History of Islamic Economics

Al-Ghazālī made seminal contributions to the field of ethical economic thought. Though he dedicated many chapters in his encyclopaedic Iḥyā’ Ulūm al-Dīn (The Revival of Religious Sciences) to what he considered just and Sharī‘a-based economic conduct in (Muslim) society, this specific aspect of his corpus has been largely overlooked in Western scholarship. This book aims to analyse and revive al-Ghazālī’s little studied economic teachings by emphasizing his economic philosophy and its correlation between Sharī‘a’s moral law and the tradition of taṣawwuf, situating his thought within the context of modern economic theories.
The scholarly ignorance of his economic contributions goes hand in hand with a claim made by several Western scholars (e.g., J. Schumpeter) that classical Islamic scholarship did not offer any significant development in the domain of economic thought in what was known in Europe as the Middle Ages—a claim that scholars like Ghazanfar and Islahi, attempted to refute. This book delves into an analysis of al-Ghazālī’s theoretical accounts and his economic philosophy as part of his overall ethics of happiness, looking closely at select passages from his work in order to position them at the intersection of two domains within the framework of classical Islamic economic thought, namely taṣawwuf or Sufi-mystical thought and Sharī‘a law.
This work does not assume that al-Ghazālī anticipated modern trends of Western economics; however, by merging the necessity of kasb (acquisitions of wealth) and the importance of zuhd (renunciation of the worldly endeavours) as equal components in the context of the science of the hereafer (‘ilm ṭarīq al-ākhira), he presented the culmination of ethical economic thought in classical Islamic tradition, influencing later Muslim scholars. Hence, in this rather specific reading of al-Ghazālī’s economic philosophy, he conceived of an economic analysis that was founded upon ethical teachings, an endeavor that should be ultimately regarded as a technology of self-examination.

تتناول هذه الدراسة إحدى أساليب التحوّط التي شاع استخدامها في المجتمعات والدول الإسلامية السابقة، من عهد العباسيين حتى نهاية العهد العثمانيّ، ويُتناول فيها تحويل العائد الاحتمالي إلى عائدٍ مضمون، عرف هذا الأسلوب باسم (القبالة)، و(الضمان)، وشاع في الدولة العثمانية تسميته باسم (الالتزام). تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى بيان معالم نظام (التزام الضرائب)، الذي يعتبر واحدًا من أهم الأساليب التي اتبعتها الدولة العثمانية في تحصيل الضرائب، وبيان موقف الفقهاء والعلماء منه في ذلك الزمان. ومن أجل ذلك استعرضت الدراسة أهم ملامح التشريع الضريبي العثماني، وبينت استناد أسسه النظرية إلى الشريعة الإسلامية، ثم تطرقت إلى أنواع الضرائب العثمانية فوضّحتها بشكل إجمالي، ثم تحدثت عن الطرق الثلاثة التي اتبعتها الدولة العثمانية في جبايتها، وهي: الإقطاع، والأمانة، والالتزام. ثم تناولت بتفصيل أسلوب الالتزام من حيث: تعريفه، وتاريخ تطبيقه، وخطوات تنفيذه، وحقوق الملتزم وواجباته. انتقلت الدراسة بعد ذلك إلى الجانب الشرعي، فبدأت بالتكييف الفقهي لعقد الالتزام، واختلاف الفقهاء في ذلك؛ حيث ذهب طائفة إلى أنه عقد إجارة وارد على استهلاك الأعيان قصدًا، وذهب آخرون إلى أنه وكالة بأجر مع تضمين الوكيل، ثم بينت الدراسة أن حكم عقد الالتزام على التكييفين هو البطلان، ووجوب الترادّ. وخلصت الدراسة إلى أن (عقد الالتزام) كان محل اعتراض جمهور فقهاء المذاهب؛ لأن كل طرف يلتزم على سبيل المعاوضة ما لا يصح أن يلتزمه شرعًا، كما أوصت الباحثين بالعناية بدراسة الوقائع الاقتصادية التاريخية في المجتمعات الإسلامية وتحليلها تحليلاً اقتصاديًا وشرعيًا، وقياس مدى توافق تلك المجتمعات في معاملاتها الاقتصادية مع أحكام الشريعة الإسلامية

The development policy in Indonesia to implement the human development paradigm should be able to put people as actors and regional economic development as a vehicle for the public welfare. However, the government's policy as outlined in the budget form precisely the opposite direction to a strategic role in the public welfare. The phenomenon of budget politics in the management of media budget to fulfill the political needs for the few and the political community. Management of the state budget in favor of a handful of people in the political-economic sphere and not pro-poor budgeting. A qualitative approach in analyzing the facts of budget management in Indonesia, this book concludes that the management of APBN using performance-based budget structure has not shown good governance performance by indicators: effectiveness, efficiency, transparency and accountability in the management of the budget

This thesis shows that government policy in the
unemployment rate into an ahistorical view or even
irrational. The postulate is historical data that occurs at
the time of al-Makmun and al-Amin and al-Shaybani
initiation if not yet be called theory of al-Shaybani.

With the context of economic crisis at the time of al-Amin,
al-Shaybani initiation of al-Mamun who implemented it
should be referred to as stabilization policy of
unemployment.

The paper explores the role and meaning of mas ˙ lah ˙ a (social utility) and its possible appropriation in the field of Islamic legal and economic thought, as laid down by various medieval and contemporary Muslim scholars. Questions that are pertinent to the research are the following: how has mas ˙ lah ˙ a been incorporated in legal reasoning and what kind of meaning does it convey; what type of economic (and/or legal) reading does it presuppose; do ethics, law, and scriptural sources play equally important role as reference in developing the concept in economic terms, are some of the questions that this paper will try to provide answer to. Further, as there is a tendency to believe that Islamic economic thought cannot be equated only with legal and juridical underpinnings, it is pertinent to pose a question if economic ideas have flourished independently from its legal framework.

Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr (1935-1980) is a well-known Muslim scholar of the late twentieth century. Al-Sadr is considered as one of the pioneers of Islamic revival in the contemporary Muslim world. His keen intellectual interests inspired him to critically study a wide range of areas in contemporary philosophy, economics, politics, sociology, history and law, from a distinct Islamic point of view. Al-Sadr's magnum opus on economics, Iqtisaduna (Our Economics) has put his name as one of the pioneers of contemporary Islamic economics. His work, in various degrees has influenced the formation and development of Islamic economics as a system and as a body of knowledge. This paper attempts to investigate some aspects of al-Sadr's economic thought by focusing on his view on the nature, subject matter and methodology of Islamic economics, areas that have not received sufficient attention by contemporary Islamic economists.

15 Gold Coins For Every Student: Musul’s Economic Condition                                                                   
Erbil’s Economic Prosperity                                                 
From Articial Incubation to Building Ships
Ayyubid Financial Organization
Caliph As a Member of Futuwwat Organization
Abolition of Heavy Taxes in Baghdad
Return of Kharaj Tax in Iraq
Theft of The State
Returning of a Tax of 100,000 Gold Coins To Tax-Payers
Innocent Prisoners Set Free                                                                   
Prices Are Falling                                                                                         
An International Economic System Supported by Endowments
No Taxes For Five Years                                                                                             
and other topics.

This paper will examine four significant economic events – namely, Indonesian government’s measure to nationalize the existing foreign enterprises in 1950s; debate in between 1949-1957 in searching of an appropriate ideology to be adopted as framework in devising economic policies; the rise of Sharia-compliant bank in early 1990s; and the emergence of Islamic co-operative financial institution called Bay al-Mâl wa al-Tamwîl (BMT), in relation to the advancement of people awareness of their right identity. The finding says that reality stated that decolonization movement in Indonesia from bottom- up that is contrary from ideal studies, and it is always connected with real identity that the decolonized people are certain with. By then, identity awarness is the way to the decolonisation process that will impact to Islamization of economics in Indonesia.

“Al Zubarah, as a fortified town linked to settlements in its hinterland, exemplifies the string of urban foundations that rewrote the political and demographic map of the Gulf during the 18th and early 19th centuries through building on the strategic position of the region as a trading conduit. Al Zubarah can thus be seen as an example of the small independent states that were founded and flourished in the 18th and early 19th centuries outside the control of the Ottoman, European and Persian empires. This period can now be seen as a significant moment in human history, when the Gulf States that exist today were founded” (UNESCO World Heritage Committee 37th session, 2013, Phnom Penh, Cambodia).

With Hugh Barnes.
These critically important ruins, almost certainly those of Roman Robatha, are positioned some 1.75km to the west of Gharandal and immediately east of the "Kings Highway". The historical significance of Ruwath cannot in any way be doubted. The settlement and its inhabitants were active participants in the far-reaching political and social changes that swept over south Jordan during two millennia, beginning with the Edomite and Nabataean periods and continuing into the later Mamluk sultanate. An indication of this role is contained in the few literary sources that deal with this region.

Tax occupies an important role as a source income of the state. With this role there are several important regulations in taxation, including the obligation collection mechanism runs fairly, more transparent and accountable. This paper civilization as recorded in some traditional literature. This is qualitative research using method of documentation in the collection of data. This study concluded free person (not slave). Second, amânah. Third, capable or expert (kafâ'ah). Fourth, meet the criteria of faqîh and mujtahîd (if serves as a determinant of the tax rate (kharâj no excess conduct for the taxpayers. Second, no persecution. Third, avoid maipulating the value of gold. Fourth, no prize in the form of precious stones. Fifth, collect taxes properly and correctly (in accordance with sharia provisions). Sixth, no tax (kharâj) on people who convert to Muslim. Keywords: Pajak menempati peran penting sebagai sumber pendapatan dari negara. kewajiban bagi warga negara untuk membayar pajak. Untuk meningkatkan

The book is a major contribution to Islamic economic history and to Islamic economics in the English language. It presents a comprehensive yet concise economic hermeneutic of policies implemented by the Messenger (saas) in Medinah. It is an authoritative presentation based on the Qur " an, the Traditions of the Messenger, earliest writings of Muslim historians and jurists. Within the context of contemporary economic universe of discourse, the book discusses implications of policies of the Messenger with regards to allocation of resources, production, exchange, growth, development, environment, efficiency and justice. For those who think that zakat, prohibition against interest, waqf and the like are the only elements that distinguish an Islamic economy from other systems, the depth and the breadth of the book would provide a transformative experience. This Review argues that the appearance of the book is particularly timely given the distorted, dis-embedded, and fictitious model of an Islamic economy manufactured by Orientalists. The book will go a long way in correcting these distortions.

Especially Maya Shatzmiller (of University of Western Ontario); International Journal of Maritime History (Memorial University of NF) and Indian Ocean World Centre at McGill (and the other Canadian scholars and centers) have produced a lot of original studies in Islamic Economics History

“Al Zubarah, as a fortified town linked to settlements in its hinterland, exemplifies the string of urban foundations that rewrote the political and demographic map of the Gulf during the 18th and early 19th centuries through building on the strategic position of the region as a trading conduit. Al Zubarah can thus be seen as an example of the small independent states that were founded and flourished in the 18th and early 19th centuries outside the control of the Ottoman, European and Persian empires. This period can now be seen as a significant moment in human history, when the Gulf States that exist today were founded” (UNESCO World Heritage Committee 37th session, 2013, Phnom Penh, Cambodia).