Forehead

Aim: To establish a new clinical index to evaluate the presence of hypo-hypertelorism with greater accuracy. Material and Methods: After screening a wide range of population, 310 elementary school children (185 boys, 125 girls) aged 7–15 years were included in this study. For this cross-sectional study, a millimetre ruler was used. The anatomical interpupillary distance was measured by a modified Viktorin's method. In addition, inner and outer intercanthal distances were obtained. The data were analyzed by Student's t -test for two independent samples using SPSS for Windows. There were children with clinical hypertelorism (n=92, group 1), children with large fronto-occipital circumference (FOC) (n=101, group 2), and age- and sex-matched normal controls (n=117, group 3). Due to variations in FOC among healthy subjects, we introduced a new practical concept for evaluation of interpupillary distance, namely the interpupillary index, the simple product obtained by dividing the...

Evidence materials in a presumed suicide case were studied by a firearm examiner and a forensic chemist. The victim's body with double gunshot wounding in his forehead, a machine gun in the sustained fire mode with a silencer, and four cartridge cases were found. Examinations of the evidence, the case file studies, and experiments dedicated to the case were carried out. Relationships between the placement of cartridge cases and the gun were established using a fast camera. The distributions of gunshot residues on the evidence materials and within the comparative gunshot patterns were studied by means of optical and electron microscopy, X-ray microanalysis, and infrared spectroscopy. The shooting distance was assessed to be 30 cm or more, whereas the greatest distance that could have been achieved by the victim himself was about 11-13 cm. The obtained results supported the version of homicide rather than suicide.

The eyelid-eyebrow region is the center for facial expression. Youth and beauty are associated with smooth, wrinkle-free skin and proportional facial features. The position of the eyebrows conveys emotion, and consequently, even a minor change in brow position can alter the expression of an individual's face. Repositioning the eyebrows and reducing the prominence of the glabellar frown lines can change the expression from one of anger and hostility to one that is more pleasant and natural. Various methods have been used for rejuvenation of the upper face. The height or length of the forehead is a useful guide for choosing the appropriate technique. We performed the coronal browlift using the subgaleal dissection plane, with subperiosteal dissection of 2.5 cm of the periosteal band over the supraorbital rim. We believe that this technique provided us with the benefits of the two dissection planes, with a more permanent result.

Forehead is a part of the human body that never been used in forensics or studied for its potential usefulness in forensics.
No one ever talked about the variability of forehead morphology among individuals or how can forehead and/or its impression
potentially be used for forensic individual identification.

Rectal temperature is recommended by the National Athletic Trainers' Association as the criterion standard for recognizing exertional heat stroke, but other body sites commonly are used to measure temperature. Few authors have assessed the validity of the thermometers that measure body temperature at these sites in athletic settings. To assess the validity of commonly used temperature devices at various body sites during outdoor exercise in the heat. Observational field study. Outdoor athletic facilities. Fifteen men and 10 women (age = 26.5 +/- 5.3 years, height = 174.3 +/- 11.1 cm, mass = 72.73 +/- 15.95 kg, body fat = 16.2 +/- 5.5%). We simultaneously tested inexpensive and expensive devices orally and in the axillary region, along with measures of aural, gastrointestinal, forehead, temporal, and rectal temperatures. Temporal temperature was measured according to the instruction manual and a modified method observed in medical tents at local road races. We also measured foreh...

Problem creases of the face such as frontal lines and frown lines, crow's feet, deep nasolabial and perioral folds, and cervical bands may be caused by the aging process, excessive exposure to the sun, disease, or genetic disposition. The condition may become aggravated by habitual hyperkinesia of certain mimetic muscles like the frontalis, corrugators, orbicularis oculi, levatores labii superioris, zygomatici, and the platysma. The diagnosis is established clinically by electromyography and selective muscle and nerve blocks. In these cases we advocate regulation of the mimetic hyperkinesia through selective myotomy, myectomy, and neurotomy of the responsible mimetic muscles (mimetic modulation). These procedures may be performed exclusively or in combination with a blepharoplasty, rhytidectomy, or other procedure. Our experience with 60 patients over the past five years (medium = 3.5 years) is presented. Problems and complications such as paresthesia and hypesthesia, partial paresis and asymmetry, incomplete correction, and recurrences are discussed. We believe that mimetic modulation is a valuable concept in treating problem creases and thereby improves the results of the aesthetic surgery of the face.

To identify surface landmarks that can serve as reference points to the underlying musculature in the treatment of glabellar rhytids. Fifty cadaver hemibrows were dissected to assess the location, disposition, and relationships of the brow muscles, along with their variations at each of several consistent locations. Particular attention was paid to the corrugator supercilii, frontal belly of the frontalis, and procerus muscles. The information gained here may be applied to the pharmacological or surgical treatment of glabellar rhytids. Knowledge of the frequent location of the muscles involved, relative to easily identifiable surface landmarks, allows a more precise approach.

BACKGROUND Different formulations of botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) may have different diffusion characteristics.OBJECTIVE The objective was to compare the diffusion characteristics of two formulations of BoNTA.MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 20 patients with forehead hyperhidrosis received four injections of BoNTA in their forehead (one medial and lateral injection of one formulation randomly assigned to one forehead side, one medial and lateral injection of the other formulation to the other forehead side). Patients received 3 U/injection of BoNTA1 (BOTOX, Allergan, Inc.) and were randomly assigned to receive BoNTA2 (Dysport, Ipsen Ltd.) at a dose ratio of 1:2.5, 1:3, or 1:4. The area of anhidrosis was highlighted using iodine and starch and determined by software from standardized photography.RESULTS During the 6 months after treatment, the area of anhidrosis was larger with BoNTA2 in 93% (195/210) of medial-medial or lateral-lateral comparisons of the two products and at all dose ratios. The smaller area of anhidrosis with BoNTA1 did not compromise its efficacy in inhibiting contraction of frontalis muscle.CONCLUSION BoNTA2 has a greater area of diffusion in the forehead than BoNTA1, even with identical injection volumes. This may hinder accurate localization of clinical effect, thereby increasing the potential for adverse effects.

Various physiologic and biochemical shifts can follow meditation. Meditation has been implicated in impacting free radical activity. Ultraweak photon emission (UPE, biophoton emission) is a constituent of the metabolic processes in a living system. Spectral analysis showed the characteristics of radical reactions. Recording and analysing photon emission in 5 subjects before, during and after meditation. UPE in 5 subjects who meditated in sitting or supine positions was recorded in a darkroom utilising a photomultiplier designed for manipulation in three directions. Data indicated that UPE changes after meditation. In 1 subject with high pre-meditation values, UPE decreased during meditation and remained low in the postmeditation phase. In the other subjects, only a slight decrease in photon emission was found, but commonly a decrease was observed in the kurtosis and skewness values of the photon count distribution. A second set of data on photon emission from the hands before and af...