consolidation and centralization of the world economy. Through the electrification and interconnection of all parts of the global economy, through Wi-Fi and the "Internet of Things," the increasingly wealthy global elite, are working to ensure their ongoing control over the resources and distribution of global goods and services, whether they be natural, raw, technological, or financial resources. The global economy has changed since the beginning of industrialization, and is now in the next phase of consolidation by global elites. This comes as the end of a long arc of national imperial powers, which, individually, have been imperiled by growing global unrest and challenges to their authority, and more severe shortages of natural resources, not to mention the global recession brought about by the pandemic. In 2020 the ultra-rich got richer. Now they're bracing for the backlash. They are coming together as a global organization as a means of preserving themselves, largely ignoring how they are destroying our biosphere. The belief that environmental costs of digital technology can be offset by the gains they could render is still to be confirmed. The rush to electrify the world and establish a technological digital economy has a considerable downside, not to mention the embedded opportunities for authoritarianism. This author wrote in "How Has it Come to This: Climate Change and the Future of Planet Earth", about a few of the strategies for ensuring optimal resilience and survivability. They include re-localization, cooperative communities, and regenerative agriculture. Additional strategies are presented here. There is an overarching even bigger picture too...the spiritual dimension. Broadly speaking, this means not only how one responds to apparent threats, but also how one may fortify one's equanimity. We can best see our way forward if we are in a state of inner equanimity, not reacting out of fear. Further, we may remember that this is a time of profound learning. If we hold the view that what are we here for is to learn and grow in our understanding, wisdom, and skillfulness, then we may embrace the present and the many opportunities it offers for our learning.

Il paper approfondisce motivazioni e modalità operative delle strategie di back-reshoring di processi industriali precedentemente affidati a fornitori esteri o localizzati all’estero, valutandone l’impatto strategico sulla gestione aziendale, anche mediante lo studio di casi. Sulla base della letteratura e delle informazioni rinvenibili dalle evidenze empiriche anche a livello internazionale, il contributo analizza i fattori che determinano le scelte di rilocalizzazione, valuta i vantaggi ma anche i rischi che le aziende che implementano tali strategie possono incontrare segnalando alcuni interventi di politica industriale che potrebbero favorire la rilocalizzazione anche in Italia di produzioni in precedenza delocalizzate. I risultati preliminari suggeriscono che le strategie di back-reshoring, sostenute da opportune scelte di politica industriale, generano ricadute positive sia a livello Paese che di singola azienda ma presentano anche
costi rilevanti per l'organizzazione, in quanto richiedono di gestire il cambiamento strategico, di reintegrare la conoscenza e sviluppare nuove capacità e competenze.

This essay examines the implications of economic globalization on the labormarkets in the Philippines and Indonesia. Today's economic globalization characterized by liberalization of the market, privatization of state-owned enterprises, and minimal government intervention in the economy, results in ;ob losses, retrenchments and irregular employment and rising wage differentials among workers. Both countries follow liberal economic policies that have constrained the state's response in terms of labor market policies to mitigate the negative impact of economic globalization. Free market proponents consider as labor rigidities the state's policy interventions in the labor market and the participation of trade unions. Labor flexibility and the free interplay of labor supply and demand are the ones valued in the liberalized labor market. Though constrained and weakened to address the economic restructuring brought about by globalization, the labor movements in the Philippines and Indonesia continue to find ways to develop new unionisms and strategies to organize themselves as social movements.

This study aimed to look at the impact of economic globalization on African countries with special attention to Nigeria. It tried to answer the fundamental question underpinning globalization: Has globalization really increased poverty as against poverty reduction in Africa? The philosophy behind globalization envisages the growing interconnection of human activities, the imperatives of local, national and regional economic integration and interdependence as well as responding together to global problems. Dependency theory gave basis to the work in order to ventilate the subject of the study. Data for the study was collected from a secondary source. Descriptive statistics was used in analyzing the data. The Chi-square and the F-distribution done with the help of E-views showed that economic globalization has increased poverty as against poverty reduction in Nigeria. Consequently, the study recommended a way out: globalization properly understood, translates into human, economic and ecological solidarity.

Economic nationalism tended to dominate U.S. foreign trade policy throughout the long 19th century, from the end of the American Revolution to the beginning of World War I, owing to a pervasive American sense of economic and geopolitical insecurity and American fear of hostile powers, especially the British but also the French and Spanish and even the Barbary States. Following the U.S. Civil War, leading U.S. protectionist politicians sought to curtail European trade policies and to create a U.S.-dominated customs union in the Western Hemisphere. American proponents of trade liberalization increasingly found themselves outnumbered in the halls of Congress, as the “American System” of economic nationalism grew in popularity alongside the perceived need for foreign markets. Protectionist advocates in the United States viewed the American System as a panacea that not only promised to provide the federal government with revenue but also to artificially insulate American infant industries from undue foreign-market competition through high protective tariffs and subsidies, and to retaliate against real and perceived threats to U.S. trade.

Throughout this period, the United States itself underwent a great struggle over foreign trade policy. By the late 19th century, the era’s boom-and-bust global economic system led to a growing perception that the United States needed more access to foreign markets as an outlet for the country’s surplus goods and capital. But whether the United States would obtain foreign market access through free trade or through protectionism led to a great debate over the proper course of U.S. foreign trade policy. By the time that the United States acquired a colonial empire from the Spanish in 1898, this same debate over U.S. foreign trade policy had effectively merged into debates over the course of U.S. imperial expansion. The country’s more expansionist-minded economic nationalists came out on top. The overwhelming 1896 victory of William McKinley—the Republican party’s “Napoleon of Protection”—marked the beginning of substantial expansion of U.S. foreign trade through a mixture of protectionism and imperialism in the years leading up to World War I.

La globalización económica se ha intensificado a escala mundial apoyada en la revolución tecnológica
productiva en la microelectrónica, robótica, biotecnología, reciclaje, reingeniería, procesamiento
de datos, informática. El resultado de estos cambios ha sido el desarrollo de la producción
económica de escala que ha ido acompañada por un desempleo estructural alrededor del mundo,
además de la intensificación de presiones para la eliminación de las barreras al comercio y al flujo
de capitales (ejemplo de ello es la creación de la Organización Mundial del Comercio en 1994) y
la formación paralelamente de bloques económicos, tales como el Tratado de Libre Comercio de
América del Norte (TLCAN) y el Mercado Común del Sur, MERCOSUR, que complican el proceso
de multilateralización patrocinado por la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC). La investigación
es de carácter descriptivo-analítico-documental centrando su disertación en las variables
señaladas con especial énfasis en la vinculación entre éstas y su vinculación en el desarrollo de la
era del acceso, concepto desarrollado por el candidato al premio Nobel Jeremy Rifkin (2000) autor
de la obra: “La Era del Acceso, La Revolución de la Nueva Economía”.
Palabras Claves: Economía mundial, globalización económica, era del acceso, desarrollo tecnológico

This essay documents efforts of a small tribe of subsistence gardeners and hunters to copy capitalist undertakings, such as trade stores and markets, in the decades following first contact. These businesses have either been short-lived or have taken forms that depart from functional capitalism. Capitalism requires proprietors to amass sufficient profits from customers to maintain the business and their living. This has not been possible in this intimate, egalitarian, and relatively isolated society. Expectations of sharing and mutual care move proprietors to disperse capital among family members and other intimates. Non-intimates from whom profits could be extracted without damaging social relations are inaccessible. By comparison, proprietors in high-population, stratified societies are able to engage in capitalist relations with non-family to bring in a steady income. However, even in societies where capitalism thrives in certain sectors, capitalism breaks down in intimate groups who avoid profit-seeking at one another's expense because this undermines their intimacy and common purpose. Shared domestic provisioning dominates in intimate, economic in-groups such as family units in large and small societies, and capitalism breaks down at their borders.

Reference:
Lohmann, Roger Ivar
  2017  Capitalism Meets Its Match: Failed Mimesis of Market Economics among the Asabano of Papua New Guinea. In Mimesis and Pacific Transcultural Encounters. J.M. Mageo and E. Hermann, eds. Pp. 164–185. ASAO Studies in Pacific Anthropology, Vol. 8. New York: Berghahn.

En un mundo globalizado y globalizante la inserción de empresas en los mercados mundiales se
considera una herramienta necesaria para lograr el desarrollo económico, partiendo primero
desde un nivel local para luego convertirse en un objetivo global. El presente esfuerzo investigativo
tiene como objetivo general analizar el tema de la competitividad como herramienta empresarial
necesaria para la inserción de empresas en la macro unidad geográfica mundial. Hoy más
que nunca se considera relevante el tema de la penetración de los mercados internacionales, ya
que a través de esta actividad, se puede generar un efecto multiplicador que ayude a la disminución
de la pobreza y las desigualdades globales. Sólo competiendo –primero a escala local y
luego a escala mundial– se puede generar productos y servicios acordes a las necesidades de
la población en cuanto a calidad, buen servicio, disminución de costos, entre otros.
Palabras claves: Competitividad, empresas, globalización, comercio exterior, servicios.

Halk yönetimi anlamına gelen demokrasi kavramı etkili devlet aygıtı, vatandaşlık ve hu­ kuki yönetim kavramlarıyla doğrudan ilgilidir. Modern zamanlarda demokrasi terimi kullanıldığında doğrudan demokrasiden ziyade temsili demokrasiden söz edilmektedir. Modern demokrasi ya oydaşmacı (consensus) demokrasi ya da çoğu/cu (majoritarian) demokrasi veya bu tipolojinin değişik bir biçimi olarak ifade edilmektedir.I Bu yazıda küreselleşme ile her şeyden önce, küreselleşmenin ekonomik boyutu, yani ü­ retim ve finansın uluslararasılaşması kastedilecektir. Küreselleşmenin ekonomik boyutu içinde önemli yer tutan de-regülasyon politikalarının demokratik devletlerin kendi eko­ nomik, toplumsal ve siyasal işlevlerini ve kaynaklarını yönlendirme ve kontrol etme ka­ pasitesini erozyona uğrattığı tartışılacaktır. Küreselleşme; bağımsız ulus devletlere nüfuz eden ve onların ekonomik, siyasal ve toplumsal düzenini parçalayan bir yapı olarak de­ ğerlendirilebilir. Bu nedenle küreselleşme, araştırmamızın üçüncü değişkeni olan "dev­ let"le yakından ilgilidir. Y azar, devlet ve demokrasi arasında olduğu kadar devletle küreselleşme arasında da sıkı bir ilişki olduğunu savunmaktadır. Devlet ve demokrasi arasındaki ilişki pozitif olmasına karşın devlet ve küreselleşme arasındaki İlişki negatiftir. Argümanlar bu öncüller üzerine kurularak küreselleşme ve demokrasi arasındaki ilişkinin negatif olduğu tartışılacaktır.

This research aims to describe the expected and observed educational-instructional effects of economic globalisation on higher education institutions in so called 'developing countries'. It explores how global capitalism forces universities in emerging economies, such as India, Turkey and China, to build up their education systems in accordance with the demands of the global market system. It concludes that a knowledge driven global economy demands a larger proportion of the human capital and that this forces the higher education systems to redesign their strategies, education systems, policies and structures in order to compete effectively in the global economy and meet the demands of economic globalisation.

The Relationship Between Conflict and Globalization
Conflict is as old as human existence. It is a universal part of human society, it is within us to have conflicting values, viewpoints, or ideas that can depend upon economic, social, cultural aspects. It is important for us to analyze the meaning of conflict and where it can lead us to. With the analysis of conflict, we can also prevent future conflict and strive towards more peaceful resolvement. Conflict comprises so many different forms of conflict, from forced migration, resource conflict, structural violence, trade wars, and civil wars as well, we can see how these can be intertwined with global affairs and relations. Overall, many types of conflict are related to globalization, this could be because of differing values, viewpoints, religion, ethnicity, etc. and this can range from migration to trade, it is important to understand the differences of these conflicts and how they relate to globalization.

Abstract: Trade in consumer electronics and household appliances in Bolivia operates mainly from popular marketplaces. Multinational corporations enter these once informal, now enhanced economies. This article analyses the expansion of global brands into urban street markets, together with the local branding of electronics and the advancement of popular traders along transnational commodity chains. I argue that these socio-spatial transitions offer a counterintuitive articulation between the informal and the formal. Looking at specific localities along the commodity chain from East Asia to Chile and Bolivia, one sees not mere formalization of informal economies as often expected nor a rampant informalization as attributed to current economic globalization, but piecemeal formalization of traders as much as a partial informalization of all actors involved.

Resumen: En Bolivia, la venta de equipos electrónicos se realiza principalmente en mercados populares. Empresas transnacionales están operando en esos mismos lugares. Este artículo analiza la expansión de marcas globales en el comercio popular y la creación de marcas locales al mismo tiempo que el avance de comerciantes a lo largo de cadenas de acopio transnacionales. Mi argumento es que esas transiciones económico-espaciales marcan una articulación contra-intuitiva entre lo informal y lo formal. Enfocando localidades específicas a lo largo de la cadena comercial desde el Este de Asia hacia Chile y Bolivia, no se observa una mera formalización de la economía informal como muchas veces esperada ni una informalización total atribuida a procesos actuales de globalización, sino una formalización incompleta de comerciantes y una informalización parcial de todos los actores involucrados.

PLEASE WRITE TO ME IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN THE FINAL VERSION.
Full citation: Neveling, Patrick, 2015. 'Flexible capitalism and transactional orders in colonial and postcolonial Mauritius: A post-occidentalist view', in Jens Kjaerulf (ed.), Flexible capitalism: Exchange and ambiguity at work, Oxford: Berghahn: 207-34.

The chapter offers an alternative periodisation of twentieth century history for the small-island nation state Mauritius, arguing
that in light of the colonial history of Mauritius, which ended only in 1968, it is difficult to identify a neoliberal turn in the 1970s. Secondly, I argue that common notions of pre-capitalist moral economies and the ensuing differentiation in long-term and short-term transactional orders make little sense for Mauritius (and other world regions) because they neglect the long history of integration of plantation societies into the capitalist world-system. Instead I offer an analytical perspective that is open to the
widespread opposition to alliances between capital and religion and gendered exploitation going along with this in Mauritius and elsewhere.

Despite emergent trends of geo-economic integration between nation-states, the role of realist-driven geopolitical calculation appears highly enduring. This paper explores the potential contradictions between state-centric geopolitical concerns and transnational geo-economic formation through an exploration of China–US tensions over Taiwan, a territory of indeterminate geo-legal status and which China regards as its own province. I consider how the Taiwan Relations Act, a domestic public law of the US that frames US–Taiwan relations and has a major influence on East Asian geopolitics, could contradict emergent “China region”, and possibly even China–US, geo-economic integration. This is because the US-sustained arms sales to Taiwan rest on imagining and containing China as a “threat”, while geo-economic integration entails enrolling China as a strategic partner, if not an ally. Consequently, the Taiwan issue could stifle the enhancement of Sino-American relations at a historical juncture when the Chinese and American economies are more intertwined than ever.