Guidance

This paper presents the development and application of a real-time optimization guidance algorithm capable of generating trajectories for close proximity operations in a three-dimensional environment which includes static and/or dynamic obstacles. Such obstacles are representative of non-cooperative, and spinning target spacecraft.  The on-orbit servicing problem defined for this study requires a small free-flyer robotic spacecraft to manoeuvre in close proximity to a large non-cooperative satellite. Simulation results are provided for two mission scenarios: (1) approach and fly around of a noncooperative, but stationary target spacecraft, and (2) approach and fly around of a non-cooperative and spinning target spacecraft. This study builds upon the previously developed Admissible Subspace Trajectory Optimizer theory to consider tumbling spacecraft defined with basic geometric shapes. This comprehensive study provides the theory as well as simulation results.

Abstract: The argument I will develop in this essay is that the foreign students are a latent human resource who can assist with overcoming English monolingualism in the Australian population. Foreign students, properly rewarded, can be a major source of skills transfer. Every one of those students is a walking compendium of language and cultural skills that Australians need to know.

Education in the broadest sense is aimed at helping individuals become more productive members of the society. At the heart of the whole pedagogy is Guidance and Counselling, which has been positively correlated with effective learning outcomes. Primarily, School Guidance and Counselling services are geared towards helping students know themselves, the world around them and make optimal decisions for enhanced future for all. This paper presents guidance and counselling services provided in the school system. It contends that since counselling services are expedient for everyone, all through life, the Counsellor, who is the service provider, needs to be always on top of his/her job.

Nursing students face numerous stresses and challenges that pose a threat to their well-being. They require guidance to attain satisfactory adjustment in all aspects of daily life in this critical stage of their development. This study was conducted to determine the guidance needs of nursing students in selected schools in Iloilo City. The sample of this descriptive, comparative study consisted of 283 randomly selected students from four nursing schools in Iloilo City. The Guidance Needs Inventory for Nursing Students (GNINS) developed by the researchers was used to gather data. Frequency, mean, standard deviation, and rank were used to describe the data. Independent Samples t-Test and ANOVA set at 0.05 alpha were employed to find out significant difference between variables. The study revealed that nursing students need guidance to a moderate extent. They need more guidance on the aspects of career and academic. Further, results indicated no significant difference in the guidance needs of nursing students when grouped according to sex, gender, year level, residence, type of school, living arrangement, employment status of parents, monthly family income, number of siblings, birth order and type of family. Guidance remains to be an integral part of nursing education. Continued provision of guidance that is responsive and relevant to the needs of nursing student cohort is therefore necessary.

Cet article s’intéresse à l’évolution des modes de régulation de l’accès des jeunes à l’enseignement supérieur en France en partant du postulat que ces modes relaient des conceptions spécifiques de l’ordre social (conservatrices ou progressistes) et de l’égalité (libérales ou sociales). L’analyse porte sur les procédures et les normes associées aux deux plateformes numériques de gestion des candidatures qui se sont succédé ces dix dernières années, Admission Post-Bac (APB) et Parcoursup, en soulignant les éléments de continuité et de changement. Il en ressort que ces plateformes ont en commun d’entretenir la stratification de l’enseignement supé- rieur français et son rôle dans la reproduction des inégalités tout en introduisant de nouvelles dimensions à tonalité plus marchande. Ces dimensions sont plus présentes dans la plateforme Parcoursup qui encourage explicitement les bacheliers à se com- porter en sujets marchands et les universités à adopter les modes de recrutement des filières sélectives.

Education in the broadest sense is aimed at helping individuals become more productive members of the society. At the heart of the whole pedagogy is Guidance and Counselling, which has been positively correlated with effective learning outcomes. Primarily, School Guidance and Counselling services are geared towards helping students know themselves, the world around them and make optimal decisions for enhanced future for all. This paper presents guidance and counselling services provided in the school system. It contends that since counselling services are expedient for everyone, all through life, the Counsellor, who is the service provider, needs to be always on top of his/her job.  Article visualizations:

Student Council is a representative structure through which students in a secondary school become involved in school affairs. The study set out to investigate student council participation in the management of discipline in public secondary schools in Teso North Sub-County in Busia County, Kenya. The study sought to establish: the influence of student council participation in the formulation of rules and regulations on management of discipline, and the influence of student council involvement in formulating punishment on the management of discipline. The target population was 7379 students and 189 teachers and 27 principals from 27 schools. The research employed descriptive survey design using a random sample of 365 students, 18 teachers and 9 principals. This sample size was determined using Krejcie and Morgan's table of sample determination and using coefficient variation of 30% and a standard error of 2% through stratified simple random sampling technique. The data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. The study established that schools involved students in designing punishment but students never took punishment positively and that common disciplinary problems experienced in schools was due to lack of students involvement. It was further established that students were haphazardly involved in the school management of students' discipline. Thus the study recommends schools to empower students' council in which students' views and ideas are heard and discussed; Ministry of education to organize and offer seminars where school heads are well sensitized on involving students in school management.

Guidance activities for education have the same prescription as personal and vocational guidance activities. In the context of comprehensive and developmental guidance, “educational guidance” studies that support school education and training for individual development of academic Acompetence are needed. These studies must be coordinated appropriately. In this context, this study highlights the importance of educational guidance activities, which have a separate prescription in terms of being able to feel concrete perceptible outputs of school guidance services.

Abstrak Ilmu bimbingan dan konseling didefiniskan sebagai suatu kajian komprehensif tentang prosedur atau langkah-langkah pemberian bantuan terhadap individu (klien) dalam upayanya untuk mengembangkan diri, mengentaskan permasalahan dan tujuan-tujuan khusus lainnya. Hubungan ilmu bimbingan dan konseling dengan nilai-nilai kemanusiaan menimbulkan banyak konsekuensi terhadap kehidupan manusia, baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Bimbingan dan konseling terkait erat dengan kesejahteraan manusia sebagai tujuan utama kehidupan individu yang tidak dapat terlepas dari nilai-nilai yang berlaku dan berkembang di tengah-tengah masyarakat yang berbudaya. Penerapan dan pengembangan keilmuan bimbingan dan konseling hendaknya senantiasa mempertimbangkan aspek-aspek nilai yang dianut oleh individu, yang dirumuskan dalam kode etik suatu profesi atau keilmuawan. Kata Kunci: ilmu bimbingan dan konseling, nilai, kesejahteraan PENDAHULUAN Manusia dapat menikmati berbagai fakta dan peristiwa sepanjang waktu dan sejarah kehidupannya. Manusia mengetahui berbagai realitas tersebut melalui bermacam-macam pengalaman yang dilaluinya dalam hidup. Dalam sejarah pemikiran filsafat, teori pengetahuan ini termasuk salah satu cabang filsafat yang di dalamnya dibicarakan masalah yang berkenaan dengan hakikat, sumber, cara dan prosedur memperolehnya ataupun yang menyangkut nilai pengetahuan itu sendiri. Dalam sejarah perkembanga filsafat, Socrates, Plato dan Aristoteles sebagai tokoh tertua dalam perjalanan filsafat sebenarnya telah banyak mempersoalkan dan membahas tentang masalah pengetahuan. Namun, problem ini baru dalam proses tradisi filsafat barat melaui teori kritisme yang dikemukakan oleh Immanuel Kant. John Locke (1632-1704 M) seorang filusuf Inggris menyebutkan bahwa pengetahuan adalah bukti nyata realitas manusia dalam mengisi kehidupannya dan karenanya mendapat tempat teratas dalam keseluruhan problematika dunia filsafat. Pada abad 17-19 M, banyak filusuf yang mencurahkan perhatiannya pada bidang teori pengetahuan terutama Berkeley, David Hume, dan Augus Comte yang mengikuti langkah John Locke (Muhmidayeli, 2013). Pengetahuan pada hakikatnya akan selalu bersifat relasional, yaitu adanya hubungan interdependensi antar subjek dan objek. Dengan mengetahui subjek akan menjadi manunggal dengan objek. Kemanunggalannya bukanlah dalam bentuk yang ekstrinsik dimana ada jarak yang membatasi hubungan keduanya. Hubungannya sangat mendalam dan bersifat intrinsik, di mana hubungannya tidak sekadar pertemuan antara subjek dan objek, tetapi benar-benar menyatu dalam suatu kesatuan yang tidak terlepaskan (Pranarka, 1987). Penyatuan subjek dan objek dalam pengertian ini tidaklah mudah dalam implementasinya. Hal ini terutama bila dilihat dari kesukaran yang ditimbulkan dari pola hubungan ini yang tidak mugkin akan sempurna diakibatkan oleh dominasi masing-masing komponen, di samping masalah lain yang tidak mungkin dielakkan. Demikian pula halnya dengan bimbingan dan konseling, suatu ilmu yang dalam aplikasinya berkaitan dengan proses interaksi antara konselor dengan klien sebagai subjek dan objek keilmuannya. Konselor sebagai pelaksanan bimbingan dan konseling membantu orang yang tengah bergulat dengan berbagai permasalahan pribadi; sosial, belajar, karir, dana speklainnya. Menurut Dixon & Glover, 1984; Fretz, 1982;

This is the fourth thematic report for the Inquiry into the Future of Lifelong Learning. It discusses the new science of well-being and reviews evidence of links with lifelong learning, before going on to explore the implications for future policy directions. Finally, the paper asks whether the well-being agenda is more than just another set of possible outcomes of learning – but instead poses much deeper challenges to the values and aspirations that currently drive the lifelong learning system in societies like our own.

Using a mixed qualitative and quantitative method, this study explored the lived experiences and struggles of 22 on-campus working students of ISAT U-Miagao Campus. This study utilized a researcher-constructed questionnaire and interview in gathering information about their experiences and related variables. Frequency count, percentage, mean, and chi-square were used as statistical tools. Results revealed that financial problem was the main factor that motivated the students to work on-campus. They experienced varied feelings as happiness, sadness, annoyance, and worry. Despite work pressure, working students had good time management both for studies and work, with high self-esteem and good academic performance. The study concluded that participants' dual roles in the college as full time student and worker, do not seem to affect their self-esteem and academic performance, however, there is a need to consider helping these students, especially on their financial needs for them to finish their studies.

Using a mixed qualitative and quantitative method, this study explored the lived experiences and struggles of 22 on-campus working students of ISAT U-Miagao Campus. This study utilized a researcher-constructed questionnaire and interview in gathering information about their experiences and related variables. Frequency count, percentage, mean, and chi-square were used as statistical tools. Results revealed that financial problem was the main factor that motivated the students to work on-campus. They experienced varied feelings as happiness, sadness, annoyance, and worry. Despite work pressure, working students had good time management both for studies and work, with high self-esteem and good academic performance. The study concluded that participants' dual roles in the college as full time student and worker, do not seem to affect their self-esteem and academic performance, however, there is a need to consider helping these students, especially on their financial needs for them to finish their studies.

""This report has the following structure. First, in chapter 1 and 2, the background and demarcation of the study is discussed. Subsequently, chapter 3 provides an overview of quality systems in the different countries. Then, chapter 4 addresses concrete examples of processes and mechanisms for quality assurance systems, accompanied by an analysis of the bodies responsible for supervising, managing, implementing and supporting these
processes. Chapter 5 goes in depth into quality criteria and indicators deployed in quality assurance. Based on the previous chapters, chapter 6 presents issues and challenges that are specific to adult learning in relation to quality assurance, and links these to a range of good practices as identified during the study, including accreditation systems, seals, quality labels and prizes and examines the pros and cons of extending such measures more widely across Europe. Chapter 7 describes the main difference and common characteristics of quality assurance systems in non‐formal adult learning compared to VET and HE. Based on chapters 3‐7, a set of conclusions and recommendations is provided in chapter 8. This report includes four annexes, consisting of a long list of 43 cases, overview tables of quality policies in different European countries, further details of the methodology, and a list of sources. A separate volume to this report includes detailed descriptions of 15 case studies and country factsheets as drawn up in the context of this study. ""

A reference work for specialists in student counselling and for those who employ counsellors in mental health services. It provides an analysis of research in this area and provides useful information on the extent and severity of student mental health problems and the effectiveness of counselling and psychotherapy across the student population. This is the first publication to systematically identify, assess and review research in this area.

Finishing college education nowadays is very challenging. These challenges come in the form of problems and difficulties that students need to overcome in order for them to finish college. Identifying these problems provides information on improving the student guidance and counseling services of the school. It helps students handle the challenges of academic life, thus giving them a better chance to survive and finish college. This study was conducted for the purpose of determining the problems and difficulties encountered by college students. This study was conducted at WPU-Quezon Campus, and a total of 300 students-enrolled during the first semester of SY 2015-2016-were considered as respondents of the study. Descriptive statistics were employed in describing the data gathered, such as frequency counts, averages, rankings, and percentages. The data revealed that most of the problems encountered were personal related problems such as: time management, unexplainable fear of failure in exams, lack of self-confidence, poor study habits, nervousness, and lack of self-control. It was also noted that the majority of students did not seek guidance and counselling from a school counselor, instead they tried to solve their own problems. This study recommends that the student guidance and counseling services of the school should provide intervention activities, such as seminars, training, workshops, retreat and symposia, which will empower students in handling their problems.

There are many public secondary schools in Bureti Sub-County. Most of the students in these secondary schools have been facing cases of indiscipline for many years and these cases seem to be increasing as years go by causing a lot of concern to the school management, parents and the communities at large. Although counseling is offered in the secondary schools, there has been a rise in indiscipline cases at an alarming rate as experienced especially in 2016. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of guidance and counselling programs on managing indiscipline cases in secondary schools in Bureti Sub-County, Kericho County, Kenya. The study was guided by the following specific objectives; to investigate the competence of teachers in providing guidance and counselling programs in secondary schools in Bureti Sub-County and to establish the attitude of students and teachers on guidance and counselling programs in secondary schools in Bureti Sub-County. The theoretical framework adopted by the study was the Social Learning theory by Albert Bandura (1977) and Operant Conditioning theory by B.F. Skinner (1948). The Social Learning and Operant Conditioning theories were adopted because they help to change the behavior of the students and thus help to reduce indiscipline cases in schools. The target population comprised 52 public secondary schools, 52 head /deputy head teachers, 52 teacher counsellors, 540 teachers and 10532 students. Out of all these, a sample of 10 secondary schools, 10 head/deputy head teachers, 10 teacher counsellors, 108 teachers and 2106 students were selected through the Purposive sampling technique. Stratified Sampling technique was used to select the secondary schools that were studied whereby the strata consisted of mixed day boarding school, mixed day school, boys’ only boarding school, girls’ only boarding school and girls only day schools. The instruments that were used to collect the data for the study were questionnaires for head/deputies, teacher counsellors, teachers and students and interview schedules were administered to the teacher counsellors and to deputy head teachers. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and tested using Pearson product moment correlation coefficient using Statistical Package of Social Sciences. Questionnaires were analyzed using summary tables for the purpose of data presentation and interpretation. The expected findings were used to guide policy makers in providing guidance and counselling programs in secondary schools. These findings will be useful in the schools.

This study investigated the effects of career guidance method and career counselling method on student’s vocational maturity. The main purpose of the study is to find out which of the two purposed techni1ques will best facilitate the development of vocational maturity among secondary school adolescents in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Two research questions were raised to guide the study and one hypothesis was formulated. The study was a quasi-experimental design of pre-test and post-test two experimental groups. The instrument used was an adopted inventory used by Kuti in 1979. The inventory was named Career Development Inventory (CDI). The validation of the instrument was re-established with reliability co-efficient of 74, 76 and 80 respectively in the sub-scale A, B, C. Treatments were done in two different schools. Career Guidance Technique (CGT) was used in school A, while, Career Counselling Technique (CCT) was used in school B, Career Development Inventory (CDI) was used as measure of vocational maturity at pre-test and post-test. Based on data collected and analysed, the results revealed general improvement in the students’ vocational maturity after treatment. The study also revealed that Career Counselling Technique (CCT) improve vocational maturity better than Career Guidance Technique (CGT). But both (CCT) and (CGT) help in the improvement of vocational maturity of students. Vocational or career guidance and counselling programme should be made compulsory in all secondary schools in Ekiti State.

Bu çalışmada Fatiha suresinin son iki ayeti “gramer” ve “bağlamdaki anlamı” yönüyle incelenmiştir. Bu iki ayet – her ne kadar müstakil birer ayet olsalar da – hem mana açısından hem de dilbilgisi açısından birbirini tamamlamaktadır. Dolayısıyla söz konusu ayetlerde verilmek istenilen mesajı doğru anlamak ve Fatiha suresindeki konu bütünlüğünü koruyabilmek için her iki ayetin birlikte incelenmesi gerekmek-tedir. Çalışmamızın amacı,  merhum Salih Akdemir’in de dikkatlerini çeken, Fatiha suresi altıncı ve yedinci ayetlerin manasının anadili Arapça olan müfessirler ve başka dillere çeviri yapan mütercimler tarafından kısmen gramer yönünden doğru fakat anlamlandırma yönünden hatalı biçimde çevrildiği ve bu hatanın sürdürülüyor olması sebebiyle ayetlerin anlamlarını yeniden ortaya koymak olacaktır.     
Anahtar Kelimeler: Fatiha, Hidayet, Dalalet, Bağlam, Tefsir, Meal. 

The Analyzing In The Context: Surah Al-Fatiha Sixth & Seventh Verses 

Abstract 
İn this work the last two verses of Surah Al Fatiha analyzed from point view of “grammar” and “context meaning.” Though these two verses are independent from one another but they complete each other from both meaning and grammar point of view. Consequently, it is necessary to analyze both verses together to understand rightly the message given in these two verses and to protect theme integrity of Surah Al Fatiha. The aim of this work is to present afresh meaning of sixth & seventh verses of Surah Al-Fatiha because, as it was noticed by late Salih Akdemir, though these two verses have partly been exam-ined correctly from grammar point of view but from meaning point of view these have been interpreted wrongly by both the Arab exegetes and translators of Quran into different languages and this mistake is carrying on.

Small scale helicopters have been increasingly deployed for diverse scientific and commercial applications in the recent past. Their versatility has made them an ideal option for various missions ranging from film making, agriculture, volcanic surveillance to power line inspection. Compared to their full scale counterparts, however, the small scale helicopters posses a higher bandwidth of dynamics and a greater sensitivity to control inputs which make them more difficult to control. The paper deals with the control system design and testing for an autonomous small scale helicopter. A nonlinear dynamics model of the helicopter is derived from the Euler-Newton equations of motion. The nonlinear model is used as part of Hardware In the Loop Simulation (HILS) environment developed for the simulation, validation and testing of an autonomous control system. Linear control system is designed for the motion decoupled into longitudinal and lateral directional modes. The gains of the cascaded control architecture are optimized within the HILS environment. Various autonomous flight operations are achieved and it is demonstrated that the prediction from the simulations are in a good agreement with the flight experiment.

AbstrAct: The present study faces the problem of safely controlling the position trajectory of a multirotor aerial vehicle subjected to a conic constraint on the total thrust vector and a linear convex constraint on the position vector. The problem is solved using a linear state-space model predictive control strategy, whose optimization is made handy by replacing the original conic constraint set on the thrust vector by an inscribed pyramidal space, which renders a linear set of inequalities. The proposed method is evaluated on the basis of Monte Carlo simulations taking into account a random disturbance force. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the method in tracking the commanded trajectory while respecting the constraints. They also predict the effect of both the speed command and the maximum allowed inclination angle on the system performance.

Purpose of the study: The investigators explored the students' career decision making ability and career indecisiveness at secondary level. Methodology: Cross sectional design was considered for this study (N=207), standardized psychometric tool on career decision making style used and for mediation analysis non parametric tests were used in this study Main findings: The finding shows that there is no significant difference between the students belonging to two different types of schools. The results demonstrate the students in State Board runs school are just slightly lagging behind in comparison to the students of CBSE schools in career decisiveness score. But State Board run school students were found to have scored more in career indecisiveness. CBSE students with career guidance and counseling services were proved to be more cautious; significant difference was found in their career indecisiveness score. And sex identities of the respondents in relation to career indecisiveness girls comparatively to boys, were found scoring slightly high. Implications: The study exhorts career counseling and guidance service can be equalizer for students irrespective of backgrounds, for countering with career indecisiveness at the secondary level school

A model helicopter is more difficult to control than its full scale counterpart. This is due to its greater sensitivity to control inputs and disturbances as well as higher bandwidth of dynamics. This work is focused on designing practical tracking controller for a small scale helicopter following predefined trajectories. A tracking controller based on optimal control theory is synthesized as a part of the development of an autonomous helicopter. Some issues with regards to control constraints are addressed. The weighting between state tracking performance and control power expenditure is analyzed. Overall performance of the control design is evaluated based on its time domain histories of trajectories as well as control inputs.
Keywords: small scale helicopter, optimal control, tracking control, rotorcraft-based UAV

Inquired in this research is the moral in the Qur’an. The research attempts to establish comprehensive understanding of the moral in the Qur’an through answering a set of following questions. What is the common language in which Qur’an is to be approached? What worldview and value-based foundation required for moral to be comprehended? How are those values manifested in the form of moral in the world?

Recently there has been tremendous interest in “makerspace” and its potential in libraries: from middle school and public libraries to academic and special libraries, the topic seems very much top of mind.  A number of libraries across the country have been actively expanding makerspace within the physical library, and exploring its impact; as head of one such library, I can report that reactions to the associated changes have been quite polarized.  Those from the supported membership of the library have been uniformly positive, with new and established users as well as principal donors immediately recognizing and embracing its potential to enhance learning and catalyze innovation; interestingly, the minority of individuals that recoil at the idea have been either long-term librarians or library staff members.
I suspect the polarization may be more a function of confusion over what makerspace actually is.  This piece offers a brief overview of the landscape of makerspace – a glimpse into how its practice can dramatically enhance traditional library offerings, revitalizing the library as a center of learning.

In this study, it was aimed to determine to what extent the problems detected at the guidance and supervision reports could be solved and in this context, to what degree these visits were functional. So, with a qualitative research approach, data were obtained at two stages and ...

I argue that we should give up the fight to rescue causal theories of action from fundamental challenges such as the problem of deviant causal chains; and that we should rather pursue an account of action based on the basic intuition that control identifies agency. In Section 1 I introduce causalism about action explanation. In Section 2 I present an alternative, Frankfurt’s idea of guidance. In Section 3 I argue that the problem of deviant causal chains challenges causalism in two important respects: first, it emphasizes that causalism fails to do justice to our basic intuition that control is necessary for agency. Second, it provides countless counterexamples to causalism, which many recent firemen have failed to extinguish – as I argue in some detail. Finally, in Section 4 I argue, contra Al Mele, that control does not require the attribution of psychological states as causes.

This paper describes an underwater robot navigation
strategy in flow. Our aim is to demonstrate that knowing
the relative flow speed is advantageous because it permits using
more energy efficient and stable control for trajectory following.
We use a biomimetic robot that moves in uniform flow using
a side-slipping maneuver. Side-slipping permits the robot to
move laterally with respect to the incoming flow by exploiting
its passive dynamics. The side-slipping maneuver is controlled
by adjusting the heading of the robot with respect to the flow.
We implement simple PID controllers for controlling the motion
of the side-slipping robot laterally and transversely. Also, we
compare the performance of the robot in the case where the
robot does not know the flow speed. In this latter case the
robot’s heading towards the waypoint is controlled and the
flow effect is considered as a disturbance compensated by the
control algorithm. Comparative experiments demonstrate that
it is advantageous for a robot to know not just its speed and
orientation with respect to the world’s frame of reference but
also its local flow-relative speed. It permits the robot to follow
trajectories more stable and using less energy. In the discussion
section we propose possible future directions

Klasik İslâm Modernizmi, Müslümanların ıslahını, silkinmesini ve medeniyet yarışında tekrar sahne almasını sağlamak amacıyla, dini/Kur’ân’ı ve buna bağlı müktesebâtı yeniden yorumlama çabalarına tekabül eden bir akımdır. Modern çağda Cemaleddin Afgânî ve Muhammed Abduh tarafından başlatılan bu hareket ile Osmanlı İslâmcılığı arasında zamanlama, metot ve çözüm önerileri bakımından bir takım benzerlik ve paralellikler bulunmaktadır. Söz konusu etkileşim Cumhuriyet Türkiye’sinde de sürmüş, Kur’ân, bu dönemde hidâyet ve sosyolojik fayda ekseninde tefsire konu olmuştur.
Elmalılı Hamdi Yazır, Meşrutiyet öncesi, Meşrutiyet ve Cumhuriyet dönemlerinde Klasik İslâm Modernizmi’nin Kur’ân yorumlarından etkilenen âlim ve mütefekkirlerden biridir. O, müellifi olduğu “Hak Dini Kur’ân Dili” adlı tefsir kitabını, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti’nin talebi üzerine hazırlamıştır. Bu durum, Elmalılı’nın çalışmamıza konu olmasında etkili olmuştur. Bununla birlikte o, Meşrutiyet öncesi ve sonrasıyla Osmanlı’nın son dönemine ve Cumhuriyet dönemine de şahit olmuştur. Diğer taraftan, Cumhuriyet Türkiyesi’nde birçok müfessir ve Kur’ân araştırmacısının Klasik İslâm Modernizmi’nden etkilemiş olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Bu haliyle konu bir makale boyutunu aşacağından dolayı, çalışmamızda tefsir konusunda Cumhuriyet döneminin sembol ismi olan Elmalılı Hamdi Yazır ile yetinmeyi uygun gördük.
Klasik İslâm Modernizmi’nin en olumlu yönü, Müslümanların problemleriyle Kur’ân ayetleri arasında bağlantı kurmaları ve âyetlerin manalarını güncelleyerek toplumsal sorunlara Kur’ân eksenli çözüm arayışına girmeleridir. İşin diğer olumlu yönü, söz konusu âyetlerin, bu konularla sınırlandırılıp dondurulmamış olmasıdır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Tefsir, İslâm Modernizmi, Kur’ân Yorumları, Islah-Tecdîd, Hidâyet.
Classical Islamic Modernism is a movement that seeks solutions to problems of religious, political, scientific, economic, social, cultural, etc. It does this by activating the internal dynamics. In other words, it is a new model of interpretation of the Qur'an that aims to ensure that Muslims in particular and the entire humanity in general benefit from the Qur'an to the maximum extent. This movement corresponds to the first modernization efforts in the Islamic world.
Based on the opinion, The Classical Islamic Modernism can be defined as follows: It is a civilization project that in order to ensure the correction and renewal of Muslims aims to return to essential resources (Qur'an and Sunnah) and to purify the Islamic faith from bid’at and superstition and to give the role to mind in the interpretation of holy texts and to be careful of tradition and to put distance to isrâiliyât and Islamizing the knowledge produced by the West and to restore the Ummah consciousness which has been damaged and to combat imperialism all together.
Classical Islam Modernism, in addition to the reformist character who it take over from the pre-modernism reform movements with its features such as respect for reason and science and not being content with rumour and to make an consult to te'vil, to activite ictihâd has influenced many educateds and thinkers and intellectuals in the Islamic world. One of these intellectuals is Elmalılı Hamdi Yazır too.
Elmalılı Hamdi Yazır (1878-1942), firstly, with his identity of constitutionalist he was one of the theological scholarly class of Ottoman Islamists, both as an active political figure, a thinker, a writer/translator, a hodja/teacher. However, after the opening of the second parliament on August 11, 1923, and the proclamation of the Republic is a historical character that was tried in the courts of Independence ostracized and forced into seclusion yet commissioned by parliament to write commentary (tafseer). Elmalılı Hamdi is not against the caliphate (hilâfet) institution. Even so, -in Abdulhamid II period- he advocated constitutionalism which was a modern style of administration as an alternative to the Caliphate system, and even tried to put it on an Islamic ground by overlapping with the principle of shura (Şûrâ) of Islam. On the other side, after the proclamation of the Republic, He has experienced a number of intellectual transformations with the abolition of the caliphate and with the revolutions.
According to us, in order to understand that he is a modern commentator of Islam, with his exegesis (tafseer) book Hak Dini Kur’ân Dili it is necessary to evaluate his lectures, translations, articles and other works together. His tendency to question past scientific accumulation and the cultural acquis and, at times, to ignore them; it is only one of the things that bring it in parallel with Classical Islamic Modernism. But his attitude, -perhaps consciously- was not reflected in his exegesis book (Hak Dini Kur’ân Dili) enough. In some subjects, he criticized some of the Qur'anic interpretations of Classical Islamic Modernism. Muhammad Abduh's (1849-1905) commentary on Surah Al-Fil is one of them. Elmalılı's efforts to explain some events from the scientific understanding of modern age with the principle of causality, and cause-effect relationship are another aspect that puts him at the same level with Classical Islamic Modernism. For example, He made an explanation about the scepter of Moses (pbuh) that turned into a snake/dragon: “The real transformation is not admissible.” In other words, it is not admissible to transform literally one thing into another. Furthermore, this (the scepter's turned into a snake/dragon), according to the “Law of Contradictions” which means “it is not possible to literally to drive anything away itself" is not a genuine transformation. On the other hand, it may be possible for the scepter to turn into snake or dragon in the mind, physically or spiritually. Another example is a matter of the creation of Jesus (pbuh) or the coming of fatherless to the world. Elmalılı has taken a modernist approach in this matter too. According to Elmalılı, a creature's creation from a mother and a father is a general law, not an absolute law. This is so. Because according to imperative there are exceptions in this law. Consequently, the creation of Jesus (İsa) is an exception and this is “atavism (Jeddâniyet)= to resemble to the original ancestor” that is to say, it's something like to resemble an uppermost ancestor. On the other hand, life owners are divided into two as monomer or diyamer (just to be his mother or to be his mother and his father). Therefore, Hz. Jesus is an example of life with a mother only. The third aspect of the subject can be male and female as well as two sexes from human beings. In time, one of them may prevail over another. Therefore, it is also possible to have two kinds of seeds in a body. What is the obstacle to explaining the situation of Mary in this way?
It is possible to summarize some of Elmalılı's other views which coincide with Classical Islamic Modernism as follows: The ictihâd, which means that Fakih’s use all his power to remove the sharia's practical provisions from the detailed evidences, in Elmalılı, it corresponds to understanding and exploring the divine law. According to him, the theologians (ulemâ) is the obliged with ictihâd for the discovery of the divine provisions.
According to Elmalılı, should be used the science of the West, not the values of the West. We should not be afraid to read Western philosophy. Because that, means arming against them. In this context, he said: While the Western world translated our most important books until they reached our religion and Quranic sciences and added them to their own treasury of information and even studied the “Mizân-i Kubra” of Şa’rânî, trying to draw conclusions that could falsify Islam, why should we be deprived of their scientific accumulation and why should we tend to be like them rather than being ourselves to avoid such deprivation? If the Christians who translate and read the Qur'an and armed with it against Islam do not become Muslims, a Muslim who would read and understand their philosophy and be armed with it against them, why get Christian?
According to Elmalılı, Islam doesn't obstruct progression. Contrarily, it's the guarantee of progression. According to him, the progress is a general name given to the increasing and continuing movement of humanity towards an absolute purpose. According to Elmalılı, all sciences are respected. However, it is convenient for to use for goodness and for evil.  On the other hand, it is possible to see the traces of the “scholarly exegesis” which is popular in the modern era in the book of exegesis of Elmalılı Hamdi. He is cautious towards “İsrâîliyyât”. According to Elmalılı, “nesh” (to abrogate of) is a necessity of the universality of the Qur'an together with the change and development in social life. According to him, “nash” is both a truth and a law. He thinks parallel with Classical Islamic Modernism in the opposite of bid'at and superstition. According to Elmalılı the Prophet (pbuh) has many miracles. But his greatest miracle is the Quran.
Keywords: Tafseer (Exegesis), Islamic Modernism, Qur’an commentary, Reform-Innovation, Guidance.