Digital Economy

In this thesis, I have examined whether the current approach to competition policy is suitable for the distinct characteristics of the digital economy. It is particularly difficult to define the relevant market and rely on market share test as a proxy for market power in the digital economy mainly because of its dynamic nature. As the market boundaries shift so rapidly in dynamic markets, having a static perspective when defining the relevant market might fall short when assessing competitive constraints that an undertaking may face in the near future. In this regard, this thesis calls for a change in the traditional assessment of market power, and it proposes to replace the relevant market/market share paradigm with a more economic effects-based method, such as estimating the elasticity of residual demand. By doing so, competition authorities can assess competitive constraints from a broader perspective without necessarily being limited to a particular relevant market or any formalistic structure.

In order to identify the most suitable way to assess market power in the digital economy, this thesis is structured as follows. Chapter II explains what digital economy is, how it emerged, and what makes it different from the rest of the economy by identifying its distinguishing characteristics. After providing an overview of the digital economy, Chapter III gives more theoretical insight to the concept of market power. First, it explains the importance of market power within the social market economy. In the second part, it introduces various definitions of market power as provided by different institutions and scholars, describing the defining characteristics of these definitions afterwards. Having explained the concept of market power, Chapter IV focuses on how market power is assessed. By doing so, it explains not only the traditional indirect assessment of market power, but also the direct assessment of the latter. After clarifying what the digital economy is, as well as the concept of market power and how it is assessed, Chapter V evaluates the suitability of current understanding of market power in the digital economy. Then it explains what the challenges of assessing market power in the digital economy are when applying conventional techniques. In the light of these findings, it finally suggests a blueprint of how to assess market power in the digital economy. Lastly, Chapter VI provides the summary of findings and the final conclusion.

Understanding the phylogenetic origin of a concept of innovation stands as the main precipice in establishing
a sustainable concept of innovation. And as a scientific direction in studying emergence, distribution and
commercialization of innovations. Primary Novelty of present article is expressed through analysis of neoindustrialization
as a process of transition to a new economic paradigm through renewal of industrial infrastructure and its form of
organization in a Technetronic phase of development. Comparative, comprehensive and factor analysis stands as the
main methodology for the present article. Primary data consists of government and commercial statistics. The empirical
analysis shows the importance of the vertically integrated structures in the course of new cluster development as well as
their weight and importance in the development of the modern digital economy.
Results of a research of Economist Intelligence Unit in 82 countries of the world say that such countries as Mexico or
China, quickly improve the skills in the field of innovations. The research allowed being elicited one remarkable fact: the
countries with the average level of economic welfare have additional benefits that introduction of domestic innovative
developments stimulates also faster development of foreign experience

The main objective of digital transformation is to fulfi ll the needs of a "new digital generation customer" for on-demand delivery, quality and personalization. "Anything as a service" has become the key principle of the digital paradigm. This is about a data-oriented service which relies on sharing information resources (including public ones) and the requirements for interoperability, security and trust. This paper presents the main approaches to digital transformation based on the example of the most innovatively active sectors such as banking and healthcare. We compare the proprietary development of digital services (products) to the building of a digital sector ecosystem aimed at attracting an unlimited number of participants. We defi ned the purpose of creating an ecosystem that is to provide the population with digital services formed on demand, in real time, in compliance with legislation and regulations, as well as in the context of maximum trust. We emphasize the role of openness for uniting the eff orts of the community interested in the development of a digital industry, extension of public-private partnerships and building a competitive environment in order to ensure the rapid growth of available digital services, as well as to improve their quality. Since the knowledge MODELING OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

Catalyst (Citizens Transforming Society: Tools for Change) is a multidisciplinary research project on digital social innovation where the research agenda is jointly set and carried out by academics and non-academics. In this paper, we describe the Catalyst model for innovation research partnerships with nonacademic communities, and reflect on academic experiences and lessons learned from the first year of Catalyst.

A globális környezeti és társadalmi problémák korában élünk. A Világgazdasági Fórum egyik legújabb felmérése szerint, amely az Y generáció véleményét tükrözi, Wt OHJ JJ WyEE JO EiOL S EOpP pJK O W iOW i WH Pp HWL | H HW S títása; a kiterjedt kon iktusok és háborúk; az egyenlőtlenség (jövedelem és diszkri mináció); a szegénység; a vallási kon iktusok; a kormányok felelősségre vonhatósága p iWOiWK Wy iJ SFLy pOHOPL H p t EL W iJ W Wi KLi EL tonság és a jólét, a gazdasági lehetőségek hiánya és a munkanélküliség. $ IHOPp p által feltárt főbb problémák egybeesnek a Magyarországra vonatkozó korábbi kutatási H HGPp HLPPHO mivel a magyar lakosság is a munkanélküliséget, az etnikai kon ik tusokat, a szegénységet, a fegyveres kon iktusokat/háborúkat, a minőségi oktatáshoz Oy HKp K iIp p W | H HW H H p W p HJp pJ J L S EOpPi W W W WW a legégetőbb társadalmi problémáknak.

With the widespread adoption of ICT technologies, platforms, social media and sharing economy businesses have emerged as models of economic organization. This paper examines their functioning on a micro level to provide a thorough critique. The theory of cognitive capitalism and opposing arguments are explored in order to bring a holistic understanding and observe how value is captured and accumulated with the use of technological apparatuses. Cognitive capitalism is not uniform, however, and recognition of the special properties displayed by networks makes it possible to identify the challenge posed by the rising array of netarchist platforms. Platform cooperativism is the proposed egalitarian and long-term sustainable counter, as it aims to design new tools in line with the commons paradigm. Finally, the paper provides key insights into the specifications, difficulties, and next steps required to lead to better platform coops and a better future.

Il 25 maggio 2016 la Commissione Europea ha presentato la proposta di regolamento 2016/289 per impedire i blocchi geografici ed altre forme di discriminazione fondate sulla territorialità. Il presente articolo esplicita il fondamento e gli obiettivi della proposta, approfondendo l’ambito applicativo e la disciplina dell’accesso alle interfacce online, a beni o servizi
nonché la non discriminazione per motivi legati al pagamento.
L’articolo rileva, infine, come le premesse da cui muove la Commissione Europea debbano fare i conti con la libertà contrattuale e di impresa garantita dall’art. 16 della Carta di Nizza agli operatori europei, cui va assicurata la libertà di elaborare proprie strategie territoriali di distribuzione, in un difficile equilibrio col principio di non discriminazione.

On May 25th 2016, the European Commission presented a proposal for a
regulation on addressing geo-blocking and other forms of discrimination
based on territoriality. The article clarifies the foundation and the aims of
the proposal, focusing on the scope and the legal framework of the access to online interface, to goods and services and to non-discrimination for reasons related to payment.
However, the promising basis that lead the European Commission have
to deal with the freedom of contract and the freedom of enterprise, as well as the opportunity for companies to develop distribution strategies based on location.
Will the E.U. be able to find a balance between companies’ needs and non-discrimination principle?

This paper describes key aspects of the structural and functional transformation of the Russian state statistics system as a core element of the future National Data Management System. Issues such as establishing a dialogue between the statistics service and users, integrating data from various sources, and intelligent data processing in the context of the digitalization of the economy are considered. New approaches and mechanisms should integrate and advance all of the previously achieved best results in methodology, observation areas, metrics, and other domains. Improvement areas include providing higher-quality information for policy shaping, businesses, individuals, and external partners. National statistics is expected to present an interconnected, objectively measurable model of socioeconomic processes and phenomena based on relevant theoretical concepts. In addition to using various sources of data, a necessary feature of the new system will be its reliance on a consistent conceptual framework and approaches to interpreting data, which will make it possible to integrate various data sources in the first place.

Users of intelligent statistics are becoming not only active participants in primary data collection, accumulation and application processes, but are turning into “smart” consumers who develop statistical thinking and are able to derive the greatest possible benefits from the use of statistical data. Such skills should become an inherent (and possibly mandatory) component of any.

The digitalisation of the economy has increased tax administrations' traditional tax risks and introduced new tax non-compliance risks, such as the use of income suppression software and tax fraud associated with the use of alternative payment methods, such as cryptocurrencies. This study focuses on the global reform that took place among tax authorities from a tax risk management and assurance perspective. The study was executed in two phases, including a cross-national literature review to synthesise international reform regarding tax risk management and assurance in response to the digitalisation of the economy. This process was followed by interviews with risk, technology and data experts of 30 global tax authorities in order to evaluate the level of implementation of the global reform measures identified in the first research phase. The research results suggest an imbalance in reform among participants from developed and developing economies. An inability to optimise tax ri...

Książka do kupienia na stronach wielu księgarni internetowych: http://www.edu-libri.pl/gdziekupic.php
Autorka, podejmując pioniersko na gruncie naukowym problematykę triady: startupy – zarządzanie – edukacja z pozycji poznawczych, badawczych i aplikacyjnych, odpowiada na rosnące zapotrzebowanie na naukowe podejście do zjawiska startupów, które są emanacją rewolucji cyfrowej i gospodarki opartej na innowacjach.
Zwraca uwagę na ważne zjawisko ekonomiczne, jakim jest pojawienie się tej nowej formy organizacji, analizuje i systematyzuje zjawiska temu towarzyszące oraz wskazuje podstawy do dalszych prac w tym zakresie.

Technology and the growing global middle class are driving a travel revolution which is causing escalating impacts on fragile ecosystems, human health, and social systems. Unreported data on the worldwide biophysical impacts of tourism uncovered in the new book, Sustainable Tourism on a Finite Planet, indicate that valuable destinations are on the verge of being irreparably harmed. New disciplinary approaches are needed to support the transition to lower impact tourism development worldwide. The tourism industry is one of the most dynamic industries on the planet with a global footprint that is largely unmanaged. While tourism development brings wealth and benefits to wide range of residents in economies worldwide, much stronger systems are required to lower escalating impacts on some of the most beautiful landscapes, watersheds, natural, socio-cultural and historical treasures in the world. This new book helps all those involved in international tourism develop the new skills, tools and investments required to protect irreplaceable global resources from the impacts of escalating tourism demand over the next 50 years. Each subsector of the tourism economy-hotels, tour operators, cruise lines, aviation and airports and destinations are investigated separately to provide a framework for professionals and students to undertake research and work locally to follow through with quantitative review of environmental and sustainable development needs for industry and destinations.

This chapter develops frameworks and models to examine digital transformation into digital economies via digital technologies' applications at both the macro and micro levels via both positive and negative externalities generated by digital technologies and pollutant emissions. A productivity mixed method approach has been developed based on the chapter modified frameworks and models to be employed at both the macro and micro levels to utilise the digital technology applications that will help in transforming digital economies to sustain their economic development. The study provided digital economy frameworks and policies to help in implementing digital transformation and to develop and use the new technologies needed for sustainable economic growth through technological progress, human capital skills development and environmental protection via green productivity technological progress. The study contributes to the knowledge body via proposed productivity mixed method frameworks and models that examine digitisation processes. The aggregate economies, industries, companies and other businesses will be provided with frameworks and guidelines to implement digital technologies' applications that will help them to be transformed into digital sustainable economies. The most significant contribution of this study is treating digital technology cybersecurity negative externalities spillover effects similar to their negative externalities of pollutants' emissions counterparts, besides developing a capital productivity framework and model that were ignored in most of the studies.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how rating mechanisms encourage emotional labor norms among sharing economy consumers. Design/methodology/approach This study follows a mixed-methods research design. Survey data from 207 consumers were used to quantify the impact of three distinct rating dimensions on a consumer behavioral outcome (emotional labor). In the second step, 18 focus groups with 94 participants were used to investigate the conditioning functions of ratings in more depth. Findings Rating mechanisms condition consumers toward performing socially desirable behaviors during sharing transactions. While consumers accept the necessity of bilateral rating mechanisms, they also recognize their coercive nature. Furthermore, the presence of bilateral rating mechanisms leads to negative outcomes such as annoyance and frustration. Originality/value This study contributes to sharing economy literature by examining bilateral rating mechanisms as a means of behavioral cond...

This article examines universities' adoption of WellTrack-a self-tracking mobile phone application modeled on cognitive behavioral therapy techniques-as a solution to reported increases in the prevalence and severity of student mental health conditions. Drawing from a feminist materialist perspective that understands discourse and the material word as co-produced, this article argues that the app's design, marketing, and reception are deeply intertwined with the political rationality of neoliberalism, which centers self-responsibility and the market economy. The article first situates the development of the WellTrack app within larger institutional and political shifts towards digital education governance. It then contextualizes the app's use within the history of college mental health services in the United States, revealing how longstanding socio-medical discourses concerning student wellness individualize structural and systemic factors of ill health. Through close reading and immanent critique of the marketing and media reception of the WellTrack app's introduction into universities, the article provides an account of how universities are socializing students to relinquish data to private firms in exchange for health services. Students are encouraged to engage in constant self-examination and strive towards a vision of student wellness that precludes an analysis of the structural conditions and intersecting oppressions contributing to poor student mental health. These conditions are social and pervasive, requiring institutional analysis and critique of the university itself.

Tóm tắt: Bài báo sử dụng hai phương pháp mang tính quốc tế là phương pháp chỉ số Hirschman-Herfindahl (HHI) và độ co giãn của cầu để xác định mức độ tập trung và cạnh tranh của thị trường viễn thông di động Việt Nam. Đối với phương pháp chỉ số HHI, bài báo sử dụng dữ liệu thị phần theo doanh thu. Đối với phương pháp xác định độ co giãn của cầu, bài báo sử dụng mô hình hồi quy với chuỗi dữ liệu thời gian cho toàn thị trường. Kết quả tính toán cho thấy mức độ tập trung cao và sự ảnh hưởng lớn của giá tới cầu dịch vụ trên thị trường di động Việt Nam so với nhiều nước khác. Đây là những phương pháp quan trọng giúp các cơ quan quản lý đưa ra các biện pháp thích hợp, cũng như gợi ý chiến lược kinh doanh cho các doanh nghiệp trên thị trường. Từ khoá: Mức độ tập trung thị trường, Độ co giãn của cầu, Cạnh tranh, Thị trường viễn thông, Thị trường di động.

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Selon l’auteur, la Silicon Valley est actuellement totalement imprégnée par une idolâtrie de la technique. Cette idéologie considère que l’outil technique détermine des changements sociaux qui contribuent à un monde systématiquement meilleur. Jaron Lanier y voit certaines analogies avec l’idéologie marxiste, au point de désigner les thuriféraires du numérique comme des « cybernetic totalists » qui veulent transformer la société avec le numérique et les « digitales maoists » qui refusent la hiérarchisation entre les humains et les machines, les plaçant in fine sur un pied d’égalité.
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Le point d’orgue de ces idéologies, c’est la croyance en la Singularité, nouvelle parousie eschatologique considérant que les ordinateurs vont devenir plus intelligents que nous et nous aider à gagner une santé parfaite, voire l’immortalité. Cette religiosité « anti-humaine » conduit à considérer l’humain comme un maillon faible et remplaçable, ce qui, sur le plan éthique, légitime la destruction progressive de pans entiers de nos sociétés.

The main objective of digital transformation is to fulfi ll the needs of a "new digital generation customer" for on-demand delivery, quality and personalization. "Anything as a service" has become the key principle of the digital paradigm. This is about a data-oriented service which relies on sharing information resources (including public ones) and the requirements for interoperability, security and trust. This paper presents the main approaches to digital transformation based on the example of the most innovatively active sectors such as banking and healthcare. We compare the proprietary development of digital services (products) to the building of a digital sector ecosystem aimed at attracting an unlimited number of participants. We defi ned the purpose of creating an ecosystem that is to provide the population with digital services formed on demand, in real time, in compliance with legislation and regulations, as well as in the context of maximum trust. We emphasize the role of openness for uniting the eff orts of the community interested in the development of a digital industry, extension of public-private partnerships and building a competitive environment in order to ensure the rapid growth of available digital services, as well as to improve their quality. Since the knowledge MODELING OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

The main objective of digital transformation is to fulfi ll the needs of a "new digital generation customer" for on-demand delivery, quality and personalization. "Anything as a service" has become the key principle of the digital paradigm. This is about a data-oriented service which relies on sharing information resources (including public ones) and the requirements for interoperability, security and trust. This paper presents the main approaches to digital transformation based on the example of the most innovatively active sectors such as banking and healthcare. We compare the proprietary development of digital services (products) to the building of a digital sector ecosystem aimed at attracting an unlimited number of participants. We defi ned the purpose of creating an ecosystem that is to provide the population with digital services formed on demand, in real time, in compliance with legislation and regulations, as well as in the context of maximum trust. We emphasize the role of openness for uniting the eff orts of the community interested in the development of a digital industry, extension of public-private partnerships and building a competitive environment in order to ensure the rapid growth of available digital services, as well as to improve their quality. Since the knowledge MODELING OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

Currently, an increasing number of purchases are carried out using the Internet.
However, according to official statistics, the proportion of such purchases is quite low,
and also at times varies for different regions. Thus, the aim of the present study is to
identify the factors influencing the use of e-commerce technologies by the consumer.
The study is carried out based on the analysis of the statistical relationship between
regional indicators. Data of the Russian Federation as a state with a sufficient number
of regions with statistically significant indicators are used as an information base. The
study has revealed that along with the penetration of the Internet, a standard of living
has positive impact on the development of e-commerce. Also interesting is the potential
of using multiple network connections.

VTC 1. Preservación de la regulación tradicional del sector 2. Resistencia ilegal al otorgamiento de licencias de VTC 3. Medidas dirigidas a entorpecer la actividad de los VTC 4. Medidas dirigidas a favorecer a los taxistas. El escándalo del rescate de las licencias de taxi 5. El Tribunal Supremo escurre el bulto V. LA REACCIÓN POSTERIOR: EXPULSIÓN DE LOS VTC 1. La ordenanza del Área Metropolitana de Barcelona 2. El Decreto-ley 13/2018 2.1. Contenido 2.2. Falta de presupuesto habilitante 2.3. Incompetencia del Estado 2.4. Una medida incoherente, desproporcionada y discriminatoria 2.5. Una medida expropiatoria que contempla una indemnización insuficiente 2.6. Una medida singular que lesiona el derecho a la tutela judicial de los afectados VI. PERSPECTIVAS VII. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS

https://www.edizioniesi.it/pubblicazioni/libri/diritto_storia_filosofia_e_teoria_del_diritto_-_1/diritto_civile__-_1_-_07/il-cyberspace.html

Il cyberspace è comunemente inteso quale spazio di interazione tra attori internazionali. In particolare si fa riferimento allo spazio informatico quale V° dominio della conflittualità. Il presente studio intende presentare il cyberspace quale autonomo fattore di progresso in grado di incidere in maniera originale sui principali elementi e dinamiche della Comunità Internazionale.
Entro questa prospettiva verranno inizialmente evidenziati i principali caratteri dell’informazione e delle tecnologie ITC e i loro riflessi sulla definizione e l’esercizio del Cyberpower così come sulle emergenti dinamiche economiche.
La successiva analisi dell’azione delle Nazione Unite evidenzia le principali problematiche poste dal processo di affermazione delle nuove tecnologie. Problematiche riconducibili alle tre aree tematiche della tutela della pace internazionale, della sicurezza delle infrastrutture informatiche e del loro utilizzo, della promozione e tutela dei diritti umani nel cyberspace.
In ragione dell’importanza acquisita dagli attori privati nel cyberspace il quarto capitolo delinea i principali caratteri delle emergenti forme di governance multistakeholder del dominio informatico.
A partire dagli aspetti analizzati, l'ultimo capitolo affronta il tema dell’incidenza del progresso tecnologico sul sistema delle fonti di diritto internazionale e sulla sua interpretazione e applicazione alle problematiche riconducibili alle tre aree tematiche indicate.

Целью данного исследования является выявление тенденции
построения цифровой экономики в развивающихся странах. Показано, что наиболее важной социально-экономической задачей развивающихся стран является построение цифровой экономики. и глобальные характеристики обмена информацией.

Esports has generated an industry of increasing economic and cultural importance. In recent years, universities and other higher education institutions have responded to its growth by establishing programmes of study which aim to satisfy the needs of innovators operating in the area. However, there is not yet consensus on what an esports curriculum should include. Despite being a technology-driven sector with ethical and professional dimensions that intersect computing, current ACM and IEEE curricula do not mention esports. Furthermore, existing courses tend to provide teaching and training on a wide variety of topics aside from those traditionally in computer science. These include: live events management; psychological research; sports science; marketing; public relations; video (livestream) production; and community management; in addition to coaching and communication. This working group examined the requirements for developing esports studies at universities with a focus on und...

Recent research in value creation (e.g. Vargo and Lusch 2004, 2008, Ng and Smith, 2012, Ng 2013) considers the value of objects and services as the ‘goodness’ derived by individuals from their interactions with objects and services: that is value is derived from use and experience. Such interactions may be described in day to day practices which may be regarded as mundane (Christensen, 2003; Ng, 2013; Ng and Smith, 2012, Husserl, 1939; Blackham, 1951; Heidegger, 1996 [1927]; Holbrook, 1994: 1999), but we consider that the mundane ‘lived life’ offers many opportunities for new economic models.

The usage of an object takes place in a context, that is, products are experienced or used in conjunction with other products and with the assistance of other individuals. By focusing on contexts of lived lives, it is possible to identify contextual archetypes - clusters of social contexts that could be similar (Ng, 2013, Chandler and Vargo 2011). These contextual archetypes are activity sets. For example..... (for more, download the abstract file)"

The concept of the "end of work" as a result of automation has been around since at least the 1930s, when J. M. Keynes (1930) announced his prediction that the grandchildren of current workers would have a completely new perspective on the possibility of life without work. The digital economy has indeed opened up a whole new way of life for us, but it has not yet made it possible for us to afford a jobless existence. Keynes's thesis has been revisited many times in the last 30 years. Some researchers have looked for strong statistical ground for it (Frey and Osborne, 2013), others have relied on their own intuition and view (Rifkin, 1995).
The aim of this dissertation is to examine to what extent labour automation actually affects the labour market and how it does so. I consider it no less important to establish what factors influence automation itself. Ultimately, the dissertation aims to show the place of labour automation in a broad context of relations and conditions, primarily social, but also economic and political.
The main research question that motivates me to carry out this research is: does labour automation exist in Poland, and if so, what is the relationship between automation and the labour market? I formulate a hypothesis that I will try to confirm through research: automation of work in the long run does not lead to a reduction in the size of the labour market, but it does lead to a change in its structure in the form of elimination of occupations based on repetitive activities.
I start my research by verifying the existing data - available results in various countries, which also extends the research field to other factors surrounding work automation and the labour market. In the theoretical chapter, I discuss these in as much detail as the thesis allows.  Then, in the research section, I return to the source research question and present the results of qualitative research and quantitative analyses for the Polish labour market.
Thanks to the above structure, the work presents a broad spectrum of relations and conditions of automation and work in the widest possible context showing both micro, meso and macro social perspectives.

Esports has generated an industry of increasing economic and cultural importance. In recent years, universities and other higher education institutions have responded to its growth by establishing programmes of study which aim to satisfy the needs of innovators operating in the area. However, there is not yet consensus on what an esports curriculum should include. Despite being a technology-driven sector with ethical and professional dimensions that intersect computing, current ACM and IEEE curricula do not mention esports. Furthermore, existing courses tend to provide teaching and training on a wide variety of topics aside from those traditionally in computer science. These include: live events management; psychological research; sports science; marketing; public relations; video (livestream) production; and community management; in addition to coaching and communication. This working group examined the requirements for developing esports studies at universities with a focus on und...

The rise of disruptive digital technologies for financial services, like peer-to-peer (P2P) crowdfunding, indicates new ways to access alternative financing over traditional financing. This research contributes to the nascent literature on digital finance in real estate crowdfunding, and its potential of being applied to public housing. The idea of such a platform on the blockchain is this paper’s second conceptual innovation. The rationale is to illustrate the significance of crowdfunding to alternative financing even for the public sector, and how blockchain technology might improve the weaknesses of crowdfunding. The real estate industry needs to embrace new solutions, capable of dealing with its traditional problems and to increase efficiency, sustainability,  accountability and prevent market failures within the economy. In this new market environment, we review real estate crowdfunding acceptance in the US, Europe and Asia as well as conceptualize tech-enhanced platform that adopts the blockchain to improve the crowdfunding process for real estate public housing. This can be achieved by exploring new peer-to-peer (P2P) opportunities with better management of information and reduction in origination costs.

Open TV shows how we have left “the network era” far behind and entered the networked era, with the web opening up new possibilities for independent producers, entrepreneurs, and media audiences. Based on interviews with writers, producers, show-runners, and network executives, visits to festivals and award shows, and the experience of producing his own series, Aymar Jean Christian argues that the web brought innovation to television by opening up series development to new producers, fans, and sponsors that had previously been excluded. Online access to distribution provides creative freedom for indie producers, allows for more diverse storytelling from marginalized communities, and introduces new ways of releasing and awarding shows.

Smart firms are not worried about the impact of the Internet on pricing, but realise that they have the unique opportunity to exploit new options and improve their marketing performance. Multi-channel pricing is one of the most interesting opportunities firms can exploit in the digital economy. Reviews the existing literature on pricing on the Internet and on multi-channel pricing. Presents the results of an exploratory research on price opportunities perceived by firms. Offers a picture of the possible multi-channel options available to firms and highlights the importance of the value for and of the customer.

La sfida tra le superpotenze, dal primato delle armi tradizionalmente intese, si è evoluta verso il primato della tecnologia digitale integrabile nelle proprie strategie militari. È in atto una vera e propria escalation di risorse, tecnologie e strategie digitali, simile a quanto accadde agli armamenti all'inizio della "guerra fredda convenzionale" tra il mondo occidentale e i regimi comunisti. Alla fine di quella guerra fredda due profonde convinzioni hanno permeato l'Occidente: che la democrazia liberale era destinata a diffondersi per tutto il pianeta, e che la tecnologia digitale era il suo principale strumento di diffusione. Internet avrebbe dato accesso alle informazioni non mediate dai poteri autoritari e avrebbe consentito, si pensi alla "primavera araba", l'organizzazione dei liberi cittadini. In realtà proprio la "primavera araba" egiziana ha mostrato uno dei tratti salienti nelle prime socializzazioni al digitale: le voci moderate venivano sistematicamente superate dall'efficacia dei messaggi più radicali con un effetto di polarizzazione del dibattito. E questo, come abbiamo riscontrato, non è successo solo in Egitto. Al contrario, la Cina ha dimostrato che con una serie di controlli e divieti, ovvero con quella che definiamo la "grande muraglia digitale" cinese, l'autocrazia è del tutto compatibile con l'era di Internet. Il governo cinese ha un controllo attivo su ciò che i cittadini possono fare su Internet. Impiega migliaia di censori e dedica notevoli risorse per controllare il flusso di informazioni e le società occidentali che vogliono fare affari in Cina devono acconsentire ai controlli del governo. E queste acconsentono. Nella nuova guerra fredda ciò che è in gioco non è solo il predominio tecnologico dell'occidente ma, in un momento di grande ansia per lo stato delle democrazie liberali, che la tecnologia digitale, e in particolare l'Intelligenza Artificiale (IA), diventino potenti abilitatori di governi illiberali. Vladimir Putin ha così sintetizzato la sua visione sull'importanza dell'Intelligenza Artificiale: "Colui che diventa il leader in questo campo sarà il dominatore del mondo." La Cina ha pianificato di diventare il maggior centro d'innovazione nel campo dell'IA nel 2030 ma già esistono valutazioni per cui potrebbe superare l'occidente nel 2025 in ragione di due risorse fondamentali: la mole di investimenti dedicati e l'accesso a una quantità di dati illimitati, indispensabili per far progredire velocemente l'IA, e che essa possiede in ragione della diversa politica sulla privacy di cittadini e organizzazioni. Sull'Intelligenza Artificiale l'amministrazione Trump si è mossa lentamente e spinta soprattutto dal Pentagono che negli ultimi mesi ha fatto imprimere un'accelerazione radicale alla competizione con la Cina. Trump ha, infatti, recentissimamente pubblicato il piano denominato "American AI Initiative" che, tra le altre cose, richiede alle agenzie federali di investire di più in ricerca e sviluppo sull'intelligenza artificiale, di condividere dati e modelli con ricercatori esterni, di fissare standard tecnici chiari, di promuovere lo sviluppo della forza lavoro per l'IA, e di dare priorità alla tecnologia. Al contrario della Cina, la Casa Bianca dà l'onere dell'iniziativa al settore privato e riconosce che il ruolo del governo federale è quello di supporto sistemico. Ma tutto questo non è detto che basti, dato che la Cina è in sorpasso sugli Stati Uniti nelle richieste di finanziamento e di brevetti per l'IA. A livello globale, poi, la Silicon Valley deve affrontare una crescente concorrenza per attirare idee, investimenti e operatori di talento.

В настоящей работе исследуются аспекты применения современной технологии цифровой экономики – Интернета вещей.  Целью работы является научное обобщение и систематизация знаний о технологии Интернета вещей, исследование основных элементов ее архитектуры, а также потенциальной экономической выгоды от ее внедрения; анализ юридических аспектов применения Интернета вещей; экономическое обоснование эффективности его использования в различных отраслях производства с оценкой рисков. В соответствии с целью исследования были поставлены следующие задачи: изучить концепцию и историю развития Интернета вещей; научно обобщить имеющуюся информацию об интеллектуальных системах IoT; провести анализ возможностей выгодного применения технологии; рассмотреть потенциальные направления развития Интернета вещей; исследовать риски, связанные с внедрением новой технологии, а также сдерживающие факторы развития; оценить перспективы Интернета вещей в России и мире.

Ключевые слова: интернет вещей, цифровая экономика, цифровизация, индустрия 4.0, технологии, инновации.

This article investigates the aspects of the Internet of things (IoT) application.  The purpose of this work is scientific generalization and systematization of the existing knowledge of the IoT; examination of the main elements of its architecture and the potential economic benefits accrued from its implementation; analysis of the legal aspects; economic justification of IoT efficiency in various industries and the assessment of the potential risks. The following tasks were set in accordance with the purpose of the study: to study the concept and the history of the IoT; to summarize the available information on the intelligent IoT systems; to analyze the possibilities of beneficial use of this technology; to examine the potential directions of the IoT development; to explore the risks associated with the technology implementation, as well as the development constraints; to assess the prospects of the IoT development.

Key words: Internet of things, IoT, digital economy, digitalization, industry 4.0, technology, innovation.

This report is about the ethics and transparency of corporate political organising. Its case study is Airbnb, one of the biggest companies in the ‘platform’ economy, who resources, mobilises and coordinates its landlords as political advocates to lobby for its preferred forms of regulation. Since 2008, numbers of short-term lettings, many of which might otherwise house permanent residents, have expanded dramatically. The associated problems, around housing shortages, tourism, taxation and urban conviviality, have led to social movement opposition and local attempts to regulate.

Airbnb’s use of grassroots lobbying, where businesses influence democratic institutions by creating and coordinating apparently independent social movements to act on their behalf, has been key in their response. Airbnb presents carefully curated and intensively coordinated groups of landlords with a single room or property as ‘people power’: independent grassroots groups who share its policy preferences. This offers the company legitimacy and additional political influence to protect a business model that is increasingly dominated by professional accommodation providers.

There are many signs indicating that something new has happened in the United States economy during the last decade. While the surge in labor and total factor productivity growth rates in the latter half of the 1990s was impressive and widely interpreted as a sign of a 'New Economy,' it remains to be seen whether it was a fleeting phenomenon or the beginning of a new trend. But there are other indicators that are less cyclical in nature and that appear more likely to persist.

Financial inclusion becomes a global agenda to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs). In Asia, many countries are engaging financial inclusion as a strategy to reach inclusive growth. Digitalization now brings digital financial inclusion. Peer-to-peer (P2P) lending and philanthropy platforms become a new face of digital financial inclusion in Asia. As the third-largest population in Asia and Southeast Asia’s biggest economy, Indonesia has remarkable untapped financial technology prospects in P2P lending and philanthropy platforms. Indonesia represents a major global economy in Asia, where financial inclusion works and the digital economy has begun to arise and has become the most generous country through Islamic philanthropy. Therefore, by using Indonesia as a case study, this chapter describes P2P lending and philanthropy platform by focusing on three issues: (1) entry barriers; (2) developing digital financial inclusion ecosystems; and (3) social and economic impacts. Overall, this chapter has a mission to invite the public to be involved in financial inclusion as a form of shared social responsibility through digital financial inclusion. The aim is not oriented for commercial financing to the people who are the target of financial inclusion, but as social financing for empowering them to reach a better living standard.

The present working paper seeks to analyze the content of the proposal for Directive launched by the European Commission in March 21 st 2018 on the new threshold on significant digital presence that is expected to complement the current permanent establishment concept. This paper aims to accomplish the following three objectives. Firstly, identify the alleged policy objectives underlying the proposal and further analyze whether it effectively serves to accomplish such objectives. Secondly, analyze the suggested rule so as to anticipate the risks that may arise if implemented in its current form (from the perspective of its interpretation, administration and auditing, inter alia). Thirdly, put forward a number of suggestions that may help mitigate the aforementioned risks or else improve the proposal in some other ways.
A reviewed and updated version of this paper will be published in Almudí Cid, J.M; Ferreras Gutiérrez, J.; Hernández González-Barreda, P. (forthcoming 2018): Combating Tax Avoidance in the EU: Harmonisation and Cooperation in Direct Taxation (Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International)

The rapid growth of electronic commerce (e-commerce) across the globe has led to a growing demand for better understanding of this phenomenon. While the assertion in the popular press is that there seems to be an understanding among Kenyans that online shopping activity is fundamentally different from that in a conventional ‘brick-and-mortar’ stores retail environment, there is need to empirically examine this issue more comprehensively. This exploratory study sought to establish the state of e-commerce in Kenya by examining the online shopping attitudes, behaviors and usage patterns. This was done by exploring the underlying motivations, beliefs, attitudes, and feelings on e-commerce among key decision-makers in selected firms and subsequently presenting an overview of the current state of affairs as well as future prospects. The study was qualitative in nature and the primary data collection was undertaken by conducting key informant interviews with 12 purposively selected respondents from six e-commerce firms using a semi-structured interview guide, thereby providing adequate insight into the e-commerce sub-sector in Kenya. Relevant secondary data was also collected via extensive documentary analysis. Qualitative content analysis of the interview responses revealed six key themes, namely customer perceptions, usage diversity, prevailing attitudes, usage drivers, market development and market prospects. The study has important theoretical, managerial and policy implications on e-commerce in Kenya.

Edited Volume - This comprehensive book considers new and emerging IP issues from a development perspective, examining recent trends and developments in this area. Presenting an overview of the IP landscape in general, the contributing authors subsequently narrow their focus, providing wide-ranging case studies from countries across Africa, Asia and Latin America on topical issues in the current IP discourse. These include the impact of IP on the pharmaceutical sector, the protection of life forms and traditional knowledge, geographical indications, access to knowledge and public research institutes, and the role of competition policy. The challenges developing countries face in the TRIPS-Plus world are also explored in detail.

Одной из ключевых особенностей развития цифровой экономики является процесс «платформизации», оказывающий существенное трансформирующее воздействие на традиционные рынки товаров и услуг, отрасли экономики и бизнес-модели под влиянием развития и распространения цифровых платформ.
В настоящее время крупнейшими по показателю рыночной капитализации компаниями в мире являются преимущественно платформенные компании (Apple, Alphabet, Microsoft, Amazon, Facebook и др.).

«DATA-DRIVEN ECONOMY»: BIG DATA, DIGITAL PLATFORMS, DIGITAL RENT
Abstract
This paper aims to study the main parameters of the «Data-driven Economy» and the prospects for its development. The authors propose to include Big data, as well as tools for their processing and analysis, to a new type of capital - information and digital capital (IDC). The authors also introduce the concept of digital rent, obtained by digital platforms due to the exclusive right to use unique and valuable information and digital capital (IDC).
Keywords: data-driven economy, digital technologies, big data, digital plat-forms, information and digital capital, digital rent

«ЭКОНОМИКА ДАННЫХ»: BIG DATA, ЦИФРОВЫЕ ПЛАТФОРМЫ И ЦИФРОВАЯ РЕНТА
Аннотация
Целью настоящей работы является изучение основных параметров «экономики данных» и перспектив ее развития. Авторами предлагается отнести большие данные, а также инструменты их обработки и анализа, к новой разновидности капитала – информационно-цифрового капитала. Также авторами вводится понятие цифровой ренты, получаемой цифровыми платформами за счет обладания исключительным правом на использование уникального и ценного информационно-цифрового капитала.
Ключевые слова: экономика данных, цифровые технологии, большие данные, цифровые платформы, информационно-цифровой капитал, цифровая рента.