- PO Box 749
Double Bay
NSW 1360
Australia - +61 418 931 300
Alan G Walmsley
Macquarie University, History and Archaeology, Department Member
- Cultural Studies, Cultural Heritage, Archaeology, Material Culture & Materiality, Byzantine Studies, Late Antiquity, and 197 moreIslamic Archaeology, Islamic art and archaeology, Medieval Islamic History, Longue durée, Resilience, Post-Colonialism, Tarsus Gözlükule, Medieval Studies, Umayyad Architecture, Umayyad Art, Early Islamic Art, Umayyad Mosque, Late Antique Archaeology, Architectural History, Neolithic & Chalcolithic Archaeology, Byzantine Archaeology, Jordan, Bronze Age (Archaeology), Iron Age (Archaeology), Archaeology of the Hellenistic East, Archaeology of Jordan, Roman Archaeology, Mediterranean prehistory, Ancient numismatics (Archaeology), Late Antique and Byzantine Studies, Early and Medieval Islamic Art and Architecture, New Zealand Archaeology, Urban History, Administrative History, Israel/Palestine, Islamic Studies, Islamic History, Early Islamic History, History of Thought, Archaeological Method & Theory, Mosque Architecture, Jarash, Gerasa, History of Archaeology, Numismatics, Social Change, Medieval Archaeology, Medieval Cities and Urbanism, Islamic art and architecture, Decapolis Archaeology, Early Islamic Archaeology, History of Residential Architecture and Urban Planning, Coins finds as archaeological artefacts, Household Economics, Historical Earthquakes, Islamic' Architecture, Medieval ceramics (Archaeology), Ceramics (Archaeology), Jordan (History), Settlement archaeology, Near Eastern Archaeology, Architecture, Pottery (Archaeology), Roman Architecture, Archaeological Excavation, Objects Conservation, Landscape Archaeology, Arabian/Persian Gulf Archaeology, Qatar Archaeology, Cultural Landscapes, Maritime Trade Ceramics (Archaeology), Tourism in protected areas/World Heritage, World Heritage Site Studies, Late Medieval economic and social history, History Of Qatar, Political Economy of Iran and the Persian Gulf, UNESCO world heritage, Postcolonial Studies, Heritage Tourism, Heritage Conservation, Qatar, Maritime Trade In the Gulf, Al Zubarah, Late Antique and Byzantine History, Material Culture Studies, Mamluk Studies, Church architecture, Urbanism, Social History, Urban archaeology, Resilience Theory (in archaeology), History of Social Sciences, Architectural Heritage, Orientalism, Cultural Pluralism and Social Cohesion, Economic History, Islamic Numismatics, Cultural History, Early Christianity, Crusader Archaeology, History of Crusades, Early Medieval And Medieval Settlement (Archaeology), Medieval Islamic Ceramics, Islamic Art, Ceramic Analysis (Archaeology), Islamic Economics, Syria (Archaeology), History of Palestine and Israel, Economic and Social History, Medieval Economic and Social History, Monetary history, Medieval Islamic Numismatics, Rural Archaeology, Medieval numismatics, Arabian Gulf, Urban Planning, Islamic pottery, Arabian/Persian Gulf Studies, pearls, Persian Gulf, Arabian Gulf, Social identity processes, Palestine, Religion and Social Change, Byzantine Architecture, Islam, Mediterranean archaeology, Byzantine Mosaics, Arab Tribes, Change and continuity, History of Islamic Civilization, Islamic City, Archaeology of churches, Funerary Archaeology, Church Archaeology, Near and Middle East Archaeology (Hellenistic, Roman and Byzatine times), Levantine Archaeology, Late Antique Art and Archaeology, Archaeology of the Levant, Reassessing the Archaeology of Jordan of the Abbasid Period, Abbasid History, Faunal Analysis, Islamic Glass, Domestic Space, Urban Studies, Household Archaeology, Classical' Arabic and Persian Geographical and Travel Literature, Mamluk, Cemeteries, Mamluk pottery, Mamluk Archaeology, Islamic Geography, Umayyads (Islamic History), Islamic architecture, Jerash, Eastern Roman provinces (Archaeology), Excavations, Nabataeans (Archaeology), Early Christian Mosaics, Roman Arabia (Archaeology), Church History, Roman military history, Notitia Dignitatum, History of Islamic Economics, Culture Change, Gulf Archaeology, The Persian Gulf, Fatimids, Intellectual History, Foreign Relations and Cross-Cultural contact, Ancient Roads, Archaeology of Roads, Medieval roads, Lebanon, Syria, Israel and Palestine (History and Archaeology), ICAANE, History of Commerce, Ancient Coins, Church History in the Middle East, History of Administration, Late Roman Archaeology, Medieval rural settlement, Early Islamic Architecture, Egyptian Art and Archaeology, Manuscript Studies, Graeco-Roman Alexandria, Nabataean Petra, Caesarea Maritima, Medieval Pottery, Book Reviews, Egyptian Archaeology, Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, Near Eastern Studies, Ghassanids, Roman provinces, Syro-Palestinian archaeology, Medieval Jewish History, Science for Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage, Synagogues, Cairo Genizah, Synagogue Architecture, Cairo, Conferences, Urban Transformation, and Earthquakesedit
- Acknowledged as a leading scholar and educator in the fields of archaeology, heritage, and social history, my researc... moreAcknowledged as a leading scholar and educator in the fields of archaeology, heritage, and social history, my research focuses on the Arab and Islamic worlds of the east Mediterranean and Arabia from the third century BCE to the sixteenth century CE. Building on a half century of study, my current interest is in re-examining archival archaeological sources and to meld these neglected resources with recent field discoveries. Once collated, the information is put to rigorous assessment by applying a theoretical and evaluative toolkit consisting of post-colonialism, socioeconomics, and community resilience under the historical umbrella of the longue durée. In this way, contemporary modelling is challenging outmoded narratives tarnished by imperialist and racist dogma while creating new understandings of societal change from antiquity into Islamic times from an evidence-based, archaeological perspective.
Appointed Honorary Professor in the Department of History and Archaeology at Macquarie University in 2017, I previously held academic positions at the universities of Auckland, Sydney, Western Australia, and Copenhagen. I was twice Fellow at Harvard’s Dumbarton Oaks, Visiting Fellow in Hellenic Studies at Princeton University, and was elected Member of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters in 2009. From 2009 to 2016 I was director of the Materiality in Islam Research Initiative, an interdisciplinary research group at Copenhagen University devoted to the study of Islamic archaeology, visual culture, and heritage. An active field researcher, I have designed and directed pioneering excavations at three prominent sites in Jordan and at Qatar’s World Heritage site of Al Zubārah. An author and editor of 133 publications and numerous academic reports, my recent writings embrace the concept of ‘pragmatic’ archaeology, with an emphasis on shaping new evidence-based narratives on the cultural history, materiality, and heritage of the east Mediterranean and Arabia down to modern times.edit
In the study of the lively historical events that accompanied the determined emergence of a post-colonial Gulf in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries CE, archaeology and heritage are especially equipped to make a significant... more
In the study of the lively historical events that accompanied the determined emergence of a post-colonial Gulf in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries CE, archaeology and heritage are especially equipped to make a significant contribution to understanding the main social, political, and economic factors that came to shape this period of fundamental change. Of the many social transformations that occurred at that time, none was more important than the foundation and development of the modern emirate states of the southwestern coast of the Arabian Gulf. Al Zubarah was an essential catalyst in the formation of a new Gulf epitomized by Arab independence, born of commercial acumen, steely political determination, and the expression of an independent and distinct cultural identity. This book, for the first time, brings together history, archaeology and heritage in one comprehensive study to highlight the pivotal role played by the people of Al Zubarah in the emergence of the modern Gulf.
_Editor/authors_
HE Sheikh Hassan Bin Mohammed Bin Ali Al-Thani, Noof Ibrahim Abdulla, Sultan Muhesen, Alan G. Walmsley, Fatema Hassan Al-Sulaiti, Sandra Rosendahl, Ingolf Thuesen, et al.
_Editor/authors_
HE Sheikh Hassan Bin Mohammed Bin Ali Al-Thani, Noof Ibrahim Abdulla, Sultan Muhesen, Alan G. Walmsley, Fatema Hassan Al-Sulaiti, Sandra Rosendahl, Ingolf Thuesen, et al.
Research Interests:
In this book I endeavour to offer a concise account of Islamic archaeology as it has developed and is today in the region of geographical Syria-Palestine. The region offers the archaeologist particular attractions in dealing with an... more
In this book I endeavour to offer a concise account of Islamic archaeology as it has developed and is today in the region of
geographical Syria-Palestine. The region offers the archaeologist particular attractions in dealing with an Islamic past as a result of the tremendous advances made in relevant archaeological research in the last few decades. This work proposes new ways of understanding and interpreting the first Islamic centuries in Syria-Palestine, based on clear and verifiable information gleaned from a range of archaeological discoveries.
geographical Syria-Palestine. The region offers the archaeologist particular attractions in dealing with an Islamic past as a result of the tremendous advances made in relevant archaeological research in the last few decades. This work proposes new ways of understanding and interpreting the first Islamic centuries in Syria-Palestine, based on clear and verifiable information gleaned from a range of archaeological discoveries.
Research Interests: Near Eastern Archaeology, Late Antique and Byzantine History, Islamic Archaeology, Material Culture Studies, Late Antique Archaeology, and 9 morePost-Colonialism, Islamic History, Early Medieval And Medieval Settlement (Archaeology), Early Islamic Archaeology, Settlement archaeology, Orientalism, Islamic art and architecture, Medieval Islamic Ceramics, and Resilience Theory (in archaeology)
An edited book of studies by various Australian archaeologists with a research interest in the archaeology of Jordan, from prehistory until Islamic times. The book was prepared for the 8th International Conference on the History and... more
An edited book of studies by various Australian archaeologists with a research interest in the archaeology of Jordan, from prehistory until Islamic times. The book was prepared for the 8th International Conference on the History and Archaeology of Jordan held in Sydney in July, 2001as part of the University of Syndney's Sesquicentenary Celebrations.
Research Interests: Islamic Archaeology, Mediterranean prehistory, Late Antique Archaeology, Architectural History, Neolithic & Chalcolithic Archaeology, and 7 moreByzantine Archaeology, Jordan, Bronze Age (Archaeology), Iron Age (Archaeology), Archaeology of the Hellenistic East, Archaeology of Jordan, and Roman Archaeology
Adapa Monograph Series 1.
Research Interests:
A comprehensive interim account of the field seasons between 1982 and
1985 undertaken by the Joint University of Sydney and College of Wooster (Ohio) Excavations at Pella in Jordan.
1985 undertaken by the Joint University of Sydney and College of Wooster (Ohio) Excavations at Pella in Jordan.
Research Interests: Late Antique and Byzantine Studies, Mediterranean prehistory, Mamluk Studies, Decapolis Archaeology, Byzantine Archaeology, and 7 moreBiblical Archaeology, Early Islamic Archaeology, Church architecture, Mosque Architecture, Archaeology of the Hellenistic East, Domestic Architecture (Roman), and Archaeology of Jordan
An initial session on 'Islamic' Archaeology in the Near East was held as part of the 2nd International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, held in Copenhagen during May 2000, comprised a general section and a more... more
An initial session on 'Islamic' Archaeology in the Near East was held as part of the 2nd International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, held in Copenhagen during May 2000, comprised a general section and a more reflective symposium focused on envisaging a way ahead. The Symposium was organized by Alan Walmsley and supported by Jeremy Johns, Alison McQuitty and Cherie Lenzen, among others. The published papers from the symposium were collated, edited and dispatched to Copenhagen by Walmsley while ARC Research Fellow at the University of Western Australia in 2000 - 2001.
Research Interests:
Under a grant from the New Zealand Historic Places Trust, a site recording programme was undertaken by A. Walmsley and G. Barton in the extreme north—east of the Coromandel Peninsula during the first two weeks of February, 1976. Our area,... more
Under a grant from the New Zealand Historic Places Trust, a site recording programme was undertaken by A. Walmsley and G. Barton in the extreme north—east of the Coromandel Peninsula during the first two weeks of February, 1976. Our area, some 14 square kilometers, extended from the Okahutahi Stream, Sandy Bay, to include the area around Port Charles and, further east , the Parakete Stream basin and coastal hills. Our concern with this district was two-fold. Firstly, the archaeological importance of the area, for we believed the area could reveal concentrated settlement; and secondly, the impending destruction of these sites through subdivision and reafforestation. Our efforts were rewarded with the recording of 88 sites, of which only one, Pakautukua Pa (N35-36/15) had previously been recorded.
Research Interests:
The archaeology of Islamic Palestine and Jordan remains the poor and neglected cousin of Biblical and Roman studies. For instance much of the essential groundwork on the historical geography of the period has yet to be done, and the... more
The archaeology of Islamic Palestine and Jordan remains the poor and neglected cousin of Biblical and Roman studies. For instance much of the essential groundwork on the historical geography of the period has yet to be done, and the material culture of the earlier Islamic periods is either largely ignored or misclassified. Little or no effort has been made to establish a soundly based understanding of the economic and social structure of the region from either written or archaeological sources.
This thesis attempts to deal with some of these shortcomings by investigating the administrative geography, routes and urban framework of the two Islamic provinces of the jund of Filastin and the jund of al-Urdunn during the first four centuries of Islamic history, that is during the Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid and early Fatimid periods (ca. 20-375/640-985). The material for this study comes from a number of varied sources, both literary and archaeological. Particular attention is paid to the Arabic written works of the 3rd/9th and 4th/10th centuries, especially those which deal with the historical, administrative and descriptive geography of the Islamic World. Archaeological research has produced further detailed information on the urban centres of Filastin and al-Urdunn and their administration. In particular a combination of Early Islamic numismatics and the Umayyad papyri documents from Nessana makes a valuable contribution to identifying the administrative structure of these two provinces under the Rashidun and Umayyad caliphates.
This thesis attempts to deal with some of these shortcomings by investigating the administrative geography, routes and urban framework of the two Islamic provinces of the jund of Filastin and the jund of al-Urdunn during the first four centuries of Islamic history, that is during the Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid and early Fatimid periods (ca. 20-375/640-985). The material for this study comes from a number of varied sources, both literary and archaeological. Particular attention is paid to the Arabic written works of the 3rd/9th and 4th/10th centuries, especially those which deal with the historical, administrative and descriptive geography of the Islamic World. Archaeological research has produced further detailed information on the urban centres of Filastin and al-Urdunn and their administration. In particular a combination of Early Islamic numismatics and the Umayyad papyri documents from Nessana makes a valuable contribution to identifying the administrative structure of these two provinces under the Rashidun and Umayyad caliphates.
Research Interests:
This book chapter offers a comprehensive review of early Islamic (7th-11th centuries CE) pottery in Jordan and its interaction with neighbouring regions. The study is largely based on publish material and follows two themes: wares and... more
This book chapter offers a comprehensive review of early Islamic (7th-11th centuries CE) pottery in Jordan and its interaction with neighbouring regions. The study is largely based on publish material and follows two themes: wares and technology, and forms and function. The ceramics of early Islamic Jordan were varied and developed rapidly in style and purpose, which reflected the swift changes to the social and cultural environment of the time.
Updated version.
ISBN: 978-1-955918-06-0
Updated version.
ISBN: 978-1-955918-06-0
Research Interests:
Archaeological studies have readily embraced the revitalisation of the longue durée concept as an effective yet flexible historical tool with which to mix and match, on a level platform, the many relevant fields of research in the natural... more
Archaeological studies have readily embraced the revitalisation of the longue durée concept as an effective yet flexible historical tool with which to mix and match, on a level platform, the many relevant fields of research in the natural and social sciences. In this new manifestation of longue durée, macrohistory has returned strengthened by the overt validity of the breadth, depth, reliability and often repeatability of diverse data sets, yet also its ability to incorporate microhistories including the contributions of sole actors. Within the flexible boundaries of longue durée, crossovers between theoretical tools can be built, in which a rigorous interrogation of the data can occur to reveal and define the otherwise overlooked characteristics and complex structures that customised past societies. Consequently, an unprecedented opportunity now exists to engage with a wide range of theoretic approaches compatible with a longue durée approach, such as recent and relevant debates on empirical urban theory, the nature of human perception, social and political commentary in art and design, path dependency in regional economics, and resilience theory.
Blanke, L. and Walmsley, A. G. (2022) 'Resilient cities: Renewal after disaster in three late antique towns of the East Mediterranean', in Martínez Jiménez, J. and Ottewill-Soulsby, S. (eds.) Remembering and forgetting the ancient city: Vol. 2 Impact of the Ancient City. Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 69-107.
Blanke, L. and Walmsley, A. G. (2022) 'Resilient cities: Renewal after disaster in three late antique towns of the East Mediterranean', in Martínez Jiménez, J. and Ottewill-Soulsby, S. (eds.) Remembering and forgetting the ancient city: Vol. 2 Impact of the Ancient City. Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 69-107.
Research Interests:
The discovery in 2002 CE of a full-sized early Islamic mosque and an extensive market place in the heart of the archaeological site of Jarash has forced a rewriting of the cultural, economic, and religious history of the site, no matter... more
The discovery in 2002 CE of a full-sized early Islamic mosque and an extensive market place in the heart of the archaeological site of Jarash has forced a rewriting of the cultural, economic, and religious history of the site, no matter how disturbing these finds may be to others. Occupation at Jarash has been extended for several more centuries, in keeping with nearby places such as Amman, Pella, and Baysan. Recent archival research shows that an Islamic settlement was recognized by C.S. Fisher in the early 1930s, but significantly downplayed in the final publication of C.H. Kraeling.
Research Interests:
In this short review, some attempt is made to trace the intellectual development of Islamic archaeology into the early twenty-first century, with a focus on its practice in Muslim countries.
Research Interests:
The intention of this paper is to present a brief review and assessment of Islamic archaeology as it is practised in parts of the Middle East today. It is, primarily, an individual appraisal based on 25 years of experience in the region... more
The intention of this paper is to present a brief review and assessment of Islamic archaeology as it is practised in parts of the Middle East today. It is, primarily, an individual appraisal based on 25 years of experience in the region and, perhaps more significantly, very fruitful discussions with a number of colleagues. One of the most satisfying features of Islamic archaeology as a relatively new discipline is its collegial nature, and much of the rapid development in the field during recent years can be attributed to the spirit of cooperation amongst practising Islamic archaeologists and other supportive parties. Hence it is fitting that this paper is offered with great respect to Peder Mortensen, whose early interest in and support for Islamic archaeology has done much to preserve Denmark's international profile in this field
Research Interests:
Although it is now generally agreed that the imposition of Islamic hegemony left the existing social and cultural environment of Bilad al-Sham essentially intact, it remains more difficult to assess levels of disruption, if any, to... more
Although it is now generally agreed that the imposition of Islamic hegemony left the existing social and cultural environment of Bilad al-Sham essentially intact, it remains more difficult to assess levels of disruption, if any, to production systems and trade network , or the extent to which these developed in new directions under Islamic administration during the course of th e eighth century. Arguably, economic structures were already in a fragile state at the time of the Islamic conquest, due to political and military upheaval in the last decades of Byzantine rule. Some attempt is made to clarify these issues in this chapter, predominantly from an archaeological perspective, although we are far from reaching any definitive statement.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
The complexity of urban developments in the cities of the province of Palestine Secunda during the transition from late antiquity to early Islamic times are finding new explanations in recent archaeological discoveries. Earlier... more
The complexity of urban developments in the cities of the province of Palestine Secunda during the transition from late antiquity to early Islamic times are finding new explanations in recent archaeological discoveries. Earlier explanations, often uncritically accepted, are undergoing significant reevaluation thanks to these new discoveries. Today, the arrival of Islam in the 630s CE and the subsequent developments in the cities and countryside are perceived more as as a "change in continuity", which is only visibly modified with the establishment of an active Muslim administration in the Umayyad Marwanid period and the introduction of major reforms. Coinciding, there were natural factors - earthquakes, plague, environmental degradation - which likely made a negative contribution, but alone do not tell the full story.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Note: this chapter has been revised and republished as 'The Middle Islamic and Crusader Periods', found above. The Arabic and Crusader written sources, archaeological results (what little exists) and, most critically, the activities of... more
Note: this chapter has been revised and republished as 'The Middle Islamic and Crusader Periods', found above.
The Arabic and Crusader written sources, archaeological results (what little exists) and, most critically, the activities of the Crusaders east of the Jordan Rift valley point to a sustained level of socio-economic activity in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. There were at least eight major population centres reliant on Jordan, supported by a vibrant rural sector, trade and commerce. The importance of trade, especially in the eleventh century, is demonstrated by the finds at Ayla (al-`Aqaba), but the benefits would have spread up the main communication routes. There is growing evidence, at Khirbat Faris and Dhiban for instance, that many sites with easily recognized Ayyubid and Mamluk occupation were also settled in Fatimid, Seljuq and perhaps Crusader times, the later material often disguising earlier evidence (a problem especially apparent in surveys). If so, the supposed `settlement gap' between the early Abbasid and Mamluk periods quickly disappears. Settlement levels were probably not significantly less than in the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods.
The Arabic and Crusader written sources, archaeological results (what little exists) and, most critically, the activities of the Crusaders east of the Jordan Rift valley point to a sustained level of socio-economic activity in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. There were at least eight major population centres reliant on Jordan, supported by a vibrant rural sector, trade and commerce. The importance of trade, especially in the eleventh century, is demonstrated by the finds at Ayla (al-`Aqaba), but the benefits would have spread up the main communication routes. There is growing evidence, at Khirbat Faris and Dhiban for instance, that many sites with easily recognized Ayyubid and Mamluk occupation were also settled in Fatimid, Seljuq and perhaps Crusader times, the later material often disguising earlier evidence (a problem especially apparent in surveys). If so, the supposed `settlement gap' between the early Abbasid and Mamluk periods quickly disappears. Settlement levels were probably not significantly less than in the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods.
Research Interests:
Understanding the production (minting), distribution and circulation of coinage in Syria-Palestine during the 7th and 8th centuries has undergone far-reaching improvements in recent decades. In the last few years progress has been... more
Understanding the production (minting), distribution and circulation of coinage in Syria-Palestine during the 7th and 8th centuries has undergone far-reaching improvements in recent decades. In the last few years progress has been especially swift, over which time the implications of these advances have also been steadily - and increasingly - applied to an understanding of the early Islamic economy, and ever more successfully so. 1 By this means a valuable dynamic between coin studies and historical endeavour is being forged, and few would now question that "progress does seem to have been made in breaking down the divisions between 'coin people' and 'historians' ". Although still in a formative stage, this new collaboration is offering fresh insights into major social developments that characterized the crucial late antique - early Islamic transitional period. This paper serves to highlight some of these developments with a focus on the mid-7th to mid-8th century in Syria-Palestine/ Bilad al-Sham, although placed within a wider chronological framework. The study brings together recent work on identifying mints, minting authorities, known coin types, and the geographical distribution of coins based on an ever-increasing number of archaeological site finds (unprovenanced hoards are not considered). Through a cross-disciplinary analysis of this material, in which coin profiles are compared with other archaeological material, fresh perspectives are drawn on the way coinage - notably its production and spread - serves to identify major changes to social and economic conditions in Bilad al-Sham during the late antique-early Islamic transitional period.
Research Interests:
Of the thirty-eight coins found during the excavation of Field D at Tell Jawa, near Amman in Jordan, thirty-five come from one hoard of early Islamic copper alloy coins (Arabic: fulus, singular Fals). The hoard was found in Room 605,... more
Of the thirty-eight coins found during the excavation of Field D at Tell Jawa, near Amman in Jordan, thirty-five come from one hoard of early Islamic copper alloy coins (Arabic: fulus, singular Fals). The hoard was found in Room 605, identified as a kitchen, of Building 600, and comprised six unequal groups (termed 'stacks') totaling twenty-six coins and nine single finds. Associated with the hoard were traces of fabric. As the early Islamic hoard constitutes the most significant numismatic find at Tall Jawa, it is dealt with in some detail in this chapter.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Texts and archaeology of the seventh to tenth centuries CE reveal converging details of the administrative structure and urban landscapes in southern Bilad al-Sham. In crossing from Baysan in the Jund al-Urdunn to 'Amman in the Balqa'... more
Texts and archaeology of the seventh to tenth centuries CE reveal converging details of the administrative structure and urban landscapes in southern Bilad al-Sham. In crossing from Baysan in the Jund al-Urdunn to 'Amman in the Balqa' district of the Jund Dimashq, the traveller of the third or fourth decade of the second/eighth century would have passed through a reworked urban world with similarities and differences to those of two centuries earlier. The differences were generally favorable, in that the new had been almost seamlessly accommodated within the old. The mosque at Jarash, the citadel complex of Amman, and that of Baysan, leave little doubt that a new Muslim elite wrought significant changes to the post-Classical urban history of middle-ranking towns in Bilad al-Sham that matched the main cities of, for instance, Damascus
and Jerusalem.
and Jerusalem.
Research Interests:
The Sydney-Wooster excavations at Pella in Jordan commenced in 1979, and have now uncovered more than 1,000 sq. m. of dwellings and courtyards on the tell dating to the seventh and eighth centuries. The following paper deals with the... more
The Sydney-Wooster excavations at Pella in Jordan commenced in 1979, and have now uncovered more than 1,000 sq. m. of dwellings and courtyards on the tell dating to the seventh and eighth centuries. The following paper deals with the archaeology and finds of the Early Islamic periodS uncovered during the University of Sydney's sessions in 1979 and 1980. It should be emphasised that the conclusions reached in this paper are tentative, since much work on the material remains to be done.
Research Interests:
The earliest period of Muslim history in the Levant is the relatively brief time of Umayyad rule (c. A.D. 660-750), a hitherto little known phase in Transjordanian archaeology. The end of Pella as a city in the earthquake of A. D. 746/7... more
The earliest period of Muslim history in the Levant is the relatively brief time of Umayyad rule (c. A.D. 660-750), a hitherto little known phase in Transjordanian archaeology. The end of Pella as a city in the earthquake of A. D. 746/7 almost coincides with the end of the Umayyad Caliphate, and the Joint Expedition's excavations have illuminated conditions during this period. Generally speaking the population appears to have been declining, as the progressive abandonment of buildings before the final disaster suggests, and agriculture and animal husbandry is in evidence in domestic quarters formerly reserved solely for human occupation. Overall, reduced civic wealth may be indicated by the decay of public buildings, notably the three churches, and by the simple and sometimes indifferent forms of house construction and repair. However, in contrast to this, the wide and generally well made repertory of Umayyad pottery and other domestic artefacts, and the considerable wealth represented by the numerous animal skeletons which have been unearthed, all point to a measure of private prosperity for some of the citizens. The extent of Pella's trading connections in this period remains unclear, although ceramic forms and wares suggest a fair amount of contact with other centres in Palestine and Jordan.
Research Interests:
The earliest period of Muslim history in the Levant is the relatively brief time of Umayyad rule (c. A.D. 660-750), a hitherto little known phase in Transjordanian archaeology. The end of Pella as a city in the earthquake of A.D. 746/7... more
The earliest period of Muslim history in the Levant is the relatively brief time of Umayyad rule (c. A.D. 660-750), a hitherto little known phase in Transjordanian archaeology. The end of Pella as a city in the earthquake of A.D. 746/7 almost coincides with the end of the Umayyad Caliphate, and the Joint Expedition's excavations have illuminated conditions during this period. Generally speaking the population appears to have been declining, as the progressive abandonment of buildings before the final disaster suggests, and agriculture and animal husbandry is in evidence in domestic quarters formerly reserved solely for human occupation. Overall, reduced civic wealth may be indicated by the decay of public buildings, notably the three churches, and by the simple and sometimes indifferent forms of house construction and repair. However, in contrast to this, the wide and generally well made repertory of Umayyad pottery and other domestic artefacts, and the considerable wealth represented by the numerous animal skeletons which have been unearthed, all point to a measure of private prosperity for some of the citizens. The extent of Pella's trading connections in this period remains unclear, although ceramic forms and wares suggest a fair amount of contact with other centres in Palestine and Jordan.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
In the first section, Walmsley reports on the continued excavation in Area IV of domestic structures occupied until the mid-8th century. Here further dramatic evidence of the destruction of these houses in the AD 747 earthquake was... more
In the first section, Walmsley reports on the continued excavation in Area IV of domestic structures occupied until the mid-8th century. Here further dramatic evidence of the destruction of these houses in the AD 747 earthquake was uncovered, providing detailed insight into aspects of daily life at that time.
The nature of Umayyad habitation in the Civic Complex church (Area IX) is discussed by Smith in the next section of the chapter. Until the final abandonment of the church as a religious structure after the AD 717 earthquake, a series of structural repairs were undertaken, each of a progressively poorer quality. Then between AD 717 and the end of the Umayyad Period, the church was given over to occupation by herders and their animals.
The location and excavation of a Mamluk mosque and village in Areas XVII and XXIII respectively is described in some detail by Walmsley in the final part of the chapter. Attention is paid to the architecture of the mosque and in particular the similarities between it and other mosques in Jordan built about the same time. An interim study of Late Islamic pottery from Areas XVII and XXIII is also presented.
The nature of Umayyad habitation in the Civic Complex church (Area IX) is discussed by Smith in the next section of the chapter. Until the final abandonment of the church as a religious structure after the AD 717 earthquake, a series of structural repairs were undertaken, each of a progressively poorer quality. Then between AD 717 and the end of the Umayyad Period, the church was given over to occupation by herders and their animals.
The location and excavation of a Mamluk mosque and village in Areas XVII and XXIII respectively is described in some detail by Walmsley in the final part of the chapter. Attention is paid to the architecture of the mosque and in particular the similarities between it and other mosques in Jordan built about the same time. An interim study of Late Islamic pottery from Areas XVII and XXIII is also presented.
Research Interests:
Title Page; Forward by HRH Prince El Hassan bin Talal; Table of Contents; Preface by Fawwaz Al-Khraysheh; and the editor's introductory chapter, which outlines the beginnings of Australian archaeology in Jordan during the 1960s and 70s... more
Title Page; Forward by HRH Prince El Hassan bin Talal; Table of Contents; Preface by Fawwaz Al-Khraysheh; and the editor's introductory chapter, which outlines the beginnings of Australian archaeology in Jordan during the 1960s and 70s down to the tremendous diversity and richness of activity found today. The papers in the book reflect the last fifty years of achievement, beginning with Kay Prag's captivating but honest account of how it all came about (also dealt with by Jaimie Lovell and Peta Seaton), which leads to the maturity of Pella and the challenges that brought (Phillip Macumber; also Stephen Bourke and Karen Hendrix, Paul Donnelly and Kathryn Eriksson), and thence to the trials, and yet achievements, of Jarash (Warwick Ball). Thereafter beyond, to the many Australian research projects in Jordan of the later 20th century, whatever their intellectual and institutional origins.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Interim report on the activities of the Australian Team, Jerash Archaeological Project 1, 1981–1983.
Authors:
Ball, W.
Bowsher, J.M.C.
Kehrberg, Ina
Walmsley, Alan
Watson, Pamela M.
Authors:
Ball, W.
Bowsher, J.M.C.
Kehrberg, Ina
Walmsley, Alan
Watson, Pamela M.
Research Interests:
Moskeen repræsenterer et af de mest potente billeder i og af islam. Siden profeten Muhammeds tid og dannelsen af et islamisk samfund i Arabien har moskeen, udover at være et bedehus, spillet en central rolle i det kulturelle,... more
Moskeen repræsenterer et af de mest potente billeder i og af islam. Siden profeten Muhammeds tid og dannelsen af et islamisk samfund i Arabien har moskeen, udover at være et bedehus, spillet en central rolle i det kulturelle, intellektuelle, politiske og juridiske liv i muslimske samfund. Den fik hurtigt en fast form. l løbet af det 7. og 8. århundrede ekspanderede den islamiske stat ind i territorier, der tidligere havde tilhørt de persiske og byza ntinske imperier. Derigennem blev den nye muslimske elite konfronteret med andre arkitekturtraditioner. Disse bygningers magtfulde symbolik inspirerede den nye elite til at opføre lignende imponerende monumenter,
som kunne knyttes til islam. Særligt vigtige var de store fredagsmoskeer, der
opførtes i alle store byer i det nye imperium.
som kunne knyttes til islam. Særligt vigtige var de store fredagsmoskeer, der
opførtes i alle store byer i det nye imperium.
Research Interests:
The relevant principal data from archaeological research at Al Zubarah in Qatar during 2010 to 2012 CE is presented in summary form. The following areas of work are covered: 1) Strategically planned excavations following strict scientific... more
The relevant principal data from archaeological research at Al Zubarah in Qatar during 2010 to 2012 CE is presented in summary form. The following areas of work are covered: 1) Strategically planned excavations following strict scientific and site management principles located within the Nominated Property; 2) investigation of AI Zubarah's extensive hinterland in order to locate, record, describe and categorise settlements and activities within their environmental settings; 3) The classification, documentation (description, image generation), and study of the rich and diverse material culture recovered from the excavations.
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The prevailing elements of time, history and geography have worked together to conceal both the physical remains and cultural significance of the 250-year-old city called Al Zubarah. Imposingly situated on a sweeping bay of azure water on... more
The prevailing elements of time, history and geography have worked together to conceal both the physical remains and cultural significance of the 250-year-old city called Al Zubarah. Imposingly situated on a sweeping bay of azure water on the northwest coast of Qatar, it took settlers from Kuwait and Basra just a few short years to build a gleaming new city that was to quickly excel in commerce, politics and culture.
Research Interests: Islamic Archaeology, Archaeobotany, Cultural Heritage, Landscape Archaeology, Urban History, and 14 moreCultural Landscapes, Arabian Gulf, Ceramics (Archaeology), Maritime Trade Ceramics (Archaeology), Mosque Architecture, Tourism in protected areas/World Heritage, World Heritage Site Studies, Late Medieval economic and social history, History Of Qatar, Political Economy of Iran and the Persian Gulf, Al Zubarah, UNESCO world heritage, Forts, and Restoration and Conservation of Ancient and Historic Buildings and Structures
Between 2009 and 2014, excavations at Al Zubarah by Qatar Museums in partnership with the University of Copenhagen produced results that far exceeded first expectations. By implementing a bespoke archaeological and cultural heritage... more
Between 2009 and 2014, excavations at Al Zubarah by Qatar Museums in partnership with the University of Copenhagen produced results that far exceeded first expectations. By implementing a bespoke archaeological and cultural heritage program that focused on the special characteristics of Al Zubarah’s archaeology, much new knowledge has been gathered in just a few short years, giving fresh insights into the city’s past that have reframed the way we interpret and explain its defining role in the formation of the modern Arabian Gulf. A sound settlement chronology, the advanced levels of urban planning, social expression through architectural traditions, successes in commerce and trade, the management of local resources and especially water, details of home life such as personal adornment and diet, and the central role of the sea and the surrounding countryside in the success story of Al Zubarah offer jointly an unprecedented insight into the primacy of this city in its heyday. While this very active phase in the life of Al Zubarah might have been relatively short, its impact on the history of the Gulf is of incalculable importance and of lasting impact down to modern times. The six years of targeted archaeological work at Al Zubarah has illustrated the determined mission of the settlers from the northwest Gulf who brought with them, in addition to a commercial acumen centuries in the making, cultural and political ambitions that equalled – if not exceeded – their commercial goals. The ideal of Arab tribal independence free of imperial strictures had become embedded in political thought in Basra for over a century and a half before the relocation of important Arab families from there to Al Zubarah. From their new cultural and economic centre, situated outside direct Ottoman and Iranian control, such geopolitical ambitions could be advanced in a region where profound changes were already occurring in the centuries-old power structures dominated by large empires. Through political acumen and economic ability, Al Zubarah was to flourish in just a few years, taking on the role of an incubator of Arab political and cultural independence in the region.
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A team from the University of Sydney conducted excavations at Pella between December 15th, 1981 and February 25th, 1982. We are indebted to the Director-General of the Department of Antiquities, Dr. Adnan Hadidi and the Department... more
A team from the University of Sydney conducted excavations at Pella between December 15th, 1981 and February 25th, 1982. We are indebted to the Director-General of the Department of Antiquities, Dr. Adnan Hadidi and the Department representatives, Dr. Ghazi Bisheh and Mr. Sultan Shraideh, for their invaluable assistance. Work was continued in Areas III, IV, VI and XIV, while Area XI on the NE summit of Tell el Husn was investigated after an hiatus of some seasons. A major new area containing a late mosque, was opened up in the centre of the main mound as Area XVII. The report will deal with the season's results in chronological order.
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This study is based on a joint historical and archaeological perspective and points to further possibilities, as well as limitations, of such an approach. Issues of identity and self-image are viewed within the context of change and... more
This study is based on a joint historical and archaeological perspective and points to further possibilities, as well as limitations, of such an approach. Issues of identity and self-image are viewed within the context of change and continuity in a crucial period in the history of the eastern Mediterranean. In examining the impact of the Islamic conquest of Syria-Palestine and the transition from Byzantine to Arab Islamic rule, this essay focuses on issues of regional, urban, and social (including group and individual) dimensions of identity. It evokes such questions as official policies, the role of various élites, patronage of architectural projects, aesthetic taste, place names, and the inaugurating of a new Muslim era. It goes beyond mere religious, linguistic, and ethnic indicators, as usually externally perceived in certain modern studies, to ask questions about self-image, crises, tensions, and other complex aspects of the study of identity.
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Research Interests:
http://publication.doa.gov.jo/Publications/ViewPublic/124 The site of Tabaqat Fahl (ancient Pella of the Decapolis) has been known to travellers, historians and archaeologists since early in the 19th century.2 Before the present... more
http://publication.doa.gov.jo/Publications/ViewPublic/124
The site of Tabaqat Fahl (ancient Pella of the Decapolis) has been known to travellers, historians and archaeologists since early in the 19th century.2 Before the present undertaking, the site has twice been investigated in recent years: two small soundings by the American School of Oriental Research in 1958 and the initial season, in 1967, of a large—scale, long-term project by The College of Wooster under Dr. Robert H. Smith. The latter undertaking had scarcely begun when the Arab-Israeli war erupted in June of that year.
By 1978 conditions at Pella had long since returned to normal, and it was financially feasible for Wooster to return to the field at Pella. This time, however, the venture was to be a joint effort with The University of Sydney as a partner and the Department of Antiquities of Jordan as an active participant in the program. Because of escalating costs of field operations and the relative isolation of Tabaqat Fahl from major urban centers which required extensive preparations for accommodations at the site, it is doubtful if the excavation of so large a site as Pella could have been undertaken in any major way except with international cooperation of this kind.
By prior arrangement, certain areas at Pella were to be the responsibility of The University of Sydney and certain others the responsibility of The College of Wooster (Pl. 1). The Australian group would commence a stratigraphic probe on the eastern side of the mound and undertake the mapping and eventual excavation of an interesting complex of buildings that lay far up the hillside to the east of the city proper, as well as explore for tombs. Wooster’s areas of responsibility included the western side of the mound, where a stratigraphic excavation of major dimensions was needed, and a cluster of Roman-Byzantine ruins near the city’s spring. There was also the matter of tombs. Furthermore, it was desirable to carry out some limited archaeological investigations and perhaps restoration at the West Church, where Wooster had conducted excavations in 1967.
The site of Tabaqat Fahl (ancient Pella of the Decapolis) has been known to travellers, historians and archaeologists since early in the 19th century.2 Before the present undertaking, the site has twice been investigated in recent years: two small soundings by the American School of Oriental Research in 1958 and the initial season, in 1967, of a large—scale, long-term project by The College of Wooster under Dr. Robert H. Smith. The latter undertaking had scarcely begun when the Arab-Israeli war erupted in June of that year.
By 1978 conditions at Pella had long since returned to normal, and it was financially feasible for Wooster to return to the field at Pella. This time, however, the venture was to be a joint effort with The University of Sydney as a partner and the Department of Antiquities of Jordan as an active participant in the program. Because of escalating costs of field operations and the relative isolation of Tabaqat Fahl from major urban centers which required extensive preparations for accommodations at the site, it is doubtful if the excavation of so large a site as Pella could have been undertaken in any major way except with international cooperation of this kind.
By prior arrangement, certain areas at Pella were to be the responsibility of The University of Sydney and certain others the responsibility of The College of Wooster (Pl. 1). The Australian group would commence a stratigraphic probe on the eastern side of the mound and undertake the mapping and eventual excavation of an interesting complex of buildings that lay far up the hillside to the east of the city proper, as well as explore for tombs. Wooster’s areas of responsibility included the western side of the mound, where a stratigraphic excavation of major dimensions was needed, and a cluster of Roman-Byzantine ruins near the city’s spring. There was also the matter of tombs. Furthermore, it was desirable to carry out some limited archaeological investigations and perhaps restoration at the West Church, where Wooster had conducted excavations in 1967.
Research Interests:
With McNicoll, Anthony W., Smith, Robert H., Hennessy, J. B., Rodriquez, R., Reshaidat, O., Martin, G., Whitaker, R., Day, L. The first season of The Sydney-Wooster Joint Expedition to Pella took place during the early months of 1979.... more
With McNicoll, Anthony W., Smith, Robert H., Hennessy, J. B., Rodriquez, R., Reshaidat, O., Martin, G., Whitaker, R., Day, L.
The first season of The Sydney-Wooster Joint Expedition to Pella took place during the early months of 1979. Because of differing academic calendars, a Sydney group under the direction of J. B. Hennessy and Anthony McNicoll conducted a session in January and February, and a Wooster team under the direction of Robert H. Smith carried out a session that began in mid March and extended through mid May. Excavation was under-taken on the eastern and western sides of the top of the central mound, at Roman-Byzantine architectural complexes near the springs and on the eastern slope overlooking the mound, in the West Church, and in the cemetery regions that lie east and south of the city (fig. 1). At the same time, related scientific investigations, including environmental studies, were begun at the site. The Joint Expedition is successor to The Wooster Expedition to Pella, which began field" work at Pella in the spring of 1967 but was interrupted by the Arab-Israeli war in June of that year. The new endeavor, under the auspices of The College of Wooster and The University of Sydney, is believed to be the first archaeological expedition in the Levant to be fully sponsored by academic institutions on different continents. One of the most important benefits of this cooperative undertaking was the fact that the high cost of field headquarters and excavation equipment could be shared. In order that maximal information should be obtained , it was agreed by the directors that the various areas where excavation was to be conducted be divided between the two sponsoring institutions. Provision was made for frequent consultation and sharing of information between the two groups, as well as for the joint preparation of all major archaeological reports arising from the work of the Expedition.
The first season of The Sydney-Wooster Joint Expedition to Pella took place during the early months of 1979. Because of differing academic calendars, a Sydney group under the direction of J. B. Hennessy and Anthony McNicoll conducted a session in January and February, and a Wooster team under the direction of Robert H. Smith carried out a session that began in mid March and extended through mid May. Excavation was under-taken on the eastern and western sides of the top of the central mound, at Roman-Byzantine architectural complexes near the springs and on the eastern slope overlooking the mound, in the West Church, and in the cemetery regions that lie east and south of the city (fig. 1). At the same time, related scientific investigations, including environmental studies, were begun at the site. The Joint Expedition is successor to The Wooster Expedition to Pella, which began field" work at Pella in the spring of 1967 but was interrupted by the Arab-Israeli war in June of that year. The new endeavor, under the auspices of The College of Wooster and The University of Sydney, is believed to be the first archaeological expedition in the Levant to be fully sponsored by academic institutions on different continents. One of the most important benefits of this cooperative undertaking was the fact that the high cost of field headquarters and excavation equipment could be shared. In order that maximal information should be obtained , it was agreed by the directors that the various areas where excavation was to be conducted be divided between the two sponsoring institutions. Provision was made for frequent consultation and sharing of information between the two groups, as well as for the joint preparation of all major archaeological reports arising from the work of the Expedition.
Research Interests:
The University of Sydney conducted its second season of excavation at Tabaqat Fahl (Pella) from December 27th, 1979 to March 10th, 1980 as part o f the joint Sydney /Wooster expedition to Pella. The programme of work was commenced in... more
The University of Sydney conducted its second season of excavation at Tabaqat Fahl (Pella) from December 27th, 1979 to March 10th, 1980 as part o f the joint Sydney /Wooster expedition to Pella. The programme of work was commenced in December 1978 and is conducted in collaboration with the Department of Antiquities of Jordan. The expedition wishes to express its thanks to the Director-General, Dr Adnan Hadidi and members of the Department of Antiquities for their continued support in all aspects of the work.
A successful season saw excavations continued and expanded in Areas III and IV (fig. l) on the main mound, where further important information was obtained on settlements of the Umayyad, Byzantine, Hellenistic and Iron Age periods. In Area V (fig. l), work continued on the excavation of the temple area several interesting tombs were dug high on the northern slopes of Tell Husn, Area XI (fig. l). The tombs belonged to the late Middle Bronze and early Late Bronze Ages and give promise of further rich rewards in the area. Miss Linda Villiers, a member of the team, conducted an intensive surface survey on the hills a kilometre to the north-east of the main mound and has produced evidence of lower Palaeolithic occupation.
A successful season saw excavations continued and expanded in Areas III and IV (fig. l) on the main mound, where further important information was obtained on settlements of the Umayyad, Byzantine, Hellenistic and Iron Age periods. In Area V (fig. l), work continued on the excavation of the temple area several interesting tombs were dug high on the northern slopes of Tell Husn, Area XI (fig. l). The tombs belonged to the late Middle Bronze and early Late Bronze Ages and give promise of further rich rewards in the area. Miss Linda Villiers, a member of the team, conducted an intensive surface survey on the hills a kilometre to the north-east of the main mound and has produced evidence of lower Palaeolithic occupation.
Research Interests:
La deuxième campagne de fouilles à Pella 1 a eu lieu en janvier 1980. Elle n'a guère duré que trois semaines. Bien que le travail ait été gêné par les pluies, les objectifs prévus ont été atteints.
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With McNicoll, A.W., Hennessy, J. B., & Potts, T.F. The third session of the University of Sydney Expedition took place between 16 December, 1980 and 23 February, 1981, with a staff totalling thirty-three' and a locally hired work force... more
With McNicoll, A.W., Hennessy, J. B., & Potts, T.F.
The third session of the University of Sydney Expedition took place between 16 December, 1980 and 23 February, 1981, with a staff totalling thirty-three' and a locally hired work force numbering up to 105. As usual the dig was greatly aided by the co-operation and active assistance of the Director-General of the Department of Antiquities, Dr. Adnan Hadidi and members of his staff, particularly • Mr. Brian Bowen who is in charge of architectural conservation of the site. The principal financial support for the excavations came again from the Australian Research Grants Committee, the Australian National Gallery, Canberra and the University of Sydney. Other contributions were received from The University of Queensland (St. Lucia), The University of New England (Armidale) and The Australian Institute of Archaeology (Melbourne).
Excavations took place in Areas III, IV, V and VI, and a preliminary geological study of the district was carried out by Phil Macumber. Further ceramic studies were undertaken by Ian Edwards. In the present report some of the excavated finds of the Late Bronze Age, Iron Age, Roman and Byzantine periods are outlined briefly, while the Early Islamic material is discussed in greater detail by Alan Walmsley.
The third session of the University of Sydney Expedition took place between 16 December, 1980 and 23 February, 1981, with a staff totalling thirty-three' and a locally hired work force numbering up to 105. As usual the dig was greatly aided by the co-operation and active assistance of the Director-General of the Department of Antiquities, Dr. Adnan Hadidi and members of his staff, particularly • Mr. Brian Bowen who is in charge of architectural conservation of the site. The principal financial support for the excavations came again from the Australian Research Grants Committee, the Australian National Gallery, Canberra and the University of Sydney. Other contributions were received from The University of Queensland (St. Lucia), The University of New England (Armidale) and The Australian Institute of Archaeology (Melbourne).
Excavations took place in Areas III, IV, V and VI, and a preliminary geological study of the district was carried out by Phil Macumber. Further ceramic studies were undertaken by Ian Edwards. In the present report some of the excavated finds of the Late Bronze Age, Iron Age, Roman and Byzantine periods are outlined briefly, while the Early Islamic material is discussed in greater detail by Alan Walmsley.
Research Interests:
The third season of The Sydney/ Wooster Joint Expedition to Pella, Jordan, was conducted during the winter and spring of 1981. Field operations were carried out, as previously, in two sessions: the first began on December 16 and ended on... more
The third season of The Sydney/ Wooster Joint Expedition to Pella, Jordan, was conducted during the winter and spring of 1981. Field operations were carried out, as previously, in two sessions: the first began on December 16 and ended on February 23 and was conducted by a University of Sydney group; the second, from March 19 through
May 19, was carried out by a staff under the auspices of The College of Wooster. In 1981 excavations and related archaeological activities were carried out by the Wooster-directed team in four of these areas, two of which (VIII and IX) had been opened in 1979 and two of which (XIII and XIV) were new. Excavations by the University of Sydney in the third season included work in Areas 111, IV, V, and VI, all of which had been started in previous seasons.
Authors: Smith, Robert H.; McNicoll, Anthony W.; Hennessy, J. B.; Potts, Timothy; Walmsley, A.; Wightman, Greg; Shraideh, Sultan; Darwish, M.; Cannon, B.; Lenzen, C.; Day, L.; Martin, D.; Hanbury-Tenison, J.
May 19, was carried out by a staff under the auspices of The College of Wooster. In 1981 excavations and related archaeological activities were carried out by the Wooster-directed team in four of these areas, two of which (VIII and IX) had been opened in 1979 and two of which (XIII and XIV) were new. Excavations by the University of Sydney in the third season included work in Areas 111, IV, V, and VI, all of which had been started in previous seasons.
Authors: Smith, Robert H.; McNicoll, Anthony W.; Hennessy, J. B.; Potts, Timothy; Walmsley, A.; Wightman, Greg; Shraideh, Sultan; Darwish, M.; Cannon, B.; Lenzen, C.; Day, L.; Martin, D.; Hanbury-Tenison, J.
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A team from the University of Sydney conducted excavations at Pella between December 15th, 1981 and February 25th, 1982. We are indebted to the Director-General of the Department of Antiquities, Dr. Adnan Hadidi and the Department... more
A team from the University of Sydney conducted excavations at Pella between December 15th, 1981 and February 25th, 1982. We are indebted to the Director-General of the Department of Antiquities, Dr. Adnan Hadidi and the Department representatives, Dr. Ghazi Bisheh and Mr. Sultan Shraideh, for their invaluable assistance. Work was continued in Areas III, IV, VI and XIV, while Area XI on the NE summit of Tell el Husn was
investigated after an hiatus of some seasons. A major new area containing a late mosque, was opened up in the centre
of the main mound as Area XVII.
The report will deal with the season's
results in chronological orde r.
investigated after an hiatus of some seasons. A major new area containing a late mosque, was opened up in the centre
of the main mound as Area XVII.
The report will deal with the season's
results in chronological orde r.
Research Interests:
The University of Sydney's seventh season at Pella (Tabaqat Fahl) commenced on the 15th December 1984 and continued until February 1985. Walmsley reports on the preliminary excavations of Abbasid material from Area XXIX.
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Authors: Phillip C. Edwards, Stephen J. Bourke, Kate Da Costa, John Tidmarsh, Alan G. Walmsley, Pamela M. Watson The tenth year of operations by the University of Sydney at Pella was marked by a doubling in length of the... more
Authors:
Phillip C. Edwards,
Stephen J. Bourke,
Kate Da Costa,
John Tidmarsh,
Alan G. Walmsley,
Pamela M. Watson
The tenth year of operations by the University of Sydney at Pella was marked by a doubling in length of the customary field season. Two seven-week sessions of field investigations were conducted; the first running from January 2 to February 18, 1988, and the second from February 26 to April 15, 1988.
For the first time excavations were carried out on the summit of Tell el-Husn. Primarily aimed at investigating occupation of this naturally defensible fortress in the Byzantine period, the excavations revealed surprisingly deep deposits of, inter alia, Byzantine period occupation. In the centre of Khirbet Fahl, surface sherds had indicated the existence of
Mamluk/Early Ottoman settlement in the vicinity of a large trench (Area XXIII) originally opened by Funk and Richardson in the 1950s, and since continued by the University of Sydney. Accordingly, two plots (XXIIID and E) flanking the original plot XXIIIA were opened.
Phillip C. Edwards,
Stephen J. Bourke,
Kate Da Costa,
John Tidmarsh,
Alan G. Walmsley,
Pamela M. Watson
The tenth year of operations by the University of Sydney at Pella was marked by a doubling in length of the customary field season. Two seven-week sessions of field investigations were conducted; the first running from January 2 to February 18, 1988, and the second from February 26 to April 15, 1988.
For the first time excavations were carried out on the summit of Tell el-Husn. Primarily aimed at investigating occupation of this naturally defensible fortress in the Byzantine period, the excavations revealed surprisingly deep deposits of, inter alia, Byzantine period occupation. In the centre of Khirbet Fahl, surface sherds had indicated the existence of
Mamluk/Early Ottoman settlement in the vicinity of a large trench (Area XXIII) originally opened by Funk and Richardson in the 1950s, and since continued by the University of Sydney. Accordingly, two plots (XXIIID and E) flanking the original plot XXIIIA were opened.
Research Interests:
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An early summary of discoveries at Pella (Tabaqat Fahl) dating from Byzantine to Ottoman times. Consult with caution; some conclusions are dated.
Research Interests:
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The excavation of 6 courtyard houses at Pella in the Jordan Valley, destroyed in a massive earthquake in the mid-8th c. A.D., gives an exceptional opportunity to study a wide range of objects from daily life within a secure archaeological... more
The excavation of 6 courtyard houses at Pella in the Jordan Valley, destroyed in a massive earthquake in the mid-8th c. A.D., gives an exceptional opportunity to study a wide range of objects from daily life within a secure archaeological context. The recovery of detailed information about the layout of buildings and the contextual origin of the many domestic objects recovered permit a full reconstruction of life in the household, especially the use of space. Generally, the upstairs area served as the primary living quarters, whereas the ground floor was used to house valuable domestic animals and for light workshop activities.
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To further our understanding of urban change in the late antique-Early Islamic transitional period (ca. A. D. 550- 750) in Syria-Palestine, a sizable area of housing was uncovered at the eastern end of the main archaeological mound (tell)... more
To further our understanding of urban change in the late antique-Early Islamic transitional period (ca. A. D. 550- 750) in Syria-Palestine, a sizable area of housing was uncovered at the eastern end of the main archaeological mound (tell) at Pella (Tabaqat Fahl) in Jordan. The work was undertaken during 1979-1983 under the auspices of the University of Sydney, Australia, with major funding from the Australian Research Council, and was supervised by the author.
The clearest example of an operating household at the time of a massive earthquake in 749 CE is a large and wealthy unit known as 'Household G'. With a floor area of some 375 sq. m., and living space over two levels of nearly 750 sq. m. (and perhaps more, if roof space was also accessed), House G was organised around a paved internal courtyard of 8.35 x 9.7 m, which once featured a veranda some three metres deep.
The clearest example of an operating household at the time of a massive earthquake in 749 CE is a large and wealthy unit known as 'Household G'. With a floor area of some 375 sq. m., and living space over two levels of nearly 750 sq. m. (and perhaps more, if roof space was also accessed), House G was organised around a paved internal courtyard of 8.35 x 9.7 m, which once featured a veranda some three metres deep.
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The Iqlîm Fahl was one of the many districts that constituted the extensive Mamlakat Dimashq in Bilâd al-Shâm during the Mamlûk period (1250/1263–1517 CE). The great size of this Mamlakah (“kingdom”) reflected the enduring importance of... more
The Iqlîm Fahl was one of the many districts that constituted the extensive Mamlakat Dimashq in Bilâd al-Shâm during the Mamlûk period (1250/1263–1517 CE). The great size of this Mamlakah (“kingdom”) reflected the enduring importance of Damascus in middle Islamic times, and in Jordan encompassed all of the territory north of the dominant Wâdî Mûjib/Wâdî Wâlâ divide. Under Mamlûk administration north Jordan was subdivided into five principal regions as recorded in the geographical work of Dimashqî (d. c. 1327) and the detailed encyclopaedic reference compiled by al-Qalqashandî (d. 1418).
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The social and economic reconstruction of Jordan, resolutely pursued by the Ayyubid and especially Bahri Mamluk elites following the Crusader interregnum, included an active program of mosque and shrine building among other activities,... more
The social and economic reconstruction of Jordan, resolutely pursued by the Ayyubid and especially Bahri Mamluk elites following the Crusader interregnum, included an active program of mosque and shrine building among other activities, especially at sites of particular religious significance such as Mu’tah, Mazar, al-Kahf, ‘Amatah (Abu ‘Ubaydah), and Jabal Harun. Fahl, surely remembered for the decisive Battle of Fihl that drove a wedge between Jerusalem and Damascus in 635, may have been a beneficiary of this policy, bringing advantages in addition to its administrative role in the Mamluk province of Dimashq. The archaeological evidence points to the existence of a settlement of some note during Mamluk times, and a community honored by the erection of a mosque equipped with a minbar. As the ceramics also indicate, the presence of glazed wares in some numbers, including Relief Molded Glazed Ware from Jerusalem and stonepaste wares from Damascus or further north, suggest Fahl was something more than an isolated agricultural settlement in early Mamluk times, with contacts that extended outside the immediate area. Likewise, the coins show Fahl's involvement in a broader monetary economy, and together the finds could be taken to suggest that Fahl˝ was one of the more important sites in the Jordan Valley during early Mamluk times. It may have functioned as a focal point for the local community and served as a way station on east-west routes from the valley into the Jordanian mountains, especially the ‘Ajlun road.
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The early mosque at Jarash is reconstructed by archaeological excavation and survey and attributed to a wave of urban renewal in the reign of caliph Hisham (AD 724-743).
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During the first of what is planned to be many field expeditions of the Jordanian-Danish Islamic Jarash Project, a collaborative project with the Department of Antiquities funded by the University of Copenhagen and The David Collection,... more
During the first of what is planned to be many field expeditions of the Jordanian-Danish Islamic Jarash Project, a collaborative project with the Department of Antiquities funded by the University of Copenhagen and The David Collection, new and important insights into the specific nature of early Islamic settlement at Jarash came to light in 2002 when a large mosque was discovered and partially excavated. The mosque was, in all likelihood, constructed under the caliph Hisham (r. 724-743) as Jarash's main Congregational or Friday Mosque, and continued in use for a long but ill-defined period thereafter.
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The discovery of a large congregational mosque in the centre of the site makes two significant contributions to the urban history of Umayyad Bilad al-Sham. Firstly, the highly visual construction of a large congregational mosque at the... more
The discovery of a large congregational mosque in the centre of the site makes two significant contributions to the urban history of Umayyad Bilad al-Sham. Firstly, the highly visual construction of a large congregational mosque at the main crossroads of the town brought it into line with an established Islamic urban tradition current in the first half of the eighth century. Like, for example, Anjar in Lebanon and Ayla in Jordan, a centrally placed mosque became one of the defining features of urban life under the Marwanid Umayyads. Secondly, the erection of the mosque at Jarash was only one part of a wider programme of urban renewal in Bilad al-Shan1. The new town of Anjar was very much part of that programme, as was the market complex at Baysan and, on a grander scale, the Amman Citadel development featuring a huge governor's palace, a market square and a mosque. At Jarash, the construction of the mosque was accompanied, as it would seem, by the total redevelopment of the south decumanus, which thereafter functioned as the principal thoroughfare for the early Islamic town.
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The large Umayyad-period congregational mosque at Jarash, first definitively identified by excavation in the summer of 2002, seriously questions the way past scholarship has interpreted the structure and role of towns in Early Islamic... more
The large Umayyad-period congregational mosque at Jarash, first definitively identified by excavation in the summer of 2002, seriously questions the way past scholarship has interpreted the structure and role of towns in Early Islamic Bilad ash-Sham. Often erroneously regarded as insignificant when compared with their predecessors dating to the age of Roman (lst-3rd centuries AD) and Byzantine (4th-6th centuries AD) control, the recent work at Jarash - when combined with other recent discoveries at other sites such as Pella, 'Amman and Madaba- now demonstrates conclusively that the early Islamic towns of Jordan prospered as social, political and economic centres of: regional importance, and served a crucial role in the maintenance of administrative systems under Umayyad hegemony.
The discovery at Jarash o f a sizable Friday mosque belonging to the standard early 'courtyard' (' Arab') s ty le shows that the Roman and early Christian town was also a primary Islamic centre and hence, in addition to the mosque, other important buildings can be expected. The shortage o f re liable data and the misleading conclusions deduced from earlier, erratic, archaeological discoveries have created a generally negative impression of urban life at Jarash in the early Islamic period.
The discovery at Jarash o f a sizable Friday mosque belonging to the standard early 'courtyard' (' Arab') s ty le shows that the Roman and early Christian town was also a primary Islamic centre and hence, in addition to the mosque, other important buildings can be expected. The shortage o f re liable data and the misleading conclusions deduced from earlier, erratic, archaeological discoveries have created a generally negative impression of urban life at Jarash in the early Islamic period.
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Following the report on the Islamic Jarash Project in ADAJ 50 (Barnes et al. 2006), this article accounts for the two seasons of the project conducted during the summers of 2005 and 2006
Research Interests: Archaeology, Architecture, Urban History, Islamic Studies, Byzantine Archaeology, and 8 moreJordan, Ancient numismatics (Archaeology), Eastern Roman provinces (Archaeology), Mosque Architecture, Baths and bathing culture, Roman Archaeology, History of Residential Architecture and Urban Planning, and Jerash
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Arindela should not be confused with Arieldela where the cohors II Galatarum was stationed (Notitia Dignitatum XXXIV.44 = SEECK 1976, p.74, 280, 313). Arieldela is to be identified with 'Ayn Gharandal in the Wadi 'Arabah, a major stop... more
Arindela should not be confused with Arieldela where the cohors II Galatarum was stationed (Notitia Dignitatum XXXIV.44 = SEECK 1976, p.74, 280, 313). Arieldela is to be identified with 'Ayn Gharandal in the Wadi 'Arabah, a major stop on the northern road from Ailana (al 'Aqaba) with the ruins of a large towered fort. Arindela is listed in the Synekdemus of Hierocles and the Description of Georgius Cyprius (5th—6th C.) as the third city of Palaestina Tertia; it was -also the seat of a bishop, as Arindela was represented at the Council of Jerusalem in. During the Islamic Conquest of ash-Sham, Gharandal (written 'Arandal in the earlier Arabic sources) entered into a peace covenant (sulh) with Yazid ibn Abi-Sifyan during the governorship of Abu 'Ubaydah. After the major administrative reforms of the Rashidun Caliph 'Umar in A.H.18/639A.D., Gharandal served as the chief city of the Jibal administrative district in the military province of Damascus, the Jund Dimashq.
The visible remains of ancient Gharandal spread over a low hill and its slopes to the S of the village. On the crest of the hill is a rectangular enclosure measuring 28 by 38 m with external walls constructed from reused stone blocks including column bases and drums. Access to the building, today known as ed Deir, was by a single entrance on the shorter NW side. Subdivisions, probably rooms, are discernible within the enclosure either side of a central walkway leading from the entrance. To the NE of the enclosure is a second rectangular structure measuring 19 by 22 m with stone walls 1.45 m wide. Inside are 5 irregularly spaced monolithic columns in two rows and a 5 m wide room (or series of rooms) along the full length of the NE side. The columns stand 3 m above ground level and have a diameter of 60 cm.
The visible remains of ancient Gharandal spread over a low hill and its slopes to the S of the village. On the crest of the hill is a rectangular enclosure measuring 28 by 38 m with external walls constructed from reused stone blocks including column bases and drums. Access to the building, today known as ed Deir, was by a single entrance on the shorter NW side. Subdivisions, probably rooms, are discernible within the enclosure either side of a central walkway leading from the entrance. To the NE of the enclosure is a second rectangular structure measuring 19 by 22 m with stone walls 1.45 m wide. Inside are 5 irregularly spaced monolithic columns in two rows and a 5 m wide room (or series of rooms) along the full length of the NE side. The columns stand 3 m above ground level and have a diameter of 60 cm.
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Summary report on the Gharandal Archaeological Project, Jordan, by the University of Sydney
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The first field season of the Gharandal Archaeological Project, a collaborative enterprise between the University of Sydney, Australia, and the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, took place between 12 April and 22 May, 1997. A team of... more
The first field season of the Gharandal Archaeological Project, a collaborative enterprise between the University of Sydney, Australia, and the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, took place between 12 April and 22 May, 1997. A team of ten was engaged in the work under the direction of Alan Walmsley. The Department of Antiquities was ably represented by Jihad
Darwish, Inspector of the at-Tafilah District. David Kennedy of the University of Western Australia, Perth, joined the project for a few days to evaluate the aerial photographs of the survey area.
Darwish, Inspector of the at-Tafilah District. David Kennedy of the University of Western Australia, Perth, joined the project for a few days to evaluate the aerial photographs of the survey area.
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The principal aim of the Gharandal Archaeological Project is to investigate the nature and extent of human settlement in south Jordan, especially the causes, processes and degree of change in that settlement, between Classical Antiquity... more
The principal aim of the Gharandal Archaeological Project is to investigate the nature and extent of human settlement in south Jordan, especially the causes, processes and degree of change in that settlement, between Classical Antiquity and the Islamic Middle Ages. The applied approach is interdisciplinary, drawing on a wide spectrum of archaeological and historical sources, and specifically features the archaeological excavation and survey of a large urban site and a reconnaissance of its immediate hinterland. The research program is set to produce new and verifiable information on urban conditions, economic activities, urban-rural relations, land use patterns, diet, settlement and population change in the transition from Antiquity to the Islamic Middle Ages. Particular focus is placed on understanding major variations to urban and rural settlement patterns over a millennium (roughly second to thirteenth centuries CE), specifically the important issues of 'town' and 'village' , 'urban' and 'rural' .
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The first field season of the Gharandal Archaeological Project, a collaborative enterprise between the University of Sydney, Australia, and the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, took place between 12 April and 22 May, 1997.
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A first season of fieldwork at Gharandal in the Tafilah district (Byzantine Arindela and Early Islamic ‘Arandal) was conducted in April and May 1997 to investigate aspects of the social and economic history of southern Jordan in the Late... more
A first season of fieldwork at Gharandal in the Tafilah district (Byzantine Arindela and Early Islamic ‘Arandal) was conducted in April and May 1997 to investigate aspects of the social and economic history of southern Jordan in the Late Antique and Islamic periods.
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Two seasons of excavations at Gharandal (Roman-Byzantine Arindela) in the south of Jordan have produced a major ceramic sequence spanning the Nabataean to Islamic periods. The excavations focussed on a Byzantine church and an adjoining,... more
Two seasons of excavations at Gharandal (Roman-Byzantine Arindela) in the south of Jordan have produced a major ceramic sequence spanning the Nabataean to Islamic periods. The excavations focussed on a Byzantine church and an adjoining, earlier, monumental stone complex, probably a late Nabataean or early Roman caravanserai. Particularly representative and reliable pottery sequences were recovered for two poorly understood periods in the material culture of south Jordan: the later eighth to early ninth centuries, and the late tenth and eleventh centuries. The pottery of the latter period displays important transitional characteristics with the general appearance of regionally distinctive Islamic handmade wares.
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With Hugh Barnes. These critically important ruins, almost certainly those of Roman Robatha, are positioned some 1.75km to the west of Gharandal and immediately east of the "Kings Highway". The historical significance of Ruwath cannot in... more
With Hugh Barnes.
These critically important ruins, almost certainly those of Roman Robatha, are positioned some 1.75km to the west of Gharandal and immediately east of the "Kings Highway". The historical significance of Ruwath cannot in any way be doubted. The settlement and its inhabitants were active participants in the far-reaching political and social changes that swept over south Jordan during two millennia, beginning with the Edomite and Nabataean periods and continuing into the later Mamluk sultanate. An indication of this role is contained in the few literary sources that deal with this region.
These critically important ruins, almost certainly those of Roman Robatha, are positioned some 1.75km to the west of Gharandal and immediately east of the "Kings Highway". The historical significance of Ruwath cannot in any way be doubted. The settlement and its inhabitants were active participants in the far-reaching political and social changes that swept over south Jordan during two millennia, beginning with the Edomite and Nabataean periods and continuing into the later Mamluk sultanate. An indication of this role is contained in the few literary sources that deal with this region.
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During the Seventh International Conference on the History and Archaeology of Jordan that took place in Copenhagen between 15 and 19 June, 1998, a workshop was held with the theme ‘Second-Millennium Models for the Islamic Centuries: The... more
During the Seventh International Conference on the History and Archaeology of Jordan that took place in Copenhagen between 15 and 19 June, 1998, a workshop was held with the theme ‘Second-Millennium Models for the Islamic Centuries: The Islamic City’. Organized by Rebecca Foote of Harvard University, the workshop intended to bring together a number of archaeologists with a particular interest in exploring the remodelling of social and urban structures during the transition from late antiquity to the early Islamic period in Jordan. Participants were Cherie Lenzen, Ghazi Bisheh, Rebecca Foote, and Bert de Vries, as well as the author.
Cherie Lenzen: ‘Seeking Contextual Definitions for Places: The Case of. North-western Jordan';
Ghazi Bisheh: ‘From Polis to Madinah Revisited: The Archaeological Evidence from Jordan’
Rebecca Foote: ‘Commerce, Industrial Expansion, and Orthogonal Planning: Mutually Compatible Terms in Settlements of Bilad al-Sham during the Umayyad Period’;
Bert de Vries: ‘Continuity and Change in the Urban Character of the Southern Hauran from the 5th to the 9th century: the Archaeological Evidence at Umm al-Jimal’
Cherie Lenzen: ‘Seeking Contextual Definitions for Places: The Case of. North-western Jordan';
Ghazi Bisheh: ‘From Polis to Madinah Revisited: The Archaeological Evidence from Jordan’
Rebecca Foote: ‘Commerce, Industrial Expansion, and Orthogonal Planning: Mutually Compatible Terms in Settlements of Bilad al-Sham during the Umayyad Period’;
Bert de Vries: ‘Continuity and Change in the Urban Character of the Southern Hauran from the 5th to the 9th century: the Archaeological Evidence at Umm al-Jimal’
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“Al Zubarah, as a fortified town linked to settlements in its hinterland, exemplifies the string of urban foundations that rewrote the political and demographic map of the Gulf during the 18th and early 19th centuries through building on... more
“Al Zubarah, as a fortified town linked to settlements in its hinterland, exemplifies the string of urban foundations that rewrote the political and demographic map of the Gulf during the 18th and early 19th centuries through building on the strategic position of the region as a trading conduit. Al Zubarah can thus be seen as an example of the small independent states that were founded and flourished in the 18th and early 19th centuries outside the control of the Ottoman, European and Persian empires. This period can now be seen as a significant moment in human history, when the Gulf States that exist today were founded” (UNESCO World Heritage Committee 37th session, 2013, Phnom Penh, Cambodia).
Research Interests: Arabian Gulf, Medieval Islamic History, History of Islamic Economics, Islamic History and Muslim Civilization, Arabian/Persian Gulf Archaeology, and 4 moreQatar Archaeology, Art History, Art and Architecture of Pre-Modern Islamic Cultures, Maghrib and the Mediterranean Basin, History Of Qatar, and Al Zubarah
Archaeology has done much to unveil the rich heritage of 18th and 19th century Qatar and bring it to the world stage. As the grip of empires weakened in the Gulf, political and natural pressures saw Arab tribes quit Kuwait and Basra with... more
Archaeology has done much to unveil the rich heritage of 18th and 19th century Qatar and bring it to the world stage. As the grip of empires weakened in the Gulf, political and natural pressures saw Arab tribes quit Kuwait and Basra with Al Zubarah – located beyond Ottoman and Persian influence – becoming their chosen destination. In just a few years this town was to flourish, and became an incubator of Arab political and social independence in the region. Today, Al Zubarah Archaeological Site stands as a lasting testament to the beginnings of modernity in the Arabian Gulf
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This paper briefly summarizes the results of the 2010–2011 archaeological fieldwork at the late eighteenth–twentieth-century abandoned city of al-Zubārah in north-west Qatar. The excavations in five areas inside the town, covering... more
This paper briefly summarizes the results of the 2010–2011 archaeological fieldwork at the late eighteenth–twentieth-century abandoned city of al-Zubārah in north-west Qatar. The excavations in five areas inside the town, covering courtyard houses, a suq, a palatial compound, and a midden are discussed.
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Two seasons of excavation at the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century settlement of al-Zubārah in north-west Qatar provide an insight into the emergence and development of early modern pearl-fishing and -trading settlements in the Persian... more
Two seasons of excavation at the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century settlement of al-Zubārah in north-west Qatar provide an insight into the emergence and development of early modern pearl-fishing and -trading settlements in the Persian Gulf. Here we present a preliminary overview of the archaeological phases identified so far at the site, discuss characteristics of al-Zubārah’s urban layout, show how archaeology can contribute to the identification of social and economic differences, and further highlight the crucial role of al-Zubārah’s hinterland in supporting the pearl-fishing and -trading economy.
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JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and... more
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about Summary Two seasons of excavation and survey at the late Islamic town of al-Furayhah (commonly, Freiha) in northwest Qatar are providing an insight into the development, occupation, and final abandonment of this once-prominent settlement. This paper presents the interim results of fieldwork, focusing first on the morphology of the town as a whole, followed by an analysis of the domestic and religious architecture. At its peak the town may have covered an area of 17.8 ha followed by a gradual southwards migration, the final phase of occupation being focused on the communal structures of the mosque and the fort. This long-term migration pattern is complemented by evidence of regular collapse and reconstruction in the mosque and domestic courtyard buildings. These may indicate short-term abandonment as well as fluctuations in the economy of the settlement and the region as a whole.
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* Confronting a "Dark Age" in Jordanian Archaeology
* How dark "Dark Age" Jordan? The Tenth and Eleventh Centuries
* Strategies for Reinterpreting a "Dark Age" in Jordan's History
* How dark "Dark Age" Jordan? The Tenth and Eleventh Centuries
* Strategies for Reinterpreting a "Dark Age" in Jordan's History
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Crossing the land surface of Jordan today can be done with great speed and with little regard to topography. It was, of course, not always so, and even just a few decades ago getting from one place to another took time and, most... more
Crossing the land surface of Jordan today can be done with great speed and with little regard to topography. It was, of course, not always so, and
even just a few decades ago getting from one place to another took time and, most importantly, no little know ledge of road networks and how the transport system worked. At what time of the year to travel, and by what means, were crucial issues with major economic and safety ramifications. Hence, an understanding of roads, ways of travel and travel times needed to journey from one place to another in antiquity are essential components in assessing the political, cultural and economic history of any age. This paper reviews and evaluates documentary and archaeological material detailing the major routes that crossed Jordan, the manner in which they were transversed, and the time required to
travel over them in late antiquity and early Islamic times. In that post-Roman world, roadways took on new meaning as the needs of a Mediterranean empire gave way to wider, and more self-defining,
social and economic requirements.
even just a few decades ago getting from one place to another took time and, most importantly, no little know ledge of road networks and how the transport system worked. At what time of the year to travel, and by what means, were crucial issues with major economic and safety ramifications. Hence, an understanding of roads, ways of travel and travel times needed to journey from one place to another in antiquity are essential components in assessing the political, cultural and economic history of any age. This paper reviews and evaluates documentary and archaeological material detailing the major routes that crossed Jordan, the manner in which they were transversed, and the time required to
travel over them in late antiquity and early Islamic times. In that post-Roman world, roadways took on new meaning as the needs of a Mediterranean empire gave way to wider, and more self-defining,
social and economic requirements.
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Research Interests:
New work over the last thirty years on the archaeology of Syria-Palestine in the later sixth and seventh centuries has significantly questioned the once-accepted view of an economy in decline, seen in part as a contributory factor to the... more
New work over the last thirty years on the archaeology of Syria-Palestine in the later sixth and seventh centuries has significantly questioned the once-accepted view of an economy in decline, seen in part as a contributory factor to the supposed “easy” conquest of the region. Coinage, ceramics, and settlement profiles depict, rather, an economic resilience that successfully weathered the political and military disruptions of the seventh century. The relative soundness of the economy at the end of the seventh century gave crucial support to ʿAbd al-Malik during the succession dispute with Ibn Zubayr, and following its resolution ʿAbd al-Malik’s reforms were to ensure decades of continuing economic prosperity in Syria-Palestine. In the eighth century, a standardized coinage ensured monetary confidence, townbased industries were built up on a major scale to supply regional markets, while improvements to the infrastructure of agriculture—rather than the introduction of new crops—and the exploration of natural resources promoted settlement in the countryside. Over two centuries, the economy had changed, bringing significant shifts in urban and rural settlement patterns, but had not, to any significant extent, failed.
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The changing role of the Decapolis cities in the social history of North Jordan during the second half of the first millennium AD has been the subject of ardent research in the last decade. Archaeological excavations at Pella (Tabaqat... more
The changing role of the Decapolis cities in the social history of North Jordan during the second half of the first millennium AD has been the subject of ardent research in the last decade. Archaeological excavations at Pella (Tabaqat Fahl), Gerasa (Jarash), Capitolias (Bayt Ras), and other sites have provided credible and detailed information on the civic organisation and economic function of these centres in the Late Antique-Early Islamic transition and after. Islamic geographical works of the 9th and 10th centuries offer a useful sketch of the political and administrative divisions in the region that complement the field work. While the results of this research may offer few clues as to the ancestry and original function of the Decapolis league, it does demonstrate the ongoing primacy of these urban centres in the political and economic affairs of north Jordan until the mid-9th century.
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Anglo-European belief systems have adversely impacted on the interpretation and presentation of archaeological sites in Syria-Palestine, especially famous Biblical and Classical places but also large rural sites of Late Antiquity. The... more
Anglo-European belief systems have adversely impacted on the interpretation and presentation of archaeological sites in Syria-Palestine, especially famous Biblical and Classical places but also large rural sites of Late Antiquity. The consequences for archaeology, the writing of site histories, and the presentation of sites to a visiting public have been disastrous, resulting in cultural appropriation, the denial of an indigenous past, and site neglect. To overcome these misconceptions, new strategies are required in order to offer the visitor, both local and international, a rewarding and informative experience. Such an initiative will require constructive dialogue between heritage consultants, site managers, archaeologists, local participants, and tourism operators alike.
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The presentation and explanation of material culture as a window on the past is a task that challenges museum curators, historians, and archaeologists alike, although the intended audience can be different. This paper investigates some... more
The presentation and explanation of material culture as a window on the past is a task that challenges museum curators, historians, and archaeologists alike, although the intended audience can be different. This paper investigates some contemporary issues facing institutions that are entrusted with preserving Cultural Heritage material, beginning with a discussion of the popularisation of the past and the pitfalls in staging ‘block-buster’ public exhibits. Next, two recent books are evaluated as models in the field of modern academic writing. Finally, two material culture groups – ceramics and coins – from the early Islamic east Mediterranean are presented as examples of the insights archaeological discoveries can give in writing social history.
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La région connaît du vi au viii siècle un développement considérable qui n'est pas perturbé par la conquête arabe mais favorisé par un système administratif nouveau. L'archéologie récente s'est tournée vers l'habitat rural en privilégiant... more
La région connaît du vi au viii siècle un développement considérable qui n'est pas perturbé par la conquête arabe mais favorisé par un système administratif nouveau. L'archéologie récente s'est tournée vers l'habitat rural en privilégiant la prospection. Cette méthode est limitée par l'opacité de ses procédures et l'imprécision de ses typologies céramiques. Les modèles courants accordent une grande prospérité à l'époque byzantine et un fort déclin à l'époque omeyyade. Si l'on prend en compte les durées relatives (trois siècles de présence byzantine contre 90 ans de pouvoir omeyyade) la proportion des sites omeyyade croît singulièrement. Il est difficile par ailleurs d'appliquer à des habitats tardifs les critères de la polis grecque. De plus le développement de ces habitats se produit sur de courtes périodes. Les inscriptions d'églises sont concentrées sur la fin du vi siècle et le début du Vif et concernent les villages de la badiyah. Ce développement peut refléter non pas un accroissement de la population mais son redéploiement alors que les villes, prospères dans la première moitié du vi siècle tendent à se concentrer. Ce mouvement peut avoir été favorisé par la peste de 542 et ses récurrences qui ont pu faire fuir les habitants des villes vers les villages : il est même possible que la population totale ait baissé. Les différences entre habitat urbain et villageois s'effacent. Il y a peut-être eu également un changement de modèle économique entraîné par l'érosion des sols, elle-même liée à la pression exercée par les villes sur les ressources naturelles. Le modèle urbain impérial de Justinien s'arrête dans les années 560-570 ; les villages offrent alors une alternative attrayante.
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Issues of socio-economic continuity and change continue to dominate research into the transition from Late Antiquity to the early Middle Ages. Particular attention is being paid to urban studies (the “fate of Classical towns”) and the... more
Issues of socio-economic continuity and change continue to dominate research into the transition from Late Antiquity to the early Middle Ages. Particular attention is being paid to urban studies (the “fate of Classical towns”) and the economic structures-agriculture, industry and trade-that supported them. Thus the themes of landscape, resources and industry lie at the heart of Late Antique and Early Islamic studies in Jordan today.
Although research into resources and their exploitation has the potential of offering much valuable information on questions of social and economic change in the Byzantine - Islamic transition, these themes have received scant attention. While acknowledging the limits of available data, a preliminary study is now possible on the natural resource base of Jordan and its exploitation in the earlier Islamic periods (c. seventh - 11th century AD). The evidence comes from two major but disparate sources: textual (literary) works in Arabic and archaeological results.
Although research into resources and their exploitation has the potential of offering much valuable information on questions of social and economic change in the Byzantine - Islamic transition, these themes have received scant attention. While acknowledging the limits of available data, a preliminary study is now possible on the natural resource base of Jordan and its exploitation in the earlier Islamic periods (c. seventh - 11th century AD). The evidence comes from two major but disparate sources: textual (literary) works in Arabic and archaeological results.
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Excavations at Pella of the Decapolis (Tabaqat Fahl) by the University of Sydney, Australia,' from 1979 to 1990 have produced a comprehensive corpus of early Islamic ceramics and other classes of material culture (metalwork, glass, and... more
Excavations at Pella of the Decapolis (Tabaqat Fahl) by the University of Sydney, Australia,' from 1979 to 1990 have produced a comprehensive corpus of early Islamic ceramics and other classes of material culture (metalwork, glass, and worked bone for instance) from a stratigraphically controlled context The recovery of copper, silver and gold coins of the period has permitted the construction of a historical framework for this material. The aim of this paper is to provide an up-to-date classification of early Islamic ceramic forms found at Tabaqat Fahl and to trace their developments from about AD 660 into the 10th century CE. To date, no integrated
study has yet been offered which focuses on the artistic and technological evolution of pottery in Jordan during the first four centuries of Islam. Particular attention will be paid to matters of continuity and change as a reflection of modifications to the social and economic structure of Jordan in the early middle ages.
study has yet been offered which focuses on the artistic and technological evolution of pottery in Jordan during the first four centuries of Islam. Particular attention will be paid to matters of continuity and change as a reflection of modifications to the social and economic structure of Jordan in the early middle ages.
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Islamic Cream Wares (ICW) are characterized by an off-white to pale yellow fabric, often thinly thrown with pared (trimmed) bases. Jars, jugs and bowls were the common shapes. Later varieties also utilized applied, incised, and moulded... more
Islamic Cream Wares (ICW) are characterized by an off-white to pale yellow fabric, often thinly thrown with pared (trimmed) bases. Jars, jugs and bowls were the common shapes. Later varieties also utilized applied, incised, and moulded decorative techniques.
Deep seated misconceptions surround the first appearance and duration of ICW and persist until this day. A recent report on excavations at Caesarea Maritima offers a classic example of a compounding error: equating specific ICW with the last decades of the Umayyad period (roughly, second quarter of the eight century). This basic error of archaeological analysis has had a profoundly negative impact on the writing of a social (especially urban) history of the early Islamic period.
This paper reviews the suggested dating of ICW at a number of well known sites and poses the question: are there any securely dated sites with ICW in Umayyad levels? Furthermore, if the identifiably Islamic cream wares are strictly Abbasid/Fatimid, what are the social implications of their appearance in Jordan?
Deep seated misconceptions surround the first appearance and duration of ICW and persist until this day. A recent report on excavations at Caesarea Maritima offers a classic example of a compounding error: equating specific ICW with the last decades of the Umayyad period (roughly, second quarter of the eight century). This basic error of archaeological analysis has had a profoundly negative impact on the writing of a social (especially urban) history of the early Islamic period.
This paper reviews the suggested dating of ICW at a number of well known sites and poses the question: are there any securely dated sites with ICW in Umayyad levels? Furthermore, if the identifiably Islamic cream wares are strictly Abbasid/Fatimid, what are the social implications of their appearance in Jordan?
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Pottery is the most commonly recovered and analysed artefact type in Middle Eastern archaeology. The usefulness of pottery to the archaeologist stems from its abundance, durability, and stylistic variability. As vessel shape and surface... more
Pottery is the most commonly recovered and analysed artefact type in Middle Eastern archaeology. The usefulness of pottery to the archaeologist stems from its abundance, durability, and stylistic variability. As vessel shape and surface decoration reflect the aesthetic preferences of producers and consumers, significant stylistic changes are often used as evidence for broader social change. Two examples are cited: Early Islamic Jordan and Roman Europe. Pottery studies in both regions have indicated that the arrival of a new ruling elite had little immediate impact on the local population. The evidence for major social change does not appear until almost two centuries later in the archaeological record.
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As Director-General of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, Ghazi Bisheh had an indelible impact on the fields of archaeology, history, numismatics and cultural heritage. Appreciated internationally, his enduring legacy prepared... more
As Director-General of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, Ghazi Bisheh had an indelible impact on the fields of archaeology, history, numismatics and cultural heritage. Appreciated internationally, his enduring legacy prepared Jordan for the challenges of the 21st century by modernizing the department and broadening its purpose. His erudition on Jordan’s past established, beyond doubt, that the culture of the country was historically distinctive and displayed long-standing local traits as revealed in the archaeological record, thereby imbuing the department with contemporary relevance, a sense of value among staff, and greater advocacy. In time, the pioneering work instigated by Ghazi had radiated well beyond Jordan, deeply influencing approaches, attitudes and historical narratives in neighbouring countries and throughout the region.
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One of Australia’s most eminent alumni in the humanities, Judith McKenzie gained an international reputation for research excellence into the art and architecture of Egypt and the Levant in the Hellenistic, Roman and Late Antique periods.... more
One of Australia’s most eminent alumni in the humanities, Judith McKenzie gained an international reputation for research excellence into the art and architecture of Egypt and the Levant in the Hellenistic, Roman and Late Antique periods. Over four decades her research progressed from a study on the architecture of Petra to a comprehensive and multi-dimensional investigation into evolving social identities across place and time, as chronicled in the decorative features seen on the prolific catalogue of monumental architecture emanating from Antiquity and early Islamic times. During her career Judith held numerous research posts in Australia, Jordan, the United Kingdom and the United States. Most recently she was Associate Professor of Late Antique Egypt and the Holy Land, and Director of the Manar Al-Athar Photo Archive, at the University of Oxford.
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Reminiscences by Gideon Avni, Israel Antiquities Authority and Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Elizabeth Conner, University of Maryland; Alan Walmsley, Macquarie University
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John Basil Hennessy, universally known to family, friends and colleagues as Basil Hennessy, was a pillar of Jordanian archaeology and a passionate supporter of the country and its people. Australian by birth, Basil spent most of his... more
John Basil Hennessy, universally known to family, friends and colleagues as Basil Hennessy, was a pillar of Jordanian archaeology and a passionate supporter of the country and its people. Australian by birth, Basil spent most of his academic life as a lecturer and later professor at the University of Sydney. A highly respected scholar of Middle Eastern archaeology, especially the Chalcolithic and Bronze ages, he was a meticulous excavator, inspiring educator, and a skilled mentor. A sports champion, he was well known for his openness, warm nature and good humour. Basil was the recipient of numerous honours during his lifetime, notably his appointment as an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in 1990.
Expanding Jarash: excavations bring new insights into the northwest urban quarter - A. Lichtenberger, and R. Raja, eds. 2020. Environmental Studies, Remote Sensing, and Modelling. Final Publications from the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project I. Jerash Papers 6. Turnhout: Brepols ...more
Review of four sequential edited volumes of 'Jerash Papers' (numbers 6-9) on the results of archaeological work undertaken by the 'Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project'. Topics are: JP6, Environmental Studies, Remote Sensing,... more
Review of four sequential edited volumes of 'Jerash Papers' (numbers 6-9) on the results of archaeological work undertaken by the 'Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project'. Topics are: JP6, Environmental Studies, Remote Sensing, and Modelling; JP7, Metal Finds and Coins; JP8, Glass, Lamps, and Jerash Bowls; JP9, Architectural Elements, Wall Paintings, and Mosaics.
Research Interests: Material Culture Studies, Decapolis Archaeology, Late Antiquity, Glass (Archaeology), Metal Finds (Archaeology), and 9 moreLate Antique Art and Archaeology, Ceramics (Archaeology), Urban archaeology, Early Islamic Archaeology, Transition Towns, Late Antique Architectural Decoration, Classical Architectural Decoration, Byzantine Mosaics, and Late Antique and Byzantine Lamps
The book "City in the Desert, Revisited" serves as an informative insight for students of architecture and archaeology on the necessity to research the entire archive of earlier projects so as to experience how projects develop from... more
The book "City in the Desert, Revisited" serves as an informative insight for students of architecture and archaeology on the necessity to research the entire archive of earlier projects so as to experience how projects develop from conception to seasonal implementation, followed by post-excavation preservation and the publication of the results. Unquestionably, Gruber and Al-Ferzly have put together a book that intriguingly unravels the mood and times of the Qaṣr al-Ḥayr al-Sharqī excavations. The intentions, achievements, obstacles, and unexpected outcomes of the project are laid out in full clarity, while a valuable and empathic insight is given into the people of the Syrian countryside and their ways, now tragically decimated.
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Labisi’s book brings a solid, evidence-based approach to describing and understanding the role and significance of “living units” within much larger architectural constructions in early Islamic Syria. It sets authoritative guidelines and... more
Labisi’s book brings a solid, evidence-based approach to describing and understanding the role and significance of “living units” within much larger architectural constructions in early Islamic Syria. It sets authoritative guidelines and techniques with which effectively to assess the primary role of residential quarters in the Umayyad architectural tradition.
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A forensic examination of an edited book containing eight chapters that originated in a one-day meeting titled “Conspicuous Productions: Gerasa’s pottery finds from Byzantine to Umayyad times in context”, held at Aarhus University on... more
A forensic examination of an edited book containing eight chapters that originated in a one-day meeting titled “Conspicuous Productions: Gerasa’s pottery finds from Byzantine to Umayyad times in context”, held at Aarhus University on October 12, 2016.
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Book review: In this meticulously prepared and superbly produced book on the 1999–2003 Southampton University excavations at Quseir al-Qadim on the Egyptian Red Sea coast, we are fully familiarised with a rich body of botanical material... more
Book review: In this meticulously prepared and superbly produced book on the 1999–2003 Southampton University excavations at Quseir al-Qadim on the Egyptian Red Sea coast, we are fully familiarised with a rich body of botanical material dating to two major historical periods in the history of the Indian Ocean: Roman (1st to early/mid-3rd century CE) and Islamic (mid-/late 11th to 15th century ce). The botanical data, extraordinarily extensive due to the widespread presence of middens and the desiccated condition of the remains, are subjected to detailed scientific analysis and historical interpretation, thereby enriching the reader’s understanding through the lens of material culture, social identities and interregional connections.
From the outset, the author and colleagues effectively locate their work in the archaeological mainstream by creating perceptive and convincing insights into both the everyday and the exceptional life events at Quseir al-Qadim.
From the outset, the author and colleagues effectively locate their work in the archaeological mainstream by creating perceptive and convincing insights into both the everyday and the exceptional life events at Quseir al-Qadim.
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Research Interests:
Irfan Shahîd, Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century. Volume Il, part 1: Toponymy. Monuments, Historical Geography. and Frontier Studies. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2002. ISBN 0884022145·[Book... more
Irfan Shahîd, Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century. Volume Il, part 1: Toponymy. Monuments, Historical Geography. and Frontier Studies. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2002. ISBN
0884022145·[Book review]
0884022145·[Book review]
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Research Interests:
Walmsley reviews "The Christian Communities of Palestine from Byzantine to Islamic Rule: A Historical and Archaeological Study" by Robert Schick.
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Research Interests:
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A first season of archaeological field research (excavations and survey work) at Gharandal, Byzantine Arindela and Early Islamic ‘Arandal, in the Tafilah District (Jordan) was undertaken between 12 April—22 May 1997. A team of twelve was... more
A first season of archaeological field research (excavations and survey work) at Gharandal, Byzantine Arindela and Early Islamic ‘Arandal, in the Tafilah District (Jordan) was undertaken between 12 April—22 May 1997. A team of twelve was engaged in the research.
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A second season of archaeological excavation and recording at Gharandal (Byzantine Arindela) in the Tafilah District was undertaken between 16 May and 9 July 1998. The season comprised seven weeks of excavations and survey work in and... more
A second season of archaeological excavation and recording at Gharandal
(Byzantine Arindela) in the Tafilah District was undertaken between 16 May and 9 July 1998. The season comprised seven weeks of excavations and survey work in and around Gharandal, and a subsequent week of post-excavation work in the field and the dig house. A team of twelve undertook the work.
(Byzantine Arindela) in the Tafilah District was undertaken between 16 May and 9 July 1998. The season comprised seven weeks of excavations and survey work in and around Gharandal, and a subsequent week of post-excavation work in the field and the dig house. A team of twelve undertook the work.
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In this year of 2001, the University of Sydney continues to celebrate its sesquicentenary. Established by an act of Parliament in 1850, Sydney University was Australia’s first university. In 1852 it had three professors and 24 students;... more
In this year of 2001, the University of Sydney continues to celebrate its sesquicentenary. Established by an act of Parliament in 1850, Sydney University was Australia’s first university. In 1852 it had three professors and 24 students; today the University has 5,580 staff and 39,950 students. A total of 218,347 students have graduated from the University since foundation.
Recognising the long-standing and cordial relations between the University of Sydney and the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, this year’s Eighth International Conference on the History and Archaeology of Jordan is being promoted as a major event in the Sesquicentenary program. The Conference is truly international in scope, with around 90 presentations and 125 participants from 15 countries. Papers will be presented over five days in two or three parallel sessions. The objective of this year’s meeting is to evaluate the contribution of historical and archaeological studies to our understanding of social, cultural and economic developments in Jordan and neighbouring countries from prehistoric times to the Ottoman period. A central theme is “pre-modern identities”, by which is meant the way community groups defined and projected themselves, intentionally or otherwise, and the way they interacted with others.
Recognising the long-standing and cordial relations between the University of Sydney and the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, this year’s Eighth International Conference on the History and Archaeology of Jordan is being promoted as a major event in the Sesquicentenary program. The Conference is truly international in scope, with around 90 presentations and 125 participants from 15 countries. Papers will be presented over five days in two or three parallel sessions. The objective of this year’s meeting is to evaluate the contribution of historical and archaeological studies to our understanding of social, cultural and economic developments in Jordan and neighbouring countries from prehistoric times to the Ottoman period. A central theme is “pre-modern identities”, by which is meant the way community groups defined and projected themselves, intentionally or otherwise, and the way they interacted with others.
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In 2005, major features belonging to the Umayyad mosque were exposed. Most significant was the discovery of a monumental, semi-circular staircase providing entry into the mosque, mid-way in the east wall, from the main north-south street... more
In 2005, major features belonging to the Umayyad mosque were exposed. Most significant was the discovery of a monumental, semi-circular staircase providing entry into the mosque, mid-way in the east wall, from the main north-south street of Jarash. South of the staircase, a line of shops built along the street and contemporary with the mosque were further explored. Excavation within the mosque concentrated on the western half of the qiblah (prayer) hall, in front of the western-most mihrab. West of the mosque, an area with a small street and adjoining buildings was investigated. The structures, which lie at a different orientation than the mosque, appear to be service buildings, with evidence of the preparation or manufacture of goods. The season continued the investigation of the late Roman bathhouse that existed before the construction of the mosque. Two important features of the bathhouse were uncovered: the large pool with benches for sitting in cooling waters and, at the other (southern) end of the mosque, the furnace, intended for heating the water and the bathing rooms by way of an under-floor hypocaust excavated in 2002 and 2004.
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A short report on the 2004 season of the Danish-Jordanian Islamic Jarash Project, referencing further work on the mosque, the underlying bathhouse, and adjacent shops.
Research Interests: Economic History, Islamic Archaeology, Urban History, Late Antique Archaeology, Byzantine Archaeology, and 10 moreSocial History, Urban Transformation, Early Islamic Archaeology, Mosque Architecture, Islamic art and architecture, Archaeology of Jordan, Longue durée, Jarash, Jerash, and public bathhouse
The area explored the 2003 season was located to the southwest of the south tetrapylon plaza, between the ‘macellum’ and the south decumanus. Two long stone-built walls and a corner tower were partially exposed here by the Yale/British... more
The area explored the 2003 season was located to the southwest of the south tetrapylon plaza, between the ‘macellum’ and the south decumanus. Two long stone-built walls and a corner tower were partially exposed here by the Yale/British School/American School mission in the late 1920s. Initial excavations in 2002 discovered an early Islamic mosque in this area, most probably constructed under Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (r. 724-43 CE) as the centre-piece of an urban renewal program at Jarash, a provincial capital of the Jund al-Urdunn. The 2003 season further exposed major features of the Umayyad mosque. The work concentrated on defining the extent and architectural details of the eastern half of the mosque’s prayer hall, the eastern portico and enclosure wall, and north portico.
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Reflecting early in 2002 on the textual sources and the available archaeological, numismatic and architectural material, it seemed quite plausible to infer that early Islamic Jarash had a Muslim community of some size and, accordingly,... more
Reflecting early in 2002 on the textual sources and the available archaeological, numismatic and architectural material, it seemed quite plausible to infer that early Islamic Jarash had a Muslim community of some size and, accordingly, was probably provided with a congregational mosque and a governor’s residence. Yet, in spite of the considerable evidence for a major Islamic‐period presence at Jarash, the urban heart of the town had never been satisfactorily located. With these issues in mind, the Islamic Jarash Project was inaugurated to investigate the nature of Islamic occupation at Jarash. Armed with a wealth of tantalizing information recovered, but not fully and comparatively analysed, during earlier work at the site, an initial field season was undertaken at Jarash for five weeks from 11 August to 12 September 2002. The intention was to investigate some of the more pressing issues identified by the earlier research, most obviously if the large rectangular building to the southwest of the tetrakonia was, indeed, an early mosque. This post-excavation reports summarizes these discoveries.
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Gruber and Al-Ferzly have put together a book that intriguingly unravels the mood and times of the Qaṣr al-Ḥayr al-Sharqī excavations. The intentions, achievements, obstacles, and unexpected outcomes of the project are laid out in full... more
Gruber and Al-Ferzly have put together a book that intriguingly unravels the mood and times of the Qaṣr al-Ḥayr al-Sharqī excavations. The intentions, achievements, obstacles, and unexpected outcomes of the project are laid out in full clarity, while a valuable and empathic insight is given into the people of the Syrian countryside and their ways, now tragically decimated.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
A five-part multi-media presentation on three decades of rapidly-developing techniques and analysis in Islamic Archaeology in the Middle East. The workshop was arranged by Stony Brook University and funded by USAID to assist Iraqi... more
A five-part multi-media presentation on three decades of rapidly-developing techniques and analysis in Islamic Archaeology in the Middle East. The workshop was arranged by Stony Brook University and funded by USAID to assist Iraqi archaeologists following the 2003 invasion by the United States and Great Britain.