Generational Conflict

Der Aufsatz untersucht, wie die Zeitgenossen die Angebote der mit neuen Medien und Verbreitungsformen verbundenen großstädtischen Massenkultur um 1900 wahrnahmen, wie sie sie einordneten und bewerteten. Die zentrale These lautet, dass eine Veränderung in Deutschland großes Unbehagen erzeugte: Die mit dem Übergang in die Mediengesellschaft außerordentlich erhöhte Zugänglichkeit von  Wissen, und zwar insbesondere die neuartige Sichtbarkeit von Wissen im öffentlichen Raum. Sie forderte die tradierte Ordnung der Generationen heraus, in der eine kontrollierte und regulierte Weitergabe ausgewählten Wissens an die nachwachsende Generation vorgesehen war.  Nun sahen sich viele Erwachsene einer "Disziplinlosigkeit" der Wissenstransfers gegenüber, für die sie oft die mediale Populärkultur verantwortlich machten.

This report is the work of a group of six young Egyptian researchers. Based on semi structured interviews and focus groups it explores the notions of identity held by contemporary young Egyptians, „offline‟ and „online‟. It sets out to unravel some of the „distortions‟ and „confusions‟ they are subject to. It was conducted through a period of two years from 2008 till 2010.

The research and its design arose from a problem the researchers observed within the contemporary Egyptian context, and that is the struggle between the forces of tradition and Modernity that the Contemporary Egyptian society faces. This has led to „distortions‟ and „confusions‟ about what manifests contemporary Egyptian identity. This problem is particularly apparent among young people in Egypt. On the one side, a large number of young Egyptians today feel comfortable adopting „Western‟ lifestyles while on the other side, there are those, who categorically reject these „Western‟ lifestyles in favor of more „traditional‟ ones. And yet others, in fact a large number of young people, adopt both lifestyles, though often in what can be seen as contradictory and inconsistent ways.

After the Second World War 'homeland Estonians' and 'Estonians living abroad' co-existed on two sides of the Iron Curtain equally maintaining to be the rightful bearer of a 'true' Estonianess. Based on a sample of life story interviews with 42 historians from Estonia, I identify narratives of (1) hope, betrayal and loss; (2) 'purity', 'pollution' and whitewashing; and (3) transgression and return, that at times conflict and at times converge. I argue that notions of 'authenticity' were at centre stage in these competing identity claims and that in the context of their mutual (mis-) perceptions, 'pollution' was primarily defined as 'moral degradation' and 'ideological contamination'. Overall these three sets of narratives relate closely to the process of identity re-configuration among Estonians after 1991.

This essay analyzes the story and the culture of Italian American women, in particular how they are treated in the novel "Umbertina" by Helen Barolini. The essay first introduces briefly the causes of the great migration and the conditions of immigrants in the US. Then the focus moves on the analysis of the main themes that belong to the genre of Italian American literature. After having shortly treated the biography of Helen Barolini and a general presentation of her novel Umbertina, the essay goes on with the description of its three Italian American female characters and, in particular, of  what it meant to be both immigrants and women, together with all the interior and generational conflicts they had to face in order to accept their new hybrid identity. An analysis of some meaningful metaphorical objects in the novel, such as the tin heart and the bedspread, the metaphor of Persephone and of the threshold conclude the essay. Through the analysis of the story of Umbertina, this essay wants to show how migration can lead to a displacement and the kind of journey people had to undertake in order to overcome the conflicts deriving from their belonging to an in-between culture and to accept their hybrid identity.

Turkish, which has a history of thousands of years, has been divided into various dialects until today, and has experienced many changes. These changes are still going on. However, changes in all natural languages were generally perceived as negative in almost every period. The main reason for this is that young and mature generations have different perspectives on preserving the past and adapting to innovation. It is possible to follow the traces of generational conflicts from ancient times to today. In this qualitative study, the way the young generation uses Turkish is exemplified by using observation and document analysis methods in the axis of generational conflicts. It also explains the reasons for the emergence of new forms. Nowadays, especially the language of the generation Z, born after the 2000s, has been criticized in many ways by previous generations. Some of these criticisms are the use of English words, slang and jargon, mumpsimuses and deviations from general grammar rules, spelling problems and divergence from the literary language tradition. However, most of these criticisms are not specific today. In the past, intellectuals have criticized the languages of their time for similar reasons. However, contrary to these negative interpretations, language innovations, called re-analysis, often open new areas to language for the transfer of its past features to the future and provide the development of the language. As a matter of fact, it is seen that many new words such as atarlanmak, dis atmak, dm'den yürümek, duyar kasmak, gider yapmak, kafa açmak, kafasını yaşamak, stolklamak, tav olmak, trip atmak, yargı dağıtmak that young people use today are reinterpreted forms of old language habits. Considering that the languages that were not reprocessed by their speakers died, it is a good sign that Turkish continues to be reinterpreted today. ÖZET Binlerce yıllık bir geçmişe sahip olan Türkçe günümüze gelene kadar çeşitli kollara ayrılmış ve pek çok değişim yaşamıştır. Bu değişimler hâlen yaşanmaya devam etmektedir. Ancak tüm doğal dillerde görülen değişmeler, hemen her dönemde genellikle olumsuz olarak algılanmıştır. Bunun temel sebebi, genç ve olgun nesillerin geçmişi koruma ve yeniliğe adapte olma konularında farklı bakış açılarına sahip olmalarıdır. Antik çağlardan günümüze bu tür kuşak çatışmalarının izlerini takip etmek mümkündür. Nitel bir araştırma olan bu çalışmada, gözlem ve doküman inceleme yöntemleri kullanılarak kuşak çatışmaları çerçevesinde genç neslin Türkçe kullanımı örneklendirilmekte ve yeni biçimlerin ortaya çıkış sebepleri açıklanmaktadır. Buna göre; günümüzde özellikle 2000'li yıllar sonrasında doğan Z kuşağının Türkçesi, önceki nesiller tarafından pek çok açıdan eleştirilmektedir. Bu eleştirilerden bazıları, İngilizce kaynaklı kelime kullanımı, argo ve jargona başvurma, galat-ı meşhurlar-genel gramer kurallarından sapmalar, imla problemleri ve edebiyat dili geleneğinden uzaklaşmadır. Fakat bu eleştirilerin çoğu günümüze özgü değildir. Geçmişte de entelektüeller kendi dönemlerinin dillerini benzer gerekçelerle eleştirmişlerdir. Ancak bu olumsuz yorumların aksine, yeniden çözümleme olarak adlandırılan dil yenilikleri, çoğu kez geçmişteki özelliklerin geleceğe aktarılması için dile yeni alanlar açmakta, dilin gelişmesini sağlamaktadır. Nitekim, bugün gençlerin sıkça kullandığı atarlanmak, dis atmak, dm'den yürümek, duyar kasmak, gider yapmak, kafa açmak, kafasını yaşamak, stolklamak, tav olmak, trip atmak, yargı dağıtmak gibi pek çok yeni sözün eski dil alışkanlıklarının yeniden yorumlanmış şekilleri olduğu görülmektedir. Bu şekilde konuşurları tarafından yeniden işlenmeyen dillerin öldüğü göz önüne alındığında, Türkçenin bugün de yeniden yorumlanmaya devam etmesi iyiye işaret etmektedir.

This essay examines the fascinating relationship between a Jesuit, his biological father, and his "spiritual" father in order to better understand a critical aspect to the histories of Catholic missions and of the Society of Jesus-namely, how Jesuits were subjected to complex negotiations, within and outside their religious order, that determined whether they would serve as missionaries.

During the Early modern period, closer relations between Europe and the rest of the world led many Jesuits to sail for the Western or Eastern Indies in order to spend the rest of their lives there as missionaries. Learning about their adventures, young pupils from all over the continent asked insistently and with specific letters (“Litterae Indipetae”) filled with pathos and enthusiasm to be sent there.
In this paper, we will analyse how hard it was for a young man, studying or teaching in the Jesuit colleges in most cases, to seek his personal autonomy and vocation whilst being at the same time obedient and indifferent as a Jesuit was requested to be. In particular, two were the authorities which often the so called “indipeti” (petitioners for the Indies) wanted to get rid of: their families (especially the pater familias, but also tearful mothers and little siblings) and their local superiors (who frequently were accused of trying to keep them in their native Provinces).
We will focus on the Litterae Indipetae aimed to obtain the Chinese Empire, considering alongside source material that is unknown in this area of research, the Epistulae Generalium. These registers of correspondence, sent from the office of the Superior General in Rome, include the personal answers to numerous petitioners for the Indies. These provide us with a valuable window into the multiple perspectives and processes involved in the selection of candidates for the overseas Jesuit missions, where personal vocation and power issues were inextricably intertwined.

"Der Beitrag basiert auf den Arbeiten eines laufenden Forschungsprojektes innerhalb des Konstanzer SFB 485 'Norm und Symbol'. Es wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwiefern eine kommunikative Grenze zwischen Generationen etabliert bzw. wie sie analysiert werden kann. Empirische Grundlage des Referates sind narrative Interviews, die mit Angehörigen der Generation der 68er, ihren Eltern und Kindern geführt wurden. Einleitend wird dem Zusammenhang von Generation und Narration nachgegangen. Es folgt die Darstellung einiger empirischer Fallbeispiele. Die Auswertung führt zur These, dass die strukturellen Brüche zwischen den Generationen sich weniger in Form von manifesten Generationskonflikten, als vielmehr in Form von divergierenden Erzählmustern der Generationen zeigen. Thematisch im Zentrum steht die jeweilige Haltung der Interviewten zum 'Werk' ihrer eigenen und vor allem der Generation der 68er. Hierbei lassen sich zwei Dimensionen unterscheiden: zum einen der 'Familientext', der sich über die Generationsgrenzen hinweg verfolgen lässt, zum anderen die Brechung dieses Textes an den Generationsgrenzen, die sich in der Variation seiner narrativen Struktur ausdrückt. Die Änderung der Plotstruktur einer Erzählung jedoch verändert grundsätzlich auch die Wertung ihrer Protagonisten und deren Werke. Es zeigen sich die Grenzen zwischen den Generationen als Grenzen ihres Erzählens. Der Referent entwirft abschließend den Versuch einer Typologie dieser teilweise versteckten, unvereinbaren Weisen des Erzählens."

Este trabajo busca investigar el fenómeno de lo generacional en el cine a través de su relación con la
música. Para ello, utiliza como punto de partida la filmografía de los Rolling Stones y aplica el
concepto de aura de Walter Benjamin. Así, explora las tensiones generacionales entre jóvenes y
adultos, que se reflejan en los ámbitos del creador, la audiencia y la industria como tensiones entre
invención y comercialización, entre libertad y represión o entre rebeldía y conservadurismo. De ese
modo, procura identificar en la puesta en escena la capacidad contracultural del cine que apela a lo
juvenil y oponerla a los simulacros oportunistas que utiliza el sistema de la industria cultural.

European memory politics undeniably affects the prospects of a shared European identity. During the political transition of 1989/91 East European societies needed to redefine their collective identities through reinterpreting their recent past. Consequently the historical interpretations grown out of the specific East European war experience, that is the double legacy of Nazism and Stalinist communism, began to increasingly challenge and clash with commonly held western interpretations after 1989. Pointing to the fault lines of these colliding political memories in the new Europe, this paper provides a contextual analysis of these interpretive differences. The regional focus of this paper is on the Baltic Three and Poland (with some references also to Ukraine), as these four new member states are at the forefront of a new commemorative politics in Europe. It is on the ‘level’ of political memory that memory regimes are formulated and political myth constructed, but this paper also tackles the ‘level’ of social memory and puts forward a generational explanation for the character of the new East European form of commemorative politics.

Imagine an agreement between two engineering companies, which produce vehicle components. They set up a joint venture to combine their R&D efforts to improve the production and performance of an existing component. The companies pool their existing technology licensing businesses in the area. The R&D is paid for out of current profits and will, in part, be funded by an agreed price increase; so current consumers pay for it. If the R&D is successful, only future consumers will benefit.
The OFT Discussion Paper asks whether ‘consumers’, in Article 101(3)’s second condition, only refers to current consumers (that is, those currently purchasing the product) or does it extend to future consumers (who do not purchase the product now, perhaps because they are not yet alive, but will do so in the future). In other words, the OFT Discussion Paper notes that over a longer time period:
“…benefits can be inter-generational. Here the consumers who effectively paid for the benefits do not receive them. Instead, future generations of consumers benefit. Currently, this appears to be the threshold above which we infer that the Commission no longer considers them relevant benefits…”
This was one of three themes discussed at a breakfast roundtable that the OFT organised in May 2010. The focus of the debate was a recent OFT paper: OFT, Article 101(3) - A Discussion of Narrow versus Broad Definition of Benefits (OFT Discussion Paper). 23 experts attended, some from other UK competition authorities (the Competition Commission and Ofcom), DG COMP, some UK government departments (Department for the Environment Food and Rural Affairs and the Department for Business Innovation and Skills), academia, businesses and law firms. The OFT compiled a synopsis of the roundtable’s discussion (Synopsis).
Section 2 presents some preliminary observations; then Section 3 examines some legal, moral and economic issues. Next, the paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of aggregating costs to current consumers with benefits to future consumers in the same market (Aggregating Across Generations), Sections 4 and 5, respectively. Section 6 concludes, in favour of Aggregating Across Generations.

This material was first published by Sweet & Maxwell in the European Competition Law Review, 11, 2011 and is reproduced by agreement with the Publishers.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo principal analizar el primer impacto de la Gran Recesión en un colectivo tan volátil y difuso como son los segmentos poblacionales de menor edad. Con ello, se pretende causalizar en la medida de lo posible el comportamiento actual de los jóvenes, observando de este modo los elementos que acompañan, de manera más o menos invariable e inherente, al comportamiento electoral joven. El análisis se centrará en las elecciones de 2008 y 2011, por el salto económico que encontramos entre ambos procesos, y se fundamentará, principalmente, en datos demoscópicos ofrecidos por el Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas. Los resultados evidencian, más que un surgimiento, la incidencia que la crisis ha tenido en ciertas actitudes políticas, profundizando en tendencias habitualmente pretéritas.

Este trabajo busca investigar el fenomeno de lo generacional en el cine a traves de su relacion con la musica. Para ello, utiliza como punto de partida la filmografia de los Rolling Stones y aplica el concepto de aura de Walter Benjamin. Asi, explora las tensiones generacionales entre jovenes y adultos, que se reflejan en los ambitos del creador, la audiencia y la industria como tensiones entre invencion y comercializacion, entre libertad y represion o entre rebeldia y conservadurismo. De ese modo, procura identificar en la puesta en escena la capacidad contracultural del cine que apela a lo juvenil y oponerla a los simulacros oportunistas que utiliza el sistema de la industria cultural.

The purpose of this research is to identify the spiritual awareness level of Coimbatore city and to find the spiritual growth parameters among the generations. Through 'Disproportionate Stratified Random Sampling' data was collected from services (academic, hospital, spiritual center, IT) and manufacturing (textile, auto-component) sectors in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Out of 600 respondents, 490 gave valid responses. Research revealed that spiritual awareness level of majority of the population in Coimbatore city possessed Creativity and Expression (CE). It is found that spirituality plays a pivotal role in resolving generational conflicts and also contributes for organizational and individual performance.

Our interest lies in processes of official history-making in Estonia during the Soviet period and after national independence was regained. Special attention is given to the historians themselves, their personal strategies and self-understanding of their role as codifiers and ...

[English below] Uma década após a crise financeira, a crise climática emerge no plano político, fruto da mobilização da juventude estudantil internacional em greve e em protesto pelo futuro, contra a inação dos diversos governos e responsáveis políticos na ação climática. Recorrendo-se a uma metodologia engajada baseada na antropologia militante, envolvendo um compromisso político enquanto ativista no movimento social transnacional Greve Climática Estudantil em Coimbra (GCEC), explora-se a relação da juventude com a política, os seus problemas, as suas formas de participação na arena política e os agentes e instituições responsáveis pela sua politização, demonstrando a importância deste e de outros movimentos enquanto importantes catalisadores deste processo. Através de nove entrevistas semiestruturadas e duas notas de campo etnográficas das duas primeiras greves organizadas pela GCEC, estabelece-se um diálogo entre ativistas deste movimento, em confronto com bibliografia da antropologia dos movimentos sociais e das restantes ciências sociais e políticas sobre os temas. Ao traçar-se este diálogo, serão estabelecidas pontes com diversos acontecimentos políticos que têm marcado a atualidade e que se mostram relevantes neste tema, moldando a opinião pública, como o foi com as eleições europeias de 2019, que trouxe novamente ao de cima questões como a abstenção jovem. Contraria-se o estereótipo da juventude desinteressada por política, dissociando-o do grau de interesse e de participação na política formal. Reconhece-se, nos discursos acerca da crise climática e da política, o recurso dominante a um frame geracional, assim como constrangimentos assentes na influência de uma ideologia de estigma em torno da juventude.
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A decade after the financial crisis, climate crisis emerges on the political level due to international student youth mobilization, in strike and in protest for the future, against the inaction of different governments and political leaders in climate action. Using an engaged methodology based on militant anthropology, involving a political commitment as an activist in the transnational social movement Greve Climática Estudantil in Coimbra (GCEC), we explore the relationship of youth with politics, their problems, forms of participation in the political arena and agents and institutions responsible for their politicization, demonstrating the importance of this movement and others as important catalysts for this process. Through nine semi-structured interviews and two ethnographic field notes from the first two strikes organized by the GCEC, a dialogue between activists of this movement is established, in confront with bibliography from the anthropology of social movements and other social and political sciences on the themes. By drawing up this dialogue, bridges will be established with various political events that have marked the present time and that are relevant to this topic, shaping the public opinion, as it was with the 2019 european elections, which again brought to the fore issues such as youth abstention. The stereotype of youth disinterested in politics is contradicted, dissociating it from the degree of interest and participation in formal politics. A dominant resource to a generational frame is recognized in discourses about climate crisis and politics, along with constraints based on the influence of a stigma ideology surrounding youth.

Often, and increasingly, social and political life is narrated using the concept of generation. This article looks at contemporary expressions of ‘generationalism’ in British public life.  It identifies the salient themes which emerge, links these to the social and political contexts in which these ideas are produced, and examines the points where they are vulnerable to critique. Bridging science and normativity, the generational view offers a convenient master-narrative for a variety of political orientations – yet one whose democratic credentials are doubtful.

Generational conflict is more contingent than a numbers-based (years and generational cohort) understanding of generations would expect. I suggest that a focus on the concept of ‘creative destruction’, as derived from Nietzsche’s various works, can provide us further theorization of these transitions, and also gain us leverage into the risks, and rewards, that generations face in dislodging older generations still in power.  The chapter proceeds through three sections.  The first extracts the two components from within the generational transition ‘story’, and then brings forth the import of each, reviewing how they have been utilized in generational analysis so far.  The formative element of generations takes issue with the notion that generations ebb and flow purely in terms of ‘epochs’ which can be cleanly divided demographically.  Instead, being a part of a generation is more than just a numbers game, it is a social experience brought into focus during a period of political and philosophical formation, during crises that we might title ‘ruptures’, and often in reaction to an iconic ‘paradigm-changing’ or traumatic event. Thus, the formative experience is not only cohesive (intra-generationally), it is also disintegrative and even destructive. The second section engages various works by Nietzsche, focusing on the import of memory, aesthetics, and history in what some title the ‘creative destruction’ process.  This process provides us another way of understanding– in a ‘politics of forgetting’ fashion -  how particular formative events that prevent previous generations from dynamically engaging the here and now can be left behind.  The third section assesses the analytical benefits of generational analysis; how it is suggestive (if not necessarily predictive) of future political trends, and how it can be improved upon if we recognize both the polyvalence of formative events that can lead to intra-generational splintering, and the inherent contingency of a generational transition as it competes with alternative forms of identity. I conclude with some abbreviated considerations of how generational analyses might engage the domain of the academy and the ebb and flow of trends in, and practices of, IR scholarship.

"Der Autor untersucht die Frage, wie mündliche biographische Erzählungen in gesellschaftliche Generationendiskurse eingebettet sind. Um dies zu beantworten, werden im Beitrag anhand von Einzelinterviews die Strukturen von Biographien im Hinblick auf die narrative Verarbeitung von Erfahrungsbrüchen, aber auch als Prozess der Aneignung von gesellschaftlichen Diskursen und Erzählungen perspektiviert. Anhand der Analyse von lebensgeschichtlichen Erzählungen einer 68erin, ihrer Mutter und ihrer Tochter werden - nach Einbrüchen in deren Lebensgeschichte - unterschiedliche sprachliche Formen der Re-Konfiguration ihrer biographischen Figuren herausgearbeitet. Diese Formen sind, so der Autor, in Prozessen der sprachlichen Aneignung von öffentlichen und familiären Diskursen in der Jugendphase begründet, die sich verfestigende, sprachliche Muster der Welterschließung hervorbringen. Im Beitrag wird gezeigt, dass diese 'generationalen Gattungsmuster' in den drei Erzählungen die Grenzen zwischen weitgehend inkommensurablen Erfahrungs- und Erzählräumen innerhalb der Familie markieren. Die generationalen Gattungen präfigurieren dabei nicht nur gegenüber den Erzählungen der anderen Familienmitglieder widerständige Sprachbilder, sondern auch gebrochene Formen der Einbettung in die 'Großen gesellschaftlichen (Generationen-)Erzählungen'."

Resumo
Esta dissertação discute os temas da velhice e do insulamento no romance Diario de la guerra del cerdo (1969), de Adolfo Bioy Casares. Para tanto, analisam-se textos críticos relacionados à escrita criativa daquele escritor argentino de modo a subsidiar uma proposta de investigação que, para além do desenvolvimento de um estudo restrito a um conflito geracional, evidencie a importância do problema da insularidade no romance. A fim de promover reflexões sobre o tema do insulamento, dialoga-se com as teorizações de Vilém Flusser a propósito da Bodenlosigkeit – atestado da falta de fundamento, ausência de chão – e de Osman Lins acerca do “ilhamento”. A análise da senescência é promovida por meio de aproximações entre a interpretação do texto literário e perspectivas teóricas como as de Simone de Beauvoir, a respeito da velhice, e de Michel Foucault, no que toca à microfísica do poder.
Palavras-chave: velhice; insulamento; conflito geracional; homem-ilha; Adolfo Bioy Casares
 
Abstract
This paper discusses old age and insularity as themes that are encompassed in the novel Diario de la Guerra del cerdo (1969), written by Adolfo Bioy Casares. For such purpose, the study analyses reviews about literary works published by that Argentine writer, so as to enforce an investigation proposal that, going beyond the exam of a generation conflict, aims at casting light on the issue of insularity. In order to reflect upon insularity, this paper establishes dialogues between the plot of the novel and theories developed by Vilém Flusser, concerning Bodenlosigkeit – lack of ground –, and Osman Lins, relating to insularity – “ilhamento”. The analysis of the ageing process occurs as the interpretation of the novel is combined with theoretic perspectives like the ones about old age, developed by Simone de Beauvoir, and the microphysics of power, by Michel Foucault.
Keywords: old age; insularity; generation conflict; island-man; Adolfo Bioy Casares

Marginal figures. South Tyrol’s parliamentary representative in the national parties from 1948-2013

The phenomenon of generational change has been edging more prominently into the foreground of European political debate for some years now. In South Tyrol, the resignation of 72-year-old Province Governor Luis Durnwalder provided the thematic impetus for the year 2013. This article draws upon the topicality of the subject, and tries to present the generational change in South Tyrolean policy since 1948 in a more comprehensive way. In order to simultaneously make a number of largely unknown CVs available for regional historical research for the first time, the analysis refers to the biographies of the 63 parliamentary representatives who belonged to a state (Italian) party. The systematic comparison of political careers sheds light not only on the causes that have led to a gradual increase in the average age in the state parliament: the social origins of the parliamentary representatives and their various career paths make it equally clear that the dynamics of the South Tyrolean party system cannot be accurately captured solely with ethnic categories of thinking, but only by taking economic ones into consideration as well.

The main focus of this paper is on processes of official history making in post-Soviet Estonia. Special attention is thus given to the historians, as memory agents, i.e. their self-understanding and their changing role as codifiers and mediators of social memories, and shapers of a post-Soviet Estonian identity. Overall many historians took on an active political role in the restoration of a sovereign Estonian state; the question though is: why and when did they assume a more active role in supporting the independence movement and subsequent nation building processes? Based on their post-1991 biographic accounts, various modes of talking about their past experiences, such as glorification, denial, self-justification, apologetics, distancing, resignation and destiny, are singled out, as these reveal strategies of coping with loss and of generating new meaning. The key analytical tool herein are generational group identities among post-Soviet Estonian historians, which by and large, this is the argument, inform their personal and professional outlook.

The testimony of two Buddhist lay nuns gives a positive insight into the culture of aging in this Northern Thai community.  This is fieldwork I conducted in Chiangmai  in 1973.  What becomes clear is the role of the Temple in the lives of Northern Thai elders.

In this article I describe how elderly men and women spend a night at the temple once a month; and how the temple becomes a place of solace, safety, and hope. Yes, there were disappointments around lack of merit-making rites and this caused resentments among the old people.  But time at the temple, hearing sermons, aiding the monks, chanting, sitting in  the shade would dissipate much of the hurt.

In the final analysis, the temple and household are contrasted as two competing spheres each with its distinctive ethos or emotional tone.  The testimony of two vital elderly Buddhist Nuns is presented and examined for the type of resolutions elderly Northern Thai were attempting with their families and selves.

An essay on the dialectical interaction between discipline (in the Foucauldian sense) and bodily violence - especially as it helps us understand generational relations of power.  See 
http://www.shcy.org/features/commentaries/revisited-violence-and-generational-relations/

Includes a discussion of these issues with Peter Kelly of RMIT University, Australia.

Civic non-participation in public life is one of the most important problems in contemporary Poland. This phenomenon makes all generations equal and it requires breaking of the barriers in intergenerational integration. Presented study shows that the aspiration for coherence and stability of the system may be based on the taking advantage by using benefits of age difference in society. Article indicates dimensions and levels in seeking quality solutions for the integration in conditions of shaping social dispersion space order. It also contains types of different approaches to the integration barriers related with process of aging society and discrimination based on age phenomenon.
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Obywatelskie nieuczestnictwo w życiu publicznym należy do najważniejszych problemów współczesnej Polski. Zjawisko to czyni wszystkie pokolenia równymi a przeciwstawienie się mu wymaga przełamania barier integracji międzypokoleniowej. Niniejsze opracowanie wskazuje, iż dążenie do spójności i stabilności systemu może opierać się na wykorzystaniu korzyści z różnicy wieku członków społeczeństwa. Wskazane zostały wymiary i poziomy poszukiwania rozwiązań jakościowych na rzecz integracji w warunkach kształtowania się w przestrzeni społecznej ładu rozproszonego oraz typy barier integracji międzypokoleniowej związane z procesem starzenia się społeczeństw i zjawiskiem dyskryminacji ze względu na wiek.

Partendo da una discussione critica delle ricerche che, negli ultimi vent’anni, hanno focalizzato i rapporti tra giovani, violenza e guerra nell’Africa sub-sahariana, l’articolo propone una prospettiva centrata sui processi di riproduzione
sociale e sulle loro crisi. A tale scopo viene focalizzata e rielaborata la distinzione la tra la categoria antropologica dei “cadetti” – marcatamente relazionale e gerarchica – e la categoria dei “giovani” – che apre invece ad una definizione
della gioventù come soggetto politico autonomo e si connette all’immaginario globale. Il conflitto recente in Costa d’Avorio viene dunque letto sulla base di questa distinzione contrastiva: si mostra come in esso dei “cadetti” (identificati
nella figura dei ribelli che hanno lottato contro il presidente Gbagbo) si siano opposti a dei “giovani” (identificati con i jeunes patriotes, ossia con i giovani nazionalisti che hanno sostenuto il presidente contro la ribellione). Queste forme differenti di soggettivazione politica vengono ricondotte alle crisi di riproduzione che hanno investito due parti diverse della società avoriana