Historical Images

Old urban views are increasingly used by historians to help readers imagine the looks of towns or cities; not just buildings, but also people, animals, gardens, and so on. Historical images of towns provide rich information, completing or replacing other sources. In them, historians can find details about one town’s surroundings, about the local economy, architecture, everyday life, social conditions, confessional life, and urban politics.
Out of the 1110 views of the towns from present day Romania, Sibiu has 107 representations. Most of these, painted, drawn, engraved or printed, are to be found in the Collections of the Brukenthal National Museum in Sibiu. A complex combination of landscape, topographic view and gender scene, the twelve historical images general views of Sibiu selected for this paper can reveal or even reconstruct parts of its history. It can be said that the political, social, cultural and especially architectural evolution of the town can be reflected or even proven by these historical documents.

This presentation highlights one of the pioneers of photojournalism, George N. Barnard, who documented the war as Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman’s staff photographer in 1864-1865 in the Atlanta campaign and March to the Sea.  It is through his eyes that we see both Atlanta – the area we’re in right now – and the war in 1864.

The video series of original British Pathé News, gives an illusioned feeling as handling the captured world history. British Royal family also, has a large part in the stage of popular history captured in these videos. Royal family perpetuates her symbolic image with the help of her ceremonical public life. This ceremonical existence is supported in the early days of radio and newsreels to be followed by television and video. The members of the Royal family adapted their lives to the new electronical media in time. Today the images of Royal family -with an ironical or/and moderate distance- are taken in a quite similar way of all the other mediatic people i.e. pop stars, soap opera characters on the British television channells. I find it is worth studying on the mediatic "living legend" identity of the British Royal family in the way in which it is appeared on the newsreels of 1930's onwards. A part of the video cassette collection of the British Pathé News (1930-1960) is the material of this study.

Pavlinski samostan Blažene Djevice Marije i svih Svetih, odnosno sv. Jelene u Šenkovcu kraj Čakovca izvorno je građen krajem 14.st., ali je tijekom vremena uvelike pregrađivan i transformiran, a danas nam se u najvećoj mjeri očuvao u arheološkom sloju. Za dobivanje bolje slike o njegovom izgledu, značajni su nam malobrojno očuvani povijesni prikazi, koji doduše ne mogu biti osnova za njegovu prezentaciju, ali nam uvelike olakšavaju razumijevanje prostornih odnosa i volumena unutar ovog vrijednog samostanskog kompleksa.

In the research, the poem “Iskendername” included in the famous work “Khamsa” by Nizami Ganjavi, one of the powerful creators of Azerbaijani poetry, became the object of independent analysis. The research was conducted in the context of the dialectic of literature and history in the following areas:
• Features of the Macedonian Alexander as a historical figure and character traits as an artistic image in the poem “Iskendername” by the poet Nizami Ganjavi;
• The image of Alexander between historical reality and creativity.
In the research, the creation of the image of Alexander the Great in the poem “Iskendername” by the poet Nizami Ganjavi was characterized against the background of the influences of the time, environment, literary and aesthetic thought. This approach allowed the researcher to evaluate the image comprehensively in terms of history and creativity.

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo indagar en las posibilidades de desarrollo de las capacidades de pensamiento histórico y de alfabetización visual que ofrecen los libros de texto españoles de 5º y 6º curso de Educación Primaria a partir de las actividades que emplean fuentes históricas icónicas. Se han seleccionado las imágenes figurativas y las actividades que utilizan dichas imágenes en las unidades de Historia de 27 manuales escolares (de las asignaturas de Conocimiento del Medio y Ciencias Sociales) de dos momentos concretos: el periodo de aplicación de la Ley Orgánica General del Sistema Educativo (LOGSE, 1991-2006) y el de la Ley Orgánica para la Mejora de la Calidad Educativa (LOMCE, 2013-actualidad). Los materiales estudiados pertenecen a las editoriales con mayor presencia en cada una de las etapas estudiadas en el ámbito de la Comunidad Valenciana. El análisis se realiza mediante un procedimiento de investigación que combina métodos cuantitativos (ex post-facto) y cualitativos (análisis a partir de categorías conceptuales), y gira en torno a cuatro criterios de estudio: presencia y uso de las imágenes figurativas, cantidad y clase de imágenes empleadas por las actividades, nivel de complejidad cognitiva de las actividades y relaciones de significado entre las imágenes y el texto del libro. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian algunas diferencias entre los manuales de los periodos analizados, combinado con una excesiva proporción de actividades puramente descriptivas y acríticas que no favorecen el desarrollo de las capacidades anteriormente mencionadas. Este estudio también pone de manifiesto la continuidad y reflejo, en los materiales, de ciertas rutinas y tradiciones educativas como el código disciplinar de la Historia escolar, que repercuten en las propuestas didácticas e impiden el avance de la innovación educativa en el campo de la Didáctica de la Historia.

Görsel kaynaklar tarih araştırmalarında ve öğretiminde büyük bir öneme sahiptir. Tarih
eğitiminde görsel kaynaklar doğası gereği soyut olan tarihi bilgiyi somutlaştırarak onu yeni
kuşaklar için daha anlaşılır bir hale getirmekte aynı zamanda öğrencilerin yaratıcı düşünce ve
hayal gücünün gelişmesinde yardımcı olmaktadır (Smirnova ve Romanov, 2007: 1).
Öğrencilerin görsel analiz becerilerini geliştirmek sadece tarih derslerindeki kavrama ve başarı
düzeyleri açısından değil aynı zamanda yaşam boyu öğrenme becerilerinin gelişimi açısından
da önemlidir. Çünkü bu alanda iyi olan bir kişi, çevresinde gördüğü eylemlerin, objelerin ve
sembollerin farklılığını anlayabilmekte ve onları daha doğru yorumlayabilmektedir (Alpan,
2008: 76-77). Öğrencilerin görsel analiz becerilerinin gelişiminde en önemli unsur tabi
öğretmenlerdir. Görsellerin öğretmenler tarafından tarih derslerinde doğru kullanımı
öğrencilerin görsel analiz ve görsel okuryazarlık becerilerini olumlu yönde etkileyecektir.
Bu araştırmanın amacı tarih ve sosyal bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının görsel analiz
düzeylerini tespit etmektir. Çalışmada nitel durum araştırması yöntemi ve iç içe geçmiş tek
durum deseni kullanılmıştır. Çalışma grubuna Atatürk Üniversitesi Kazım Karabekir Eğitim
Fakültesi Tarih Eğitimi ve Sosyal Bilgiler Eğitimi son sınıf öğrencileri dâhil edilmiştir. Veri
toplama aracı olarak araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanmış “Görsel Analiz Düzeyi” çalışma
kâğıdı kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda öğretmen adaylarının büyük çoğunluğunun tarihsel
görselleri analiz ederken tanımlama düzeyindeki görevlerde dahi zorlandıkları, görseller
hakkında derinlemesine ve detaylı analizler yapamadıkları, genellikle kısa ifadeler ve
açıklamalar kullandıkları, akademik bir tavır sergileyemeyerek kaynağa duygusal bir bakış
açısı ile taraflı bir şekilde yaklaştıkları dolayısıyla sergiledikleri görsel analiz becerilerinin
aldıkları eğitime kıyasla yeterli olmadığı belirlenmiştir.

Abstract: Visual resources has a great importance in historical research and teaching. Visual
resources makes historical knowledge, which is abstract by nature, more understandable for
new generations by making it concrete at the same time help students develop creative
thinking and imagination (Smirnova ve Romanov, 2007: 1). Helping students develop visual
analysis skills is necessary not only in terms of comprehension and achievement levels, but
also important for the development of lifelong learning skills. A person who is good in visual
analysis can easily understand the diversity of actions, objects and symbols he/she witnesses
in daily life and interpret them more correctly (Alpan, 2008: 76-77). The most important element
in the development of visual analysis skills of students are the teachers. The proper usage of
the visuals in history lessons by teachers will have a positive impact on students’ visual
analysis and visual literacy skills.
The aim of this research is to determine History and Social Studies teacher candidates’
level of visual analysis skills. An embedded single-case design was used in this qualitative
case study. The senior students from two departments, History Education and Social Studies
Education, at Atatürk University, Kazım Karabekir Education Faculty were set as study
population for his research. Required data for this study were gathered by “visual analysis level
worksheet” prepared by the researchers. The results show that while analyzing historical
images the majority of teacher candidates had hard time seven at identification level tasks,
unable to perform in-depth and detailed analysis, use short phrases and explanations,
approach resources with an non-academic, emotional and biased perspective therefor their
analysis skills are inadequate compared to their level of education.

Die Stadt Retz wurde bereits um 1279 gegründet und wuchs im Lauf der Zeit mit der älteren Siedlung „Altstadt“ zusammen. Ihre architektonischen Besonderheiten und ihr intensiver Bezug zum Wein prägten seit jeher das Stadtbild. Der Band beschäftigt sich mit der jüngeren Geschichte der Stadt und ihrer Katastralgemeinden Obernalb, Unternalb, Kleinhöflein, Kleinriedenthal und Hofern ab der 2. Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Die Autoren haben aus Stadtarchiv, Museum Retz und von privaten Sammlern „neue“ alte Ansichten zusammengetragen. Nicht nur historische Abbildungen der Stadtbefestigung, des Rathauses und der Windmühle, sondern auch zahlreicher anderer markanter Orte dürfen dabei nicht fehlen. Viele Ansichten lassen das lokale Wirtschafts- und Arbeitsleben, das vielfältige Vereinswesen und natürlich das Leben von und mit dem Wein wieder aufleben.

One who looks at an urban view sees what he or she wants or is able to see, and this is probably something different from others, certainly something different from the person who made it. The use of images in historical writing is very helpful: they can be seen, examined, analysed by both the author and the viewer, their message being conveyed directly. This is not the case with other types of sources (documents, artifacts), to which few have access, limiting the possibility of forming an opinion.

Essay appeared on the Virtual Museum of Archaeological Computing web-page: a project conducted by the Accademia Nazionale edi Lincei in collaboration with the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISMA).

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