History of the United States

В статье поднимаются теоретические и практические вопросы развития международных отношений в Северной Америке в их пространственном аспекте. Развитие международных отношений в Северной Америке в XIX в. рассматривается с точки зрения пространственной эволюции региональной подсистемы. Важнейшим инструментом складывания североамериканской подсистемы международных отношений стала территориальная экспансия США, для изучения которой используются методы политической географии.

Статья посвящена проблемам территориальной экспансии и ее роли в развитии США в XIX в. В статье предлагается классификация экспансии, рассматриваются этапы американской экспансии и их стадиальное членение, направления и векторы экспансии, внешний и внутренний аспекты континентальной экспансии, а также характер перехода от континентальной к колониальной экспансии.

The following publication focuses on the political, social and legal history of the United States of America from 1945-2016. This period was filled with important events occurring within the country as well as internationally. With the end of World War II, a new era began in global politics with the building of a new post-war world order. The United States played an important role in this new system, and was involved in many new projects, including the creation of the United Nations, an organization which was to act as mediator in conflicts between states, and was to have the power to suppress all acts of aggression.
This collection of primary sources on the history of the United States opens with the document United Nations Participation Act of December 1945, which constitutes a milestone in the creation of a collective security system. Since then, the United States has come a long way, becoming the only superpower in the world after the Cold War.
The last document included in this publication is from 2016, a year filled with a multitude of events occurring in the international arena, many of which involved the United States. Nowadays, the international community faces many problems and challenges. Issues such as terrorism and the migration crisis are a direct result of the wars being fought in the Middle East, especially in Iraq and Syria.

The result of the recent presidential election in the United States may have come as a surprise to many, yet it was consistent with national trends seen around Europe. These phenomena are a clear sign of a departure from supranational structures, with the referendum that took place in the U.K. in June 2016, concerning Brexit, being the best example. Donald Trump’s victory opens a new, very important chapter in the history of the United States. Considering the current challenges and threats to the security of the United States, whether real or perceived, the decisions made by the new president will have a significant impact on the rest of the world.

The publication American Historical Sources from 1945 to 2016, which is divided chronologically, contains eighty-eight documents. It is preceded by a set of the most fundamentally important documents for the United States, on which its whole political system was built: The Declaration of Independence and The Constitution of the United States of America. The texts gathered in this book vary in size and significance; some are reproduced in their entirety, others in fragments, but their selection was meant to illustrate the complexity of contemporary U.S. history. The book is a collection of various types of primary sources, including bills, treaties, resolutions, statements, reports, minutes, transcripts from Congress Committee meetings, records of lawsuits, speeches by dignitaries, presidential speeches, election debate transcripts, letters, memoirs, excerpts of books, magazines and newspapers.

This publication is mainly addressed to students of International Relations, Political Science, American Studies and History. From the experience gained through lecturing on Foreign and Security Policy of the United States and International Relations at the Institute of History and Political Sciences at the University of Bialystok, I believe that an analysis of primary sources is one of the most important tasks in the process of gaining scientific knowledge in this field.
To date, one of the most important publications on the Polish market concerning this topic is a collection of primary source texts titled A Selection of Sources on the History and Culture of the United States of America. From Colonization to 1845, published in 1994 by Michał J. Rozbicki and Krzysztof Michałek. Another important publication was prepared by Łukasz Niewiński (2016), which covers the period of U.S. history from 1765 to 1945. Thus, this publication is meant to fill the gap in published materials on the Polish market on the topic of U.S. history after 1945. It is also worth noting that the task of this collection was not to put together a comprehensive review of the history and policy of the United States after 1945, which at different periods had different tasks and goals. The theory behind the selection of texts for this volume was that through appropriate selection and arrangement of primary sources, it would be possible to show the dynamic nature of the events occurring in the United States over the last century. The chosen texts should also contribute to a better understanding of the important role played by the United States on the international stage from the end of World War II to the present.

En la primera mitad del siglo XIX el esclavismo llegó a su apogeo como
estructura condicionante de la sociedad que habitaba buena parte de
los estados sureños de la unión norteamericana, siendo calificada en
esta época como una Institución peculiar, un rasgo característico de
una colectividad que convivía con otra dentro de una misma nación,
los Estados Unidos de América. Las dinámicas que se dieron luego de
1860 (las secesiones estatales, la conformación de los Estados Con-
federados de América y la Guerra Civil) son producto de una serie de
contradicciones, factores y creencias de dos modos de vida diferen-
ciados. Antes de este año de quiebre, la institución peculiar se había
convertido en el elemento fundamental de economía de los estados
sureños, al punto de ser una región a la vanguardia mundial de la pro-
ducción algodonera, y uno de los pocos enclaves en donde los negros
seguían siendo jurídicamente esclavos. Esta situación estaba ampara-
da bajo una serie de leyes y normativas avaladas por el sistema federal
norteamericano, el cual permitió el sostenimiento, expansión y repre-
sentación política de esta estructura, por lo que el esclavismo fue una
institución política, judicial y socialmente consolidada antes de la crisis
secesionista del 1860.

Yesterday, precisely, at the Capitol, in the “temple of democracy” –as Congresswoman Nancy Pelosi pointed out in her brief speech last night-; we were witnesses, in the first row, of the orgiastic staging of that dark and equivocal “American beauty” that keeps, in its entrails, the “New American dream”. A deeply dark aesthetic that the assailants of the Capitol building did not hesitate to show, under all its equivocal and sinister splendor; as dark as the darkest of black ops., as part of the set and setting for a Made in USA coup d'etait.

Bundel artikelen en bronnen ten behoeve van het schriftelijk eindexamen geschiedenis en staatsinrichting in het algemeen voortgezet onderwijs in 1990. Staatssecretaris van Onderwijs en Wetenschappen, mevrouw N.J. Ginjaar-Maas, heeft besloten om vrouwengeschiedenis - een vrij nieuwe tak van de historische wetenschap - als één van de twee onderwerpen aan te wijzen voor dit examen. De stofomschrijving van dit eindexamendeel heeft als titel 'Continuiteit en verandering: de positie van de vrouw in Nederland en de Verenigde Staten van Amerika, 1929-1969'. De bundel biedt achtergrondinformatie voor docenten. Aan bod komt de positie van de vrouw in relatie tot gezin, arbeid en politiek in Nederland en de Verenigde Staten tussen de jaren twintig en de jaren zeventig. Deel I - Nederland: De maatschappelijke positie van de vrouw in Nederland / Els Blok ; Gelijk recht voor allen!: feministische strijd tegen de maritale macht / Marianne Braun ; Terug naar het paradijs?: maatregelen van Romme tegen arbeid van gehuwde vrouwen / Annet Schoot Uiterkamp ; De Nationaal-Socialistische Vrouwenorganisatie - de NSVO [1938-1945] / Ellen Marrenga ; De jaren 1945-1960: herstel, maar ook vernieuwing? / Dirk Damsma ; Marga Klompé en het Katholiek Vrouwendispuut / Karin Lutterop ; Het zwarte gat van de jaren vijftig / Siep Stuurman ; Van zondig tot ongezond: de Christelijke Vereniging Zedenopbouw over moederschap en seksualiteit / Nelleke de Jong ; Geen flats voor alleenstaande vrouwen / Annet Fransen, Nettie van Heezik ; Het onbehagen verklaart: oorzaken van de tweede feministische golf / Anneke Ribberink. Bevat o.a.: Een historisch overzicht van de jaren dertig, veertig en vijftig over de wisselwerking tussen de economische situatie en ideeen over de plaats van vrouwen in de samenleving ; Tabel van de gemiddelde leeftijd van vrouwen 1850-1975 bij gebeurtenissen als geboorten, huwelijk en overlijden ; Lijst van vrouwelijke leden van het Parlement 1922-1967, met jaar van eerste toetreden ; Motie Tendeloo - Opheffing handelingsonbekwaamheid van de gehuwde vrouw. Deel II - Verenigde Staten van Amerika: Lijst van afkortingen [van vrouwenorganisaties] die in de Amerikaanse teksten voorkomen ; Overzicht van de ontwikkelingen tussen de jaren twintig en de jaren zeventig: Beurskrach en crisis - De Tweede Wereldoorlog en de nasleep ervan - De jaren vijftig - De jaren zestig ; Vrouwen tijdens de crisis / Lois Banner ; De economische omstandigheden van het gezin in de jaren dertig : werkende vrouwen tijdens de crisisjaren / Winifred D. Wandersee Bolin ; De vergeten vrouw: werkende vrouwen, de New Deal en de vrouwenorganisaties / Lois Scharf ; 'Rosie the Riveter': Amerikaanse mobilisatiepropaganda / Leila J. Rupp ; De wortels van twee revoluties / Jacqueline Jones ; De wedergeboorte van de traditie van gelijke rechten / Olive Banks ; Van vreedzaam gedrag naar militant optreden / Lois W. Banner. Deel III - Bronnen en bijlagen: Historische teksten uit de jaren twintig en dertig [: Brief van Aletta Jacobs aan Carrie Chapman-Catt (1929), Brief van Rosa Manus aan Carry Chapman-Catt (1938), Wat dunkt u van den modernen jongen man? / Johanna W.A. Naber] ; Een kwestie van mentaliteit: 'Margriet weet raad' en 'Good Housekeeping' over de rol van de vrouw ; Cijfers en grafieken [demografie mannen en vrouwen, werkzame vrouwen, tien leidende beroepen van werkende vrouwen in 1920, 1930, 1940, 1950, 1960 en 1970] ; Bijlage I - Het vrouwelijk oculair / Maria Grever ; Bijlage II - Biografieen van vrouwen die in de stofomschrijving voorkomen ; Bijlage III - Stofomschrijving van het CSE-onderwerp in 1990 'Continuiteit en verandering: de positie van de vrouw in Nederland en de Verenigde Staten van Amerika, 1929-1969'.

Religion and Freedom in the Independence of The United States of North America: from the Reformed to the Enlightened Emancipation

The main characteristic of the so called “American Dream” lies in the fact of being strongly rooted in historical consciousness as the basis of identity and, therefore, as germ of custom and culture. Consequently, to fully understand the history of the United States, it is essential to refer to its origins, specifically with regard to the central role played by religion in the process of independence of the thirteen colonies. Does the history of the United States represent a unique and original event in universal history? Can it be said that the religious factor played a catalytic role in the political, social and economic development? To what extent religion granted unity and identity to the formation process of American culture, paving the way for the subsequent birth of a new political ideology? As a foretaste, the famous Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-
1859) said: “the United States was conducting the democratic experience in the best possible scenario, because it was not necessary to sweep away centuries of tradition”.

The ‘Land of the Free’ had become a watershed for new opportunities and an avenue for a better life for foreign immigrants moving from one’s old country or origin to new cities in the United States. The author of this paper believes that the US is reminiscent of a past called the ‘dark night of the soul’ when Japanese, Chinese and Filipino immigrants and laborers from the Orient found it difficult to adjust with the American way of life. The ‘dark night of the soul’ is also a reference to the ambiguity that was expressed by Asian Americans who experience marginalization and considered a caste that was at the level of dogs and other feral animals. Prejudice and discrimination in socio-cultural circles and their labor woes coming to the US have made immigrants open racism, abuse and economic exploitation. Nevertheless, their adjustment to assimilate themselves to US culture and tradition regardless of their ethnicity or previous nationality is the very foundation which has built this great nation.

Key figures in the founding years of the United States of America were part of the first American learned agricultural society, known as the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture (PSPA). Its members were georgic farmers who set out to describe, explore and explain agricultural processes by practical experiences, observations, and theories written in British books. Those theories, however, did not provide any reason for the widespread agricultural practice in Pennsylvania of using plaster as fertilizer, which was German in origin. Although imports were heavily tariffed and later even banned, plaster became, and remained, a top commodity in America. In order to keep agricultural businesses and investments afloat, several members of the PSPA began to scientifically justify the application of plaster fertilization. In so doing, they incorporated chemical theories and methods to both their agricultural practices and investigations. Thus, I argue, they acquired and developed an agrochemical knowledge that was mainly determined by a material history of plaster. Their knowledge was new, unique and more practicable in comparison to the British knowledge in this sector. Eventually, it was through the newly developed knowledge by PSPA members that contributed to the formation of agricultural chemistry as a science in its own respect.

Il primo banco di prova dell'inedito sistema di elezione del Presidente degli Stati Uniti,  si ebbe nel 1789 con l'elezione di George Washington, il condottiero della guerra di liberazione dagli Inglesi. Allora non ci fu storia, il candidato era unico e qualche elettore si limitò a non votare per l'eroe nazionale che divenne il primo Presidente che sarà rieletto anche per un successivo mandato. Da qui una lunga e complessa storia...

History of the united states in a symbolic gesture American troops destroy the Nazi Party emblem the United States was on the verge of dissolution on March 9th 1861 when Abraham Lincoln arrived in Washington DC for his first inaugural address the states of South Carolina Georgia Alabama Mississippi Louisiana and Florida had all voted to secede from the union and Texas governor had been overthrown for refusing to secede the departing administration of President James Buchanan had bankrupted the Treasury while his Secretary of War John Floyd had secretly shifted Union armaments to point south to arm the intended insurrection Fort Sumter South Carolina was surrounded by armed secessionists ready to strike and an assassination plot against Lincoln was planned along with a plot to disrupt the official counting of the electoral college ballots in the Capitol General Winfield Scott's a hero in the war of 1812 took measures to secure the capital with thousands of federal troops any man who attempted by force to obstruct or interfere with the lawful count of the electoral vote should be lashed to the of a window of the Capitol I wouldn't manure the hills of Arlington with fragments of his body but he a senator or chief magistrate of my native state it is my duty to suppress insurrection my duty this siege of the Capitol and coming war was for Lincoln not merely a conflict between the north and the south but a world war against the British Empire Lincoln knew the British Empire viewed the US government founded on the principle that all men are created equal as a threat to the continuation of their empire Lincoln also knew that the British Empire had not only steered the development of the present secession but had organized continuous secession movements to break up the Union since the American Revolution Alexander Hamilton the first Treasury secretary and founder of the American system of Aaron Burr the vice president of the United.

«Als politisches Experiment waren die USA ein Garten Eden.»
Die amerikanische Historikerin Jill Lepore spricht über das Land, das sich aus dem Nichts erfand, in dem alles möglich schien – und das doch immer wieder an den eigenen Ansprüchen scheiterte.

Pro-gradu -tutkielmassani tutkin, esiintyvätkö presidentti John F. Kennedyn puheissa tämän kampanjateemana tunnettu uusi rajaseutu (New Frontier) sekä ajatus amerikkalaisten historiallisesta tehtävästä. Amerikkalaiseen ajatteluun on kuulunut näkemys, että amerikkalaiset ovat poikkeuksellinen kansakunta, jolle on uskottu historiallinen tehtävä maailmassa. Tätä ajattelua on kutsuttu amerikkalaiseksi ekseptionalismiksi. Työssäni käyn läpi tämän ajattelun kehittymisen keskeiset kohdat puritaanien ajattelusta presidentti Wilsonin idealismiin. Ajatus eritystehtävän saaneesta kansasta juontaa 1600-luvun puritaaneilta, jotka vaikuttivat muutenkin tulevan amerikkalaisen yhteiskunnan ja kulttuurin kehitykseen. Ekseptionalismin kehityksen yksi tärkeä vaihe oli 1800-luvun lopulla historioitsija Frederick Jackson Turnerin esittämä rajaseututeoria (Frontier Thesis), jonka mukaan amerikkalaisuus syntyi länteen suuntautuneen uudisasutuksen myötä rajaseudulla, missä sivistynyt ja villi maailma kohtasivat. Tästä kokemuksesta syntyi uusi amerikkalainen . Rajaseututeorian on sanottu olevan suosituin selitys amerikkalaisten oletetuille eroille esimerkiksi eurooppalaisiin verrattuna. Vuoden 1960 presidentinvaalikampanjassa uusi rajaseutu oli Kennedyn metafora Yhdysvaltojen 1960-luvulla kohtaamille haasteille.

Olen valinnut tutkimuskohteeksi Kennedyn viisi merkittävää puhetta, jotka on pidetty amerikkalaiselle yleisölle. Puheet käsittelevät sekä ulko- että sisäpolitiikkaa, joten puheista välittyy Kennedyn näkemys amerikkalaisuudesta ja amerikkalaisten roolista niin kotimassa kuin maailmanlaajuisestikin. Lähestyn tutkimustani hermeneuttisen menetelmän kautta, joten käyn läpi historiallisen kontekstin, missä puheet pidettiin ja nostan Kennedyn henkilöhistoriasta esille tutkimukseni kannalta merkityksellisiksi katsomiani asioita.

Kampanjateemana ollut uusi rajaseutu jäi presidentin puheissa vähemmälle käytölle ja tutkimissani puheissa se esiintyi ainoastaan avaruusohjelmaa käsitelleessä puheessa, jossa avaruudesta ja sen tutkimisesta tuli amerikkalaisten uusi rajaseutu. Tämä osoittaa selvän eron itse kampanjaretoriikan ja presidentillisen retoriikan välillä. Kennedyn puheissa esiintyy selvä ajatus amerikkalaisten maailmanlaajuisesta tehtävästä, joka on vapauden ja demokratian puolustaminen. Tämä nousee esille jokaisessa tutkimassani puheessa, etenkin virkaanastujaispuheessa, avaruusohjelmaa käsitelleessä puheessa sekä Kuuban kriisiä käsitelleessä puheessa. Puheessaan sodan ja rauhan kysymyksistä kesällä 1963 JFK vetosi kylmän sodan asenteiden uudelleenarvioinnin ja todellisen rauhan puolesta pyrkiessään vauhdittamaan ydinkoekieltosopimusta, ja vapaus oli läsnä myös tässä puheessa. Kansalaisoikeustilanteesta pidetty puhe käsitteli vapauden tilaa Yhdysvalloissa. Kennedy nosti mustien kansalaisoikeudet kansakunnan moraaliseksi kysymykseksi, joka oli yhtä vanha kuin Raamattu ja yhtä selkeä kuin Amerikan perustuslaki . Puheessaan Kennedy osoitti selvän ristiriidan, mikä vallitsi maassa, joka oli perustettu vapauden ja kaikkien tasa-arvon ihanteelle, mutta ylläpiti silti rotuerottelua etelävaltioissa. Puheen viesti oli, että jokaisen amerikkalaisen oli elettävä omassa elämässään maan ihanteiden edellyttämällä tavalla ja toimittava muutoksen eteen. Vapauden ihanne esiintyi puheissa erottamattomana osana amerikkalaisuutta.

"Оттенки черного. Культурно-антропологические аспекты взаимовосприятия и взаимоотношений африкано-американцев и мигрантов из стран субсахарской Африки в США"

The book is based on the field evidence collected in 2013–2015 in more than a dozen cities and towns of seven states.

Монография основана на полевых материалах, собранных в 2013–2015 годах. В центре внимания автора – взаимовосприятие и взаимоотношения представителей двух африканских по происхождению групп населения США: существующего уже несколько столетий сообщества африкано-американцев и сложившихся в наше время диаспор выходцев из различных государств субсахарской Африки. В историко-социологическом контексте рассматриваются такие культурно-антропологические аспекты восприятия друг друга черными американцами и африканскими мигрантами, как историческая память и взаимные образы культур. Показывается влияние того, как взаимовосприятие носителей разных культур сказывается на взаимоотношениях между ними. Монография, с одной стороны, лежит в русле общих тенденций в современных антропологии и африканистике, а с другой, вносит вклад в разработку конкретной слабоизученной темы, актуальной не только для этих научных дисциплин, но и для американистики.

L’articolo è stato pubblicato nella rivista online “C’era una volta l’America” (CISPEA NETWORK) il 13 ottobre 2017.
Prendendo spunto dalla canzone The Old Man Trump creata da Tom Morello, Any di Franco e Ryan Harvey sulla base di alcuni testi di Woody Guthrie su Fred Trump recentemente riscoperti da Will Kaufman, l’articolo propone un'analisi storico-critica sui rapporti tra il folk singer, l’uso politico delle sue canzoni, la politica, la famiglia Trump e la questione afroamericana.

la vicenda personale di Andrew Johnson (1808-1875), uomo politico e Presidente degli USA (1865-1869) come successore di Lincoln, assai controverso e tuttavia quasi ignoto ai non specialisti, protagonista in prima persona di un processo per impeachment

From December 1922 to February 1929, two Englishmen, Lieutenant-Colonel John Champion Faunthorpe and Arthur Stannard Vernay, led six expeditions to the Indian subcontinent to collect animal specimens for the newly refurbished American Museum of Natural History in New York City. This article argues that the Vernay-Faunthorpe Expeditions were an expression of a new form of Anglo-American relations that engaged the language of scientific knowledge in maintaining Western hegemonic influence in the early twentieth century. Inspired by genuine scientific objectives as much as by aspirations to reassert Western hegemony in a time of rising nationalism and declining imperial influence, this timely collaboration reimagined imperialism beyond territorial expansion, but in the discursive spaces of indigenous nature and wildlife exhibitions.

La imagen presenta a la destacada escritora próxima a un pájaro en vuelo y un sol naciente. Las imágenes están inspiradas en su poesía, escribe Ángel Navarro

Periódico El Nuevo Día, domingo, 16 de enero de 2022.

Maya Angelou: la primera mujer afroamericana en una moneda estadounidense

https://www.elnuevodia.com/opinion/punto-de-vista/maya-angelou-la-primera-mujer-afroamericana-en-una-moneda-estadounidense/

The book at hand will investigate communication and its changing conditions with respect to the conceptualizations of the political community in the United States. It examines the communicative forms of constructing society from the nineteenth century onward. The central aim is to deliberate upon how the ideas relating to communication technologies ranging from the telegraph to computer networks have organized the conception of society and how they have played a part in the shaping, ordering, and governing of the society according to certain political aims and principles. While communication has structured the political community and its coherence, communication has also, in the same process, become organized as a concept itself. Together with the discourses in which communication has been taken as both the object and the means of governance practices, communication technologies have formed an environment wherein “communication” as such has become an object of systematic thought — that is, it has become a distinct theoretical concept and a social concern. It is in these discourses and practices that the inherent relationship between communication and control was forged, and this is what makes them the main focus for a “modern” history of communication — a history preoccupied with the idea of control. The book will analyze the relationship between historical forms and technologies of communication, on the one hand, and the constitutive, ontological dimension of communication, on the other, to the extent that this relationship is built up through — and has served as a conceptual means for understanding — the society and its central processes in the modern era. It thus sets out to examine how communication has generated coherence to the political community and how a certain coherence, on the other hand, has been a precondition for thinking about communication as a socially significant concept.

Este artigo analisa a trajetória do fundamentalismo religioso e as transformações que ocorreram em sua participação no espaço público norte-americano. Inicialmente, desenvolve-se uma breve discussão sobre o surgimento do fundamentalismo e como, especialmente a partir de meados da década de 1920, essa tendência se tornou minoritária em um país majoritariamente protestante. Em seguida, discutiremos o contexto dos anos 1960 e como o discurso fundamentalista se apresentava marcado por um profundo pessimismo em relação à condição sociopolítica e moral do país. Por fim, analisamos o processo de crescente engajamento político de lideranças fundamentalistas
ao longo da década de 1970, processo durante o qual a autoconsciência de “minoria perseguida” perdeu espaço para a crença de que seriam representantes dos anseios da maioria dos norte-americanos.

Driverless cars and other innovations promise extraordinary improvements in transportation efficiency.  But in the ignorance of history, they also risk compounding the errors of car-centric urban planning.  An overlooked history alerts us to the risks.