Evacuation

Traffic signal setting is an important element in traffic planning of urban road networks in ordinary conditions and/or in emergency conditions. As traffic signal setting affects user behaviour mainly at the path choice dimension, this dependence has to be studied by means of assignment models. We thus present a system of models and procedures for signal setting optimization with assignment of travel demand to a congested road transport network. Two interacting procedures are developed to solve the system of models: (i) an optimization procedure to obtain an optimal configuration of signal setting parameters and (ii) an assignment procedure, incorporating a path choice model with explicit path enumeration and a flow propagation model, to capture the effects of signal setting configuration on user path choice behaviour. The system of models and procedures is applied and validated on a real test site, where the transport system is in dynamic conditions due to the time-varying road network and travel demand. The test site is a portion of a small-size town where the population needs to be evacuated due to an imminent calamitous event. The results show considerable reductions in total delays on the network and evacuation times in the case of optimized signal setting parameters.

SUMMARY This article explores how egress drills—specifically those related to fire incidents—are currently used, their impact on safety levels, and the insights gained from them. It is suggested that neither the merits of egress drills are well understood, nor the impact on egress performance well characterized. In addition, the manner in which they are conducted varies both between and within regulatory jurisdictions. By investigating their strengths and limitations, this article suggests opportunities for their enhancement possibly through the use of other egress models to support and expand upon the benefits provided. It is by no means suggested that drills are not important to evacuation safety —only that their inconsistent use and the interpretation of the results produced may mean we (as researchers, practitioners, regulators, and stakeholders) are not getting the maximum benefit out of this important tool.

This paper examines the historiography surrounding early wartime evacuation, notably, the most significant of the ‘people’ issues in order to assess those factors that were sufficiently detrimental so as to cause an original decision to escape from jeopardy to be reversed. The essay examines the themes of planning; transport and billeting; complaints and prejudice; hostility to accompanying mothers; vermin and health concerns; the early return home.

Performance-based design (PBD) has been playing an important function in fire safety of buildings, and how to accurately simulate occupants’ behavior gains attention from fire engineers. With booming development of evacuation software, developing an extensive database for evacuation models is imperative and urgent. According to the literature, the whole process of evacuation includes several stages, such as pre-movement, action period, walking period, etc. In order to develop an evacuation model, data in these stages concerning pre-movement time, walking speed, occupant characteristics, actions and exit choice decisions are compiled in this paper. These data can be used as input parameters for evacuation models in PBD or in validating the evacuation models’ accuracy.

Rapidly changing detrimental safety conditions on an evacuation route might cause casualties and provoke panic. This is why we need to take into account these conditions for real-time route optimization. The objective of this paper is to facilitate efficient people evacuation through dynamic optimization of evacuation routes based on the safety conditions on the route and stress-related evacuees' responses to the same. We propose a multi-agent based evacuation route optimization architecture for smart space networks that considers the influence of stress on human reactions to the recommended routes. This architecture is meant as a real-time decision support in route selection that recommends routes to evacuees, possibly through smart phone or smart building displays. The functioning of the architecture is shown on an example of a simple smart space network.

SUMMARY This article explores how egress drills—specifically those related to fire incidents—are currently used, their impact on safety levels, and the insights gained from them. It is suggested that neither the merits of egress drills are well understood, nor the impact on egress performance well characterized. In addition, the manner in which they are conducted varies both between and within regulatory jurisdictions. By investigating their strengths and limitations, this article suggests opportunities for their enhancement possibly through the use of other egress models to support and expand upon the benefits provided. It is by no means suggested that drills are not important to evacuation safety —only that their inconsistent use and the interpretation of the results produced may mean we (as researchers, practitioners, regulators, and stakeholders) are not getting the maximum benefit out of this important tool.

Contribution to the end-war evacuation of German villages of the Bakony mountains – reflected in ecclesiastical sources and personal recollections

There is only a few books about the civilians’ fate in the Second World War. Germans in Hungary as a separate nationality had a marked role: the Volksbund, having turned from a corporation for emancipation into a political formation, organised the folk-Germans’ relocation to the Reich. The motion of the battle-line made new impetus for this „idea”, and rescuing from October 1944 was organised on voluntary basis. The Nazi government initiated „general” relocation, and the Hungarian government ordered German-speaking Hungarian citizens to be relocated to Germany from the Veszprém, Mór, Tata, Szentendre districts and the Buda region. The process was organised by the SS-Umsiedlungskommando. The direction fell ignominiously, local Germans were unwilling to get into the trains, hence the SS started harder manners when the blockade closed around Budapest. The direction was finally accomplished by forces in the Tata, Mór and Veszprém districts.
The essay presents the stages and results of the evacuating and relocating attempt based on Historiae Domus of the parishes and authentic oral history sources. The process of the relocation and evacuation from the Südostraum (South-Eastern-Europe) is outlined in the first part. Then the decree of relocation is investigated from the prospectives of the villages in the Bakony
(Veszprém county, Hungary), and a list is assembled of the concerned settlements based on ecclesiastical sources and personal recalls. Relocational processes at the turn of 1944/1945, together with the battleline changes, were organised actions supported with due propaganda. These events concerning the expulsion of Germans of Hungary had a greater role than scholars have so far established. Following the failure of the evacuation of the Budapest region, the executing SS-Umsiedlungskommando applied force against inhabitants of the Transdanubian territory. This resulted in the fact that not only politically conspicuous people, but families dreading from the war took the road more or less voluntarily. It was after the Operation Conrad and the Battle of the Balaton that general evacuation was ordered in the region. According to the author’s estimation altogether 30 or 40 thousand, including 3000–3100 persons from the Bakony region left the country at this time. The Hungarian administration and church leaders after the war marked refugees as members of the Volksbund without distinctions. Evacuated Germans, according to oral history sources, got to territories of Bohemia, Bavaria, Eastern German regions or to Austria, and most of them returned to Hungary as circumstances eased. Yet, the Hungarian state collectively regarded them war criminals and made them interned. Many (again) underwent relocation from the country or their houses during 1946 and 1948. The processes presented by this essay require further investigations. The topic and the intensity of relocation and evacuation should be examined on microhistorical level. Nevertheless it is obvious that the mentioned events contributed to the condemnation, expulsion and disfranchisement of Germans of Hungary after the world war.

When the Japanese state prepared for large-scale war with both China and, later, the United States, their belief that the ocean would protect the home islands from direct attack. Because of this, Japan stressed economic and mental preparation to its citizens and inculcated within them both a spirit of racial and ethnic superiority and an innate sense of duty and dedication to the state. However, when Allied bombers attacked Japan directly, the state chose to evacuate children to the countryside. Unfortunately, these evacuations were ill-prepared, underfunded, under-provisioned, and, worst of all, made the evacuees undesirable citizens who were not pulling their weight in the war effort. Still, through it all, the Japanese state thought of children as war materiel, and not as a part of a post-defeat future. In the end, the Japanese state used evacuated children to support its war efforts and cared little for their education or well being.

SUMMARY This article explores how egress drills—specifically those related to fire incidents—are currently used, their impact on safety levels, and the insights gained from them. It is suggested that neither the merits of egress drills are well understood, nor the impact on egress performance well characterized. In addition, the manner in which they are conducted varies both between and within regulatory jurisdictions. By investigating their strengths and limitations, this article suggests opportunities for their enhancement possibly through the use of other egress models to support and expand upon the benefits provided. It is by no means suggested that drills are not important to evacuation safety —only that their inconsistent use and the interpretation of the results produced may mean we (as researchers, practitioners, regulators, and stakeholders) are not getting the maximum benefit out of this important tool.

Indonesia merupakan daerah rawan gempa bumi dan tsunami karena berada pada cincin api pasifik dan merupakan pertemuan lempeng Indo-Autralia, lempeng Eurasia dan Lempeng Pasifik. Beberapa wilayah yang memiliki resiko tinggi akan bahaya gempa bumi dan tsunami seperti pantai barat Sumatera, pantai selatan Jawa hingga Nusa Tenggara, Kepulauan Maluku dan Papua.
Prinsip evakuasi tsunami adalah dengan meninggalkan wilayah rawan tsunami menuju wilayah yang aman. Hal tersebut secara sederhana dipahami dengan meninggalkan wilayah yang dekat  dengan pantai menuju dataran yang jauh dari pantai sehingga aman dari gelombang tsunami. Evakuasi jenis ini dikenal dengan sebutan evakuasi horizontal.
Sebagaimana kita ketahui bahwa beberapa ibu kota provinsi, ibu kota kabupaten/kota di pulau Sumatera hingga Nusa Tenggara berlokasi di pinggir pantai dan/atau dekat dengan pantai. Evakuasi horizontal nampaknya sulit diterapkan  dilihat dari segi topografi dan akses ke lokasi yang aman cukup jauh dan membutuhkan waktu yang tidak sedikit. Oleh sebab itu evakuasi vertical menjadi solusi jika terjadi tsunami.

A dissertation submitted to the Doctoral Programme in Informatics Engineering (ProDEI), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

Thesis Supervisor: Rosaldo J. F. Rossetti, PhD (FEUP). Thesis Co-Supervisor: A. Leça Coelho, PhD (LNEC).

Abstract
This thesis proposes the use of Serious Games as a behaviour elicitation tool in addition to the traditional methods such as direct observations or stated-preference questionnaires. The resulting knowledge is needed to improve behavioural models of intelligent agents mimicking pedestrians. From the literature review and subsequent gap analysis, a methodological approach was envisaged leading to the Conceptualisation of a novel methodology for human behaviour elicitation coined SPEED (Simulation of Pedestrians and Elicitation of their Emergent Dynamics) aimed at revealing human behaviour and capturing the complex activities of pedestrians in the real world. As a case study, the behaviour of pedestrians when searching the best path to exit from a building was chosen. Building egress, or evacuation, has gained increasing interest by the research community, with important implications to architecture and building management, related to safety. Stakeholders, including architects and fire engineers, need simulation tools to validate building safety, namely evacuation simulators. The agent-based evacuation simulators, although attempting to implement some sort of intelligence into the agents mimicking humans, lack realism and knowledge on behavioural aspects related to humans. SPEED proposes to address this problem, using Serious Games. A set of experiments conceived with the help of an international expert panel, based on the Delphi method, were put up to test the methodology. After a pilot test, three experiments were made using Serious Games and questionnaires. The results were statistically analysed evidencing the subjects preferences and applied into an agent-based simulator developed using NetLogo. These agents were modelled by using the peer-designed agents (PDA) concept that emerged recently within the artificial intelligence community. The SPEED approach can be used for knowledge elicitation of pedestrian behaviours in other contexts, besides egress, within social simulation, based on the PDA concept.

Keywords: Agent-Based Modelling and Simulation, Behavioural Modelling, Behavioural Elicitation, Serious Games, Evacuation Scenarios.

One of the primary objectives of fire safety is to guarantee the evacuation of all the occupants from a building safely. Although fire safety rules and regulations exist, they remain insufficient to guarantee the safety of all building occupants and do not prevent the dramatic events to be repeated. Especially in health care facilities, e.g. hospitals, care homes, etc., the evacuation procedure is more complex than in an ordinary building. This is due to multiple reasons such as the large number of patients requiring assistance to evacuate or the time required to prepare patients for assisted evacuation. Traditionally, hospitals focused on horizontal evacuation. Patients should initially be moved from areas of risk to safe areas. Furthermore, staff to occupant ratio may be low, especially at night, limiting the ability to instigate a rapid staff response and evacuation of occupants. Considering the limited number of studies on assisted evacuations, this work aims to provide a deeper insight on the modeling issues to simulate such an event. Based upon a preliminary risk analysis using the Fire Risk Assessment Method for Engineering (FRAME), the most critical floor will be selected and modeled using Pathfinder, an agent-based evacuation model. Furthermore, the impact of different percentage of People with Reduced Mobility will be investigated. Moreover, since the number of staff may significantly vary in the same scenarios (e.g. during the night), different ratios of staff to occupant's will be studied to show the impact of this parameter on the evacuation process.

Purpose: A number of programs are available on the market to estimate individual parameters of the evacuation process. Starting from the estimated time of evacuation from the building, to the distribution of the use of individual evacuation routes, to the impact of the spreading of fire on evacuees. The most commonly used programs for modeling the evacuation process include Simulex, FDS + Evac, and Vissim. Currently, evacuation modeling software does not take into account psychological interactions between evacuees. What is of special importance in the evacuation process is emotional contagion. The phenomenon of emotional contagion has been the subject of extensive research recently. This article presents the current progress on the development of an accurate model that takes into account the effect of emotional contagion. Problems hindering the development of an appropriate model are also presented. The development prospects for such tools are also discussed using the example of the available models, such as ESCAPE, ASCRIBE and Durupinar. Introduction: The design of modern buildings requires the participants of the investment process to implement a number of solutions to ensure the safety of their future users. All types of modelling tools are used for this purpose, including those for evacuation modelling. Progress in the design of escape routes has contributed to the design of buildings that are much safer than they used to be in the past. Proper building design requires an analysis of a number of fire scenarios. The development of evacuation models is indispensable for proper safety assurance in designed and constructed buildings. Methodology: This article reviews the available literature on the existing models taking into account the effect of emotional contagion. It analyses and compares existing models and discusses limitations that prevent their use for evacuation safety analysis. Conclusions: Current evacuation modelling software does not take into account emotional contagion, an important phenomenon that occurs between evacuees. This phenomenon is common in everyday life but is particularly important during events involving crowds of people. It is necessary to further develop existing models to allow a more accurate reflection of reality, also in the context of emotional contagion. What may be helpful in this respect is research in the field of the psychology of emotion.

pages 37-40
EVIDENCE-BASED SCIENCE EXPLAINING
HOW AND WHY IN-FLIGHT PHYSIOLOGICAL
STRESSORS AFFECT THE HUMAN SYSTEM HAS
REMAINED A MYSTERY

Preface:
The US Air Force (USAF) Aeromedical Evacuation (AE) System is a
significant part of the nation’s primary mode of patient movement
within the theatre of operations (intra-theatre) or between two theatres
(inter-theatre) to medical treatment facilities (MTF) where essential and/
or definitive care can be administered. Through AE crews and Critical
Care Air Transport Teams (CCATT), the AE force provides mission critical en route patient care, scalable En Route Patient Staging Systems
(ERPSS), and transport of contaminated and contagious patients using
the Transport Isolation System. Air Force AE clinical protocols are guided by Air Mobility Command, the lead command responsible for clinical and operational policy, organising, training and equipping AE forces and CCATT. The Air Force AE department charged with improving En Route Care (EC) for the Joint Force is the 711th Human Performance
Wing, Division of EC, USAF School of Aerospace Medicine (USAFSAM)
Aeromedical Research Department at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
(AFB) in Dayton, Ohio.

Sources:
Fouts, Brittany; Butler, William; Connor, Susan; Smith, Danny;
Maupin, Genny; Greenwell, Brandon; Serres, Jennifer; Dukes, Susan.
Final Report Aug 2017, March 2014 to August 2017; Assessment of
Aeromedical Evacuation Transport Patient Outcomes with and without
Cabin Altitude Restriction, [Online] REPORT DOCUMENTATION
PAGE.1-4; 8; 22-23. Interview 15 Feb 2018; Armitage, Nicole H.;
Averett-Brauer, Tamara; Burch, David. Air Force Research Laboratory,
711th Human Performance Wing, U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace
Medicine, Aeromedical Research Department, Wright-Patterson AFB,
OH. Available from: http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1039508.pdf
Access: 28 Jan 2018.

Herding behaviour during exit choice is investigated.A theoretical explanation of herding behaviour is provided.Different aptitudes to herd have been found and analysed.A logit model to predict the occurrences of herding behaviour is proposed.Findings of this work prove that environmental and personal variables influence herding behaviour.Modelling human behaviour in emergencies has become an important issue in safety engineering. Good behavioural models can help increase the safety of transportation systems and buildings in extreme situations like fires or terrorist attacks. Although it is well known that the interaction with other decision makers affects human behaviour, the role of social influences during evacuations still needs to be investigated. This paper contributes to fill this gap by analysing the occurrence of Herding Behaviour (HB) in exit choice. Theoretical explanations of HB are presented together with some modelling approaches used in different fields where HB is relevant. A discrete choice stated preference experiment is then carried out to study the role of HB in the decision-making process concerning exit choice during evacuation. A binary logit model is proposed showing that the occurrences of HB are affected by both environmental and personal factors. In particular, the model shows that the personal aptitude to HB can have a key role in selecting an exit.

At the noon of January 12, 2020, Taal Volcano that has been virtually silent for over forty-three years has once again erupted which started as a phreatic eruption. In a matter of hours, by 18:30 UTC +8, the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) has upgraded the situation from Alert level 1 since March 2019 to Alert Level 4 as volcano as released steam and ash plumes that reached to over 3 kilometers high in the atmosphere and enveloping a large area of the island of Luzon in the Philippines with its plumes and spreading ashfall as far as 80 kilometers north of its location. Over 173 barangays (villages) around the 14-kilometer was forced evacuated due to signs of unrest even after the phreato-magmatic eruption took place a day later from its initial eruption. For over 2 weeks since the eruption, the alert level remained at level 4 as the government prepares for still a possible major eruption within hours to days as sensors still suggest that an impending eruption will still take place.
Since 2013 during the Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda, PH) crisis, Schadow1 Expeditions has been active on mapping missions during major occurrence of hazardous events in the country. This is to supply responders with a navigation map that assists them on their missions to ensure a flawless delivery of humanitarian missions. Primarily mapping blocked roads and evacuation centers through the help of mapping volunteers, this allowed responders to have a birds-eye view of the situation allowing effective routing to and from evacuation sites and danger zones.

Podczas I wojny światowej administrację guberni suwalskiej ewakuowano do Riazania (Rosja). Po przejęciu władzy przez bolszewików w Rosji w 1917 r. podjęto decyzję o likwidacji carskich guberni. Przedmiotem badania jest kasata guberni suwalskiej, organizacja i praca Komisji do Spraw Likwidacji Ewakuowanych Urzędów Guberni Suwalskiej w Riazaniu w 1918 r. Podstawą źródłową są materiały archiwalne przechowywane w Archiwum Państwowym w Białymstoku.

Cet article s’attache à comprendre les processus de mise à l’abri patrimoniale enclenchés lors des évacuations des collections publiques françaises lors du conflit de 1870 et des deux guerres mondiales. L’auteur s’intéresse également à la mise en place intellectuelle des listes d’évacuation et à leur éventuelle évolution à travers l’Europe. Expression d’une première réflexion, ce travail s’organise autour d’un état des lieux historiographique — quelle littérature, quelles sources existent et peuvent nourrir nos recherches — puis d’une histoire des évacuations de 1870, 1914 et 1940, afin de saisir la matérialité de ces épisodes et découvrir de nouveaux éléments pour une histoire politique du patrimoine et une histoire idéologique du goût, tout en soulevant des enjeux nationaux et transnationaux des politiques patrimoniales contemporaines.

Evacuating museums: which heritage to save and a history of taste, 1870-1940
This article examines how heritage was protected when major French public collections were evacuated during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and the two World Wars. The author focuses on the decision-making process for establishing lists of works to be evacuated and how they varied across Europe. This preliminary research report comprises a review of the historiography, existing literature and sources available for research, a history of the 1870, 1914 and 1940 evacuations, in order to describe the practical details of the operations and discover new elements for a political history of heritage and an ideological history of taste, with all the national and international controversies of contemporary heritage policies.

This paper examines the opportunities for addressing evacuations by leveraging the sharing economy. To support this research, we use a mixed-method approach employing archival research of sharing economy actions, 24 high-ranking expert interviews, and a survey of individuals impacted by Hurricane Irma in 2017 (n=645). Using these data, we contribute to the literature in four key ways. First, we summarize sharing economy company actions in 30 U.S. disasters. Second, we discuss results from 24 expert interviews on 11 sharing economy benefits (ranging from resource redundancy to positive company press coverage) and 13 limitations (ranging from driver reliability to the digital divide). Experts included six directors/executives of emergency/transportation agencies, two executives of sharing economy companies, and eight senior-level agency leaders. Third, we use these interviews, specifically negative opinions of the sharing economy, to inform our Hurricane Irma survey, which contributes empirical evidence of the feasibility of shared resources. Despite just 1.1% and 5.4% of respondents using transportation network companies (TNCs, also known as ridesourcing and ridehailing) and homesharing respectively during the Irma evacuation, some respondents were extremely willing to offer their own resources including transportation before evacuating (29.1%), transportation while evacuating (23.6%), and shelter for free (19.2%) in a future disaster. We also find spare capacity of private assets exists for future evacuations with just 11.1% and 16% of respondents without spare seatbelts and beds/mattresses, respectively. Finally, we conclude with practice-ready policy recommendations for public agencies to leverage shared resources including: communication partnerships, surge flagging (i.e., identifying and reducing unfair price increases), and community- based sharing systems.

В статье исследованы беженство и эвакуация-две основные формы вынужденных миграций гражданского населения восточных регионов России в 1918-1922 гг. Автор проанализировал приблизительные количественные параметры этого явления на разных этапах Гражданской войны, показал, что вынужденная миграция оборачивалась массовой нисходящей вертикальной мобильностью, а кроме того, резко ухудшала положение населения принимающих регионов, продуцируя нисходящую мобильность вовне. Ключевые слова: социальная мобильность, миграции, Гражданская война, беженство, эвакуация, Поволжье, Урал, Сибирь, Дальний Восток.
The article investigates refugees and evacuation as two main forms of forced migrations of civil society from eastern regions of Russia in 1918–1922. The author analyzes approximate quantitative data of the race at different stages of Civil war and points out that the forced migration turned into mass downward vertical mobility, as well as dete-
riorated inhabitants’ conditions in receiving regions, producing downward mobility outside.
Keywords: social mobility, migrations, Civil war, refugees, evacuation, Povolzhye, Ural, Siberia, Far East.

Student dormitories are intensely used buildings that meet the resting, accommodation and living needs of students. It is necessary to ensure the safety of students and to eliminate possible risks in dormitories as intensive use areas. Fires pose a great risk in dormitories and may cause serious casualties and injuries. The reduction of casualties and injuries can be achieved by analyzing occupant behaviour during fires according to the building use scenarios. In this paper, a type of dormitory that provides two alternative exits is explored. The building use scenarios of the dormitory were investigated by making on-site observations. Students’ use of sleeping units, dining units and partial sleeping/dining units and fire exit routes were determined. Pathfinder computer program was used to analyze the fire evacuation performance. This program was defined in accordance with occupant behaviour and different fire evacuation times were suggested depending on the building use scenarios. At the end of the study, based on the evacuation times, the flow rate at the exit doors according to the location of the occupants was analyzed. In the fire escape routes, as the upper floors are reached from the lower floors, the occupant flow rate decreases at the exit doors and the flow rates continue to be stable as the number of occupants is saturated according to the door width. The decrease in the number of occupants in the dining unit decreases the flow rate at the exit doors. It is important that various assembly units in dormitories, such as the dining unit, are designed on floors that can directly provide evacuation to a safe area. The results obtained are suitable for all dormitories, residences, hotels and other similar buildings.

Structural fires cause excessive life and property loss. The reduction of life and property loss in fire, risk management is achieved by evacuation scenarios and occupant profile in proper and real manner. Assembly buildings should be considered and evaluated as areas of intensive use, especially for evacuation scenarios and occupant profile. Within the scope of the study, the occupant profile for mosques as an assembly building with independent exits created with single space was analysed, fire safety risks were identified and evacuation scenarios were determined. The occupant profile and evacuation scenarios are crossed and evacuation risk combinations are created for mosques. Within the context of evacuation risk combinations, the building occupant load was calculated according to the occupant load coefficients of the fire regulations of Turkey, USA, UK, New Zealand, Singapore and Australia via the Canik Central Mosque sample. Building occupant loads were calculated according to regulations and evacuation times were calculated through Pathfinder simulation program. It was found that there were large differences between the resulting evacuation times. The study concluded that differences in occupant load coefficients found in fire regulation greatly affected evacuation times. In mosques whose floors have independent exits, especially the upper floor (mahfil) is the determinant of evacuation times. The need to design alternative exits where two exits are not sufficient for the mahfil has been determined. As the transition to performance-based fire regulation systems has accelerated, it has been determined that occupant load coefficients are an important parameter in calculating evacuation times for mosques.

Evakuasi Mandiri adalah suatu proses penyelamatan diri masyarakat (dan perikehidupan/ livelihood) yang dilakukan dengan cepat dan terarah dengan menggunakan sumberdaya yang digerakkan oleh masyarakat terhadap terjadinya suatu ancaman yang dapat mengakibatkan risiko bencana.

We conducted surveys of 136 residents of and visitors to Napier, Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand, to understand hazard awareness and intended evacuation behaviour in a hypothetical local earthquake and tsunami. The results provide a unique investigation of evacuation intentions in the context of local tsunami hazard in New Zealand. The data support observations from previous surveys and international literature, and provide new data on intended evacuation destinations, travel mode and opinions of tsunami vertical evacuation buildings.
There were high levels of recall of hazard information among residents in Napier and although the results suggest a low level of information provision to visitors by the tourist industry, there is a high level of tsunami hazard awareness among both groups. There is a reasonably good understanding of potential tsunami arrival times, but an expectation that official tsunami warnings will be given via sirens or TV/radio in the case of local tsunami. Intended behaviour suggests that ground shaking might trigger appropriate earthquake response actions but people may not extend their actions to include appropriate tsunami evacuation response. Location at the time of the earthquake and gender influence respondents’ intention to evacuate and their intended travel mode. A moderate proportion of respondents stated that they would evacuate to high ground and some respondents identified their home or prominent locations in the city as intended evacuation destinations, despite those locations being within the tsunami hazard zone. Respondents were receptive to vertical evacuation as an alternative to high ground, but generally consider it a last resort and expressed concern about structural integrity and sufficient height.

The development and expansion of underground (subway) stations, often located deep underground, has been possible with the introduction of escalators capable of efficiently transporting large volumes of people [1]. As a result, underground stations are reliant upon escalators for circulation and in many cases emergency evacuation. Despite this, few studies have attempted to quantify human factors associated with escalator usage (microscopic analysis), the majority of past studies focusing on establishing capacity (macroscopic analysis) rather than usage behaviours [2-4]. As such, it is uncertain how human factors associated with escalator usage impact escalator performance in both circulation and evacuation situations. It is also uncertain whether human factors associated with escalator usage has a cultural component. To address these issues, escalator human factors data within three underground stations in Spain (Barcelona) [5], China (Shanghai) [6] and England (London) have been collected. In each location the same methodology for data collection and analysis was used. This paper presents an overview of the analysis for the English dataset. Furthermore, using the data collected along with the newly developed escalator model available within the buildingEXODUS evacuation software [6, 7], a series of evacuation scenarios of a hypothetical underground station are presented. The evacuation analysis is intended to explore the impact of using escalators with a variety of realistic human factors.

There is no doubt that as the world’s population continues to grow and expand in hazardous environments, so too does our vulnerability to disaster. Researching disaster risk is therefore an ongoing challenge requiring a continual process of generating understanding of the changing environmental and societal characteristics that influence disaster vulnerability. Iceland, as the land of fire and ice, is of no exception. With a changing population, exponential growth in tourism and a volcanic eruption on average every 3–4 years, disaster risk research is of critical importance. Based on questionnaire survey results, interviews with key stakeholders and data derived from Statistics Iceland, this paper considers how residents might respond to a future eruption by examining their experience of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruptions against the changing demographic, economic and political landscape. While authorities were pleased with public response to evacuation orders in 2010, some residents did not evacuate. The reasons for not evacuating were due to caring for others or thinking the warnings were not applicable. Yet, most residents showed respect for authority and acknowledged the necessity of the evacuations. The relatively small, homogenous population of Iceland coupled with its peoples’ desire to cooperate contributed to this success. Within these communities, people are bound together by common beliefs, values and activities. However, the changing social landscape will test this phenomenon. In particular, the region’s economic base is evolving from traditional farming practices to one that is increasingly reliant on tourism. Demographic changes most notably include greater international migration to the South, as well as from the capital region. As the communities diversify, so too will people’s beliefs, values and activities. This paper explores the challenges this diversity brings with respect to generating a proactive public response to future evacuation orders. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of capturing narratives of actions and activities to enhance our understanding of the process of decision-making and the situational factors that add to its complexity.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-018-0205-6

Climate change is predicted to increase migration throughout the world with intensified natural disaster impacts, agricultural changes, and sea level rise. While the greatest disaster impacts will affect populations in poorer nations, internal migration has resulted from environmental change and disasters in the United States; and climate change will likely amplify this movement. Yet, policymakers have been slow or even averse to addressing the governance challenges resulting from rising population displacement. In this paper, I discuss the legal framework necessary to support resilience from disasters in the United States. I draw on evidence from previous disasters to adapt the Risk and Reconstruction model (Cernea 1997) for use in the US. My model develops from an understanding of environmental migration, like disaster, as a social phenomenon in which environmental impacts are filtered through social structures to force the most vulnerable populations to permanently migrate. The social vulnerability perspective is used to evaluate whether current policies address resilience related to housing, finances, health, and discrimination following displacement. Specifically, I analyze federal disaster (including new FEMA programs), social welfare, and discrimination policy, to highlight a gap between the country's response to disasters and the current welfare state social safety nets. Although current policies show potential for addressing risk and resilience, the rescinding of social services leave displacees vulnerable to further marginalization. I conclude that incorporating international standards for internally displaced persons is necessary to fully support domestic policy aimed at disaster displacement resilience.